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1.
A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on growth performance, nutrition utilization and intestinal histology of largemouth bass. The basal diet contained 350 g/kg FM (control), and then, FM was replaced with SBM or FSBM of 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% respectively. The results showed that the specific growth rate of fish fed FSBM‐60, SBM‐45 and SBM‐60 diets significantly decreased, and the feed conversion ratio of SBM‐30, SBM‐45, SBM‐60, FSBM‐45 and FSBM‐60 groups increased when compared to the control group (p < .05). The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and crude protein of SBM‐45, SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < .05), and the substitution of FM with SBM and FSBM (45% and 60%) significantly reduced the protein retention (p < .05). Serum total protein contents of SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups and serum cholesterol contents of SBM‐45, SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < .05). The SBM‐30 and SBM‐60 groups showed significantly higher alanine aminotransferase activity than the control group (p < .05). The intestinal histology analysis resulted that the villus length of the SBM‐60 group and the villus width of the SBM‐45, SBM‐60 and FSBM‐60 groups decreased when compared to the control (p < .05). In conclusion, FSBM could replace 30% FM in diet of largemouth bass containing 350 g/kg FM, while the substitution level of FM with SBM was only 15%.  相似文献   

2.
A basal practical diet for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca) was formulated and elaborated to test several protein contents and substitution possibilities of fish meal (FM) by soybean meal (SBM) in a 90‐day trial with 5‐month‐old juveniles (30.54 mm TL, 0.30 g W). A factorial design included nine feeding treatments: three protein contents (50%, 40% or 30%) and three levels of replacement (0%, 25% or 45%) of FM protein by SBM protein. In addition, a commercial carp feed was used as reference. Final survival ranged from 98.2% to 99.4%. The 50% dietary protein with 0% or 25% replacement and 40% dietary protein with 25% replacement diets enabled higher growth (P < 0.05) and lower FCR (P < 0.05) than the rest of practical diets. Fish fed 50% dietary protein had similar growth than those fed carp feed (63.8% protein). Deformed fish averaged 1% for the practical diets and 87.6% for the carp feed. The basal practical diet has showed to be feasible and levels of 40–50% dietary protein with 25% replacement of FM protein by SBM protein can be recommended for juvenile tench aged 5–8 months.  相似文献   

3.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on the physical barrier function, pro‐inflammatory response and possible underlying mechanisms in the distal intestine (DI) of yellow drum when fed a high‐SBM diet. Three iso‐proteic and iso‐lipidic diets were formulated with fish meal (FM, the control), 45% fish meal protein replaced by SBM (SBM) and 45% fish meal protein replaced by SBM but supplemented with 0.15% SB (SBM + SB). Fish were fed twice daily for 10 weeks. Results indicated that SB supplementation significantly increased the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) and methionine content of muscle when compared with those of fish fed the SBM diet (p < .05). The morphologic histology results showed that SB dramatically improved the physical barrier structure, characterized as increases of fold height (FH) and muscular thickness (MT) (p < .05). RT‐qPCR data were accordant with morphologic histology results, in which claudin 3, claudin 4 and occludin were increased while claudin 7 and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) mRNA expression levels were decreased (p < .05). Sodium butyrate also exerted anti‐inflammatory function, which may be attributed to the suppression of nucleus p65 protein expression. Results suggest SB can be incorporated in high‐SBM diets to ameliorate the negative consequences of alternative dietary ingredients on yellow drum physiology.  相似文献   

4.
A 10 weeks trial was performed to investigate how different carbon sources (sugar beet molasses: SBM+BFT, sugar: S+BFT, corn starch: CS+BFT) along with control affect welfare status of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings in biofloc‐based tanks. Three hundred healthy fingerlings (22.5 ± 0.2 g) were randomly distributed in 12 tanks (70 L) at a density of 8.02 kg/m3 (25 fish/tank). The fish in BFT treatments fed only 75% feeding rate of control. At the end of the experiment no differences were seen between the groups in case of growth performance, but the fish reared in CS+BFT had a significant lower food conversion ratio compared with the others (p < .05). Different carbon sources did not affect on haematological parameters (p > .05). Total serum protein and antibody concentration differed in treatments, and the highest values were found in S+BFT and CS+BFT treatments (p < .05). No significant differences were observed in case of lysozyme, superoxide dismutase and complement activity in treatments (p > .05), whereas the fish in BFT treatments showed a significant higher total antioxidant capacity and lower glutathione peroxidase than the control (p < .05). Different carbon sources resulted in no change in goblet and kupffer cells in intestine and liver respectively. The highest relative percentage survival was obtained in the CS+BFT and S+BFT (50%) in comparison with SBM+BFT (20%) treatment. The results obtained in this experiment, suggest that corn starch improves immune response, diseases resistance and histology of digestive and respiratory systems in carp fingerlings when used as a carbon source in zero water exchange system.  相似文献   

5.
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of fishmeal (FM) replacement with 0, 350 or 700 g/kg soybean meal (SBM) in combination with the supplementation of lactic acid (LA; 0, 10 or 20 g/kg) in the diets of juvenile beluga sturgeon (Huso huso; 700 ± 30 g). Nine isonitrogenous (400 g/kg protein) and isoenergetic (18 MJ/kg) diets were fed to beluga ad libitum, three times a day, for 60 days. The results showed that replacing FM with SBM without LA significantly reduced fish growth; on the other hand, LA supplementation had positive effects on fish fed diets that FM was replaced by SBM (p < .05). Increasing SBM in the diet altered the fatty acid profiles of the fish, reducing long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the n‐3/n‐6 fatty acids. High amounts of SBM (700 g/kg) caused reductions in the haematocrit, glucose and cholesterol levels in the blood (p < .05). In addition, the digestibility of protein, fat, dry matter and phosphorus was reduced when replacing FM with SBM, however, adding LA to the diets increased fish performance (p < .05), and this improvement was sharper in 2% LA groups. The number of LA bacteria increased significantly with the dietary supplementation of LA (p < .05). Based on these results, replacing 350 g/kg of FM with SBM and adding 20 g/kg LA to their feed do not negatively affect the biological and physiological indices of beluga.  相似文献   

6.
Six equal‐protein and equal‐lipid diets were formulated: the fish meal (FM) diet, the soya bean meal (SBM) diet with 40% of FM protein replaced by SBM protein and tributyrin (TB) diets with 0.05% (TB0.05), 0.10% (TB0.1), 0.20% (TB0.2) and 0.40% (TB0.4) tributyrin supplemented in the SBM‐based diet. Each kind of diet was randomly fed to triplicate tanks with 20 fish per tank. Fish were fed apparent satiation twice daily for 56 days. No significant difference in weight gain rate (WGR) and feed efficiency rate (FER) was observed between fish fed the FM, TB0.1 and TB0.2 diets (p > .05). Muscle histidine and arginine proportion of fish fed TB0.1 diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the SBM diet (p < .05). Intestine morphology results indicated that the supplementation of 0.1% tributyrin significantly improved the mucosal fold height, microvilli length and microvilli density when compared with those of fish fed the SBM diet (p < .05). The supplementation of dietary tributyrin suppressed the pro‐inflammatory gene expression, which may be due to the improvement of physical barrier and modification of microbial communities, such as Acinetobacter, Rhodocyclaceae, Brevundimonas, Sphingopyxis, Hydrogenophaga, Methyloversatilis and Devosia. In conclusion, dietary 0.1% tributyrin supplementation in high‐soya bean meal diet improved growth performance, flesh quality and intestinal morphology structure integrity of yellow drum.  相似文献   

7.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of enzymatic hydrolysates of defatted silkworm pupa (EHDSP) on growth performance, body composition and non‐specific immunity of juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis). The control diet (EHDSP0) was produced using fish meal (FM) as the main protein source and the other four diets were formulated by substitution of 25% (EHDSP25), 50% (EHDSP50), 75% (EHDSP75) and 100% (EHDSP100) FM with EHDSP. Five groups containing 270 juvenile mirror carp (14.51 ± 0.03 g) were fed to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the special growth rate, weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion rate of experimental fish in EHDSP25 and EHDSP50 groups were not significantly different from EHDSP0 group (p > .05). The spleen index of experimental fish in EHDSP25 group was significantly higher than that of EHDSP0 group (p < .05). The muscle protein content of experimental fish in EHDSP25 and EHDSP50 groups was significantly higher than that of EHDSP0 group (p < .05). Serum alanine aminotransferase and total cholesterol of experimental fish fed with the EHDSP were significantly lower than that of control (p < .05). The activity of serum superoxide dismutase of experimental fish in EHDSP25, EHDSP50 groups was significantly higher than that of EHDSP0 group (p < .05). Intestinal trypsin activity of EHDSP25 group was significantly higher than that of EHDSP0 (p < .05). In conclusion, EHDSP can be included into diet to replace 50% FM of juvenile mirror carp without negative effect on growth, furthermore, it can improve the non‐specific immunity and function of intestinal tract.  相似文献   

8.
Corn gluten meal (CGM), pea protein isolate (PPI) and their mixture (CPP, 1:1 ratio) were evaluated as fishmeal (FM) alternatives in black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) juveniles (9.02 ± 0.12 g). A FM diet was designed as control, and other six diets had 20% and 40% FM protein replaced by CGM, PPI and CPP, respectively, with the supplementation of crystalline methionine, arginine and lysine. After the 8‐week feeding trial, significantly lower weight gain was found in fish fed the 40% CGM diet (p < .05), whereas other treatments had no statistical difference (p > .05). The values of feed efficiency ratio and feed intake, as well as proximate compositions of muscle and whole body, were not significantly influenced in all treatments. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine were significantly influenced by protein source. Fish fed the 40% CGM diet had significantly higher content of essential amino acid in muscle than that of the 20% PPI diet. Fish fed the 40% CGM diet had significantly lower content of serum cholesterol than other treatments (p < .05). Elevated serum superoxide dismutase activity was found in fish fed the 40% plant protein diets. In conclusion, between 20% and 40% FM protein could be replaced by CGM, while about 40% FM protein derived from PPI and CPP could be applied in black sea bream.  相似文献   

9.
The effects of two plant ingredients (solvent‐extracted soybean meal [SBM] and high‐protein sunflower meal [HPSFM]) and three inclusion levels (0 percent, practical diet containing 25 percent fish meal; 12.5 percent; and 25 percent) of these ingredients were investigated on the growth, feed utilization, gut histology and gene expression in the distal intestine of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (average initial weight, 330.1 ± 8.9 g per fish). Feeding experimental diets for 12 weeks resulted in no difference between HPSFM diets in body weight gain (BWG), thermal‐unit growth coefficient (TGC), feed efficiency (FE), feed intake (FI) or pro‐inflammatory mRNA expression (PIE) with increasing dietary inclusion and between SBM FE, FI and PIE. Differences in quadratic contrasts were observed for nitrogen deposition rate (NDR) and nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) (p < .05), whereby HPSFM diets elicited the strongest positive response. SBM resulted in linear reduction in BWG, TGC and distal intestine simple fold length and width measurements (p < .05) with stepwise increases in dietary inclusion, whereas dietary HPSFM had no effect. Histological observations of individual villi indicated several symptoms of non‐infectious subacute gastrointestinal enteritis in tanks fed SBM, many of which were not present in tanks fed HPSFM. The dietary HPSFM seems to be more adequate to replace fishmeal in Arctic charr diet than SBM, when fed at a level of up to 25 percent at the grow‐out stage.  相似文献   

10.
This study was conducted to evaluate the application of four fish origin probiotics to relieve the side effects induced by SBM in shrimp. Shrimps were fed with high fish meal diet (C0, positive control containing 500 g/kg FM and 0 g/kg SBM), low fish meal diet (C, control containing 250 g/kg FM and 340 g/kg SBM) or the control diet (C) supplemented, respectively, with 1.0 × 108 CFU/g Bacillus pumilus SE5 (T1), Psychrobacter sp. SE6 (T2), Enterococcus faecium MM4 (T3) or Bacillus claussi DE5 (T4). After 6 weeks of feeding, the growth performance, hepatopancreatic digestive enzymes, intestinal histological structure and immune parameters were determined. The results showed that compared with high FM group (C0), significantly lower WGR and SGR as well as higher FCR were observed in the low FM group (C) (p < .05). Compared with the control, significantly lower FCR was observed in treatment T1 (p < .05), but not in treatments T2–T4. Protease, amylase and lipase activities in all the treatments (T1‐T4) were significantly higher than the control (p < .05). GOT and GPT activities in the control were significantly lower than the C0 (p < .05), while higher MDA level was recorded in the control (p < .05). Meanwhile, higher GPT activities were observed in treatments T1‐T4 compared with the control (p < .05). Compared with the C0, lower SOD, ACP and AKP activities were observed in the control. Significantly improved SOD and AKP activities were observed in all probiotic feeding groups compared with the control (p < .05). The control diet led to significant reduction of intestinal wall thickness and villus height compared with the C0 (p < .05), while significantly higher intestinal wall thickness and villus height were exhibited in all the probiotic groups compared with the control (p < .05), except intestinal wall thickness in treatment T3. Thus, these results demonstrated that the four fish origin probiotic strains could relieve the side effects induced by high level of SBM in shrimp, while probiotic B. pumilus SE5 showed the best performance.  相似文献   

11.
A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with fermented soybean residue (FSR) on growth performance, body composition and plasma biochemical parameters of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Soybean residue was fermented with a mixture of microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus spp. and Molasses yeast) using the solid‐state fermentation. Four isonitrogenous (crude protein 430 g/kg) and isoenergetic (gross energy 18 MJ/kg) diets were formulated by replacing 0 (the control), 20, 40 and 60g/kg of protein from SBM with FSR (FSR0, FSR20, FSR40 and FSR60, respectively). Each diet was fed to four replicate groups of fish (initial body weight: 17.1 ± 0.19 g) for 12 weeks. Results showed that dietary FSR substitution significantly improved growth of juvenile largemouth bass. The weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were all significantly improved by dietary FSR level up to 40g/kg substitution level (p < .05) and then levelled off beyond this level. Fish fed the diet with 40g/kg and 60g/kg protein from FSR had lower feed conversion ratio than the control group (p < .05). The hepatosomatic index, viscera ratio and liver lipid content significantly decreased with increasing dietary FSR level. Total protein content, superoxide dismutase and alkaline phosphates activities in plasma were lower in fish fed the control diet (p < .05) than the other groups. However, both alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase were higher in fish fed the control diet (p < .05) compared to the other treatments. The plasma catalase activity significantly increased with increasing dietary FSR level, while plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, glucose and malondialdehyde contents significantly reduced. No significant difference was observed in the glutathione peroxidase activity among dietary treatments. These findings demonstrated that replacing dietary SBM with FSR has beneficial effects on growth of M. salmoides, and the best growth performance was obtained at 40g/kg replacement for SBM protein. In addition, there is a great potential to apply FSR to improve lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of M. salmoides.  相似文献   

12.
Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing fish meal (FM) protein replaced by corn gluten meal (CGM) protein at 0% (the control, C0), 10% (C10), 20% (C20), 30% (C30), 40% (C40), 50% (C50) and 60% (C60) were fed to juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis for 8‐weeks to evaluate the effects of FM protein replaced by CGM protein on growth, feed utilization, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion and IGF‐I gene expression of juvenile P. ussuriensis. The results showed that the replacement level up to 40% did not affect the weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake and protein efficiency ratio, whereas these parameters were depressed by further replacement level. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, crude protein significantly decreased, but ADC of phosphorus significantly increased with increasing dietary CGM levels (p < .05). Fish fed diets with FM protein replaced by CGM protein led to an increase in nitrogen excretion, but led to a reduction in phosphorus excretion. No significant differences were observed in alpha‐amylase and lipase activities of intestine (p > .05). The lowest pepsin activity was found in C60 group. Fish fed diet C40, C50 and C60 had significantly lower serum lysozyme activity compared with fish fed diet C0 (p < .05). The lowest plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and the highest plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were observed in C60 group. Fish fed diet C60 had significantly lower hepatic IGF‐I gene expression compared with fish fed diet C10 (p < .05). Broken‐line model analysis based on SGR against the CGM substitution level indicated that the appropriate replacement level was 37.7%.  相似文献   

13.
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the results of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with other blend plant protein (BP) (rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and peanut meal) sources on growth, fish body composition, biochemical parameters, non‐specific immune index and gene expression of growth hormone/insulin‐like growth factor‐1 in Yellow River carp Cyprinus carpio. The results showed that the 600 g/kg replacement with BP in diet did not affect the growth performance of Yellow River carp, but the 800 g/kg SBM replacement diet could depress the growth of fish (p < .05). The 800 g/kg SBM replacement diet significantly impacted the superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde contents, lysozyme, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities (p < .05). Fish fed 800 g/kg SBM replacement diet showed lowest insulin‐like growth factor 1 and highest growth hormone level than that of other diets (p < .05). Both gene expression levels of GH and IGF‐I in hepatic showed significant difference among dietary treatments (p < .05), and the lowest GH and IGF‐I mRNA level in liver were found in fish fed 800 g/kg SBM replacement diet (p < .05). In conclusion, no more than 600 g/kg SBM could be replaced by BP in diet of Yellow River carp without adverse effects on the growth performance. However, 800 g/kg SBM replacement with BP in diet inhibited the growth performance, affected some blood parameters and immune response index, and down‐regulated GH and IGF‐1 gene expression of liver in Yellow River carp. Further, GH level in serum was negatively correlated with GH mRNA level in liver; meanwhile, serum concentrations of IGF‐I were positively correlated with hepatic IGF‐I mRNA expressions.  相似文献   

14.
A 15‐week trial was carried out to estimate the effects of functional compound additives (FCA) on intestinal morphology and microbiome in Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus, fed diets with soybean meal (SBM) partially replacing fish meal (FM). The formulation of FCA was the mixture of antioxidant, immunopotentiator and Mintrex® trace elements. Four isonitrogenous (45%) and isolipidic (11%) diets, including FM42 (the control group without FCA), FM35 (15% FM protein substitution level with FCA), FM21 (50% FM protein substitution level with FCA) and FM21‐N (50% FM protein substitution level without FCA) were formulated. Quadruplicate groups of seabass (initial average weight 125.65 ± 0.60 g) were randomly handfed each diet twice daily in seawater floating cage. No significant differences were found in microvillus height (HMV) and muscular thickness (MT) of distal intestine among fish fed FM42, FM35 and FM21, whereas the HMV, MT and fold height (HF) in seabass fed FM42 were significantly higher than those of seabass fed FM21‐N (P < 0.05). Seabass fed FM21‐N had more obvious enteritis parameters such as tissue disruption, wider lamina propria and less mucosal fold than those in seabass fed FM21. High‐throughput sequencing technology of gut flora showed that Proteobacteria was the most dominant bacteria at phylum level among groups. There was no significant difference in relative abundance and composition of gut microflora among groups. In conclusion, supplementation of FCA might partially eliminate SBM‐induced enteritis, but the composition and relative abundance of intestinal microflora were not affected by dietary treatments.  相似文献   

15.
To investigate the effects of high level of lupin meal (LM) supplemented with organic selenium (OS) on the growth and blood biochemistry of barramundi (Lates calcarifer), four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were prepared, containing either non‐fermented or fermented LM, and either supplemented with 2 mg OS/kg (LM, LMOS, FLM and FLMOS), or not. A fishmeal (FM)‐based diet formulated for juvenile barramundi was used as a control diet. Fish (initial mean weight of 5.88 g) were triplicated and fed the test diets for 75 days. The findings demonstrated that growth performance of fish fed with the FLM and FLMOS diets were similar to fish fed with the FM diet (p > .05). The antioxidant glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and haemoglobin (Hb) of fish fed with the FLMOS diet were significantly higher than that of FM‐fed fish (p < .05). Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was significantly increased in fish fed with non‐fermented diets (LM and LMOS) than in those fed with fermented LM diets (FLM and FLMOS) (p < .05). However, there were no significant differences in ALT activity among LMOS, FLM, FLMOS and FM diets. There was an interaction between the LM and OS on plasma CK activity; the CK of fish fed with diets supplemented with OS was higher in non‐fermented LM diets but lower in fermented LM diets (p < .05). This study suggests that fermented LM have an obvious potential to substantially replace 75% FM protein in the diets of barramundi.  相似文献   

16.
An experiment was conducted to replace soya bean meal (SBM) with cashew nut meal (CNM) in the diet of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Five isonitrogenous (30% CP) and isolipidic (6% CL) diets, CNM0 to CNM4, were prepared replacing SBM at 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% with CNM. The feeding trial was conducted in FRP digestibility tanks of 150 L capacity for 60 days. Twenty tilapia fry (20.56 ± 0.05 g) were stocked in each tank. The final weight, weight gain and weight gain% of tilapia that received the CNM4 diet were significantly higher (p < .01) among the treatments. The significantly higher nutrient utilization efficiency in terms of FCR, PER, PRE and LRE was obtained in the CNM4 group. Similarly, a significantly lower (p < .01) body moisture content and a significantly higher (p < .05) body protein content were also observed in the CNM4 diet‐fed group. In tilapia fed the CNM4 diet, the activity of both protease and amylase enzymes was significantly higher (p < .05), but the amylase:protease ratio (A:P) was significantly lower (p < .05). Protease, amylase and A:P were positively correlated with the nutrient digestibility coefficient. The serum protein, albumin and globulin of tilapia fed the CNM4 diet were significantly higher (p < .05) and the liver status enzymes did not vary (p > .05) among the treatments. It can be concluded from the study that 50% replacement of SBM with CNM in the diet is suitable for the enhancement of growth, nutrient utilization and health status of tilapia.  相似文献   

17.
The potential of Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a partial alternative component of fish meal (FM) in fed diets of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was evaluated in this study. An FM‐based diet and seven diets containing 10%, 20% and 30% and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of FM replaced by soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively, were fed to grouper for 84 days to evaluate possible substitution levels of FM by tracking growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and morphological changes in the liver and distal intestine. No significant differences in survival and muscle composition of grouper were found between controls and treatments. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish fed diets with FM replaced by FSBM up to 30% were not significantly different from controls, whereas significantly decreased growth performance and feed efficiency occurred with diets containing >20% of SBM. Based on the feed efficiency, the maximum substituted levels of FM by SBM and FSBM in grouper diets were 18.36% and 29.32%, respectively, based on broken‐line analyses. Histopathological changes in the liver and distal intestine, and significantly lower activity levels of digestive enzymes, including pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the distal intestine, were found in fish fed a diet containing 30% of FM replaced by SBM. However, these parameters were improved by the substitution of FSBM. It is therefore believed that FSBM has great potential to be used as a protein source in grouper diets in partial replacement of FM.  相似文献   

18.
Feeding experiment was conducted to determine whether fermentation and taurine supplementation of soybean meal (SBM) fed to yellowtail improve growth performance and lipid digestion. Six diets were formulated and designated as SBM, SBM supplemented with taurine (SBM + T), SBM fermented by Bacillus spp. (FSBM1), SBM fermented by Lactobacillus spp. (FSBM2), FSBM2 supplemented with taurine (FSBM2 + T), and fish meal (FM). Yellowtail fingerlings with an initial body weight of 42 g were stocked in 200‐L tanks. The fish were fed, each diet was fed twice daily in two separate tanks for 8 weeks. Results showed that lipid digestibility of the SBM diet was significantly lower than that of the FM diet, but SBM diet lipid digestibility was improved by taurine supplementation and fermentation. Lipase activity in anterior intestinal digesta, lipid contents in liver and muscle, and bile acid concentrations in gallbladder and anterior intestinal digesta were significantly lower in fish fed SBM diet than in fish fed FM diet; these parameters were not significantly different between fish fed SBM + T, FSBM2, FSBM2 + T diets and FM diet. Although taurine supplementation or fermentation improved lipid digestibility compared with FM diet, growth parameters were only improved in the fish fed FSBM2 + T diet, indicating that apart from a lack of taurine, SBM contains other factors responsible for inferior growth of yellowtail. These factors can be partially eliminated by Lactobacillus spp. fermentation.  相似文献   

19.
A 12‐week feeding trial was carried out in concrete tanks to examine complete and partial replacement (75%) of fish meal (FM) with poultry by‐product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and soybean meal (SBM) in practical feeds for African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight ranged from 90.33 to 93.93 g fish−1) were fed seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets of 20% digestible protein and 300 kcal 100 g−1 of digestible energy. The control contained 25% herring meal, whereas in the other six diets, PBM, MBM and SBM replaced 75% or 100% of the FM. Final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish fed diets containing PBM (75% and 100%), SBM (75% and 100%) and MBM (75%) were all higher, but not significantly different than those for fish fed the control diet. Replacing 100% of the FM by MBM significantly lowered FBW and SGR. Concerning whole body composition, there were no significant differences in ash and gross energy content of whole‐body among fish; fish fed diets containing PBM‐100% recorded significantly lower protein content compared with the control diet, while fish fed diet SBM‐100% recorded significantly lower moisture content compared with the control diet. Also fish fed diets SBM‐100% and PBM‐75% recorded higher lipid and gross energy contents compared with the control diet. The study revealed that satisfactory growth and feed utilization responses could be achieved through the replacement of FM by PBM, SBM and MBM in the diet of African catfish.  相似文献   

20.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary incorporation of soybean meal for fish meal replacement and supplementation of betaine as an attractant on growth performance and fatty acid profiles of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Juvenile trout were fed practical diets, with increasing soybean levels and betaine supplementations. The experimental diets consisted of a control diet with fish meal as the sole protein source (control) and no attractant, 25% soybean‐1% betaine diet (SBM25‐B1), 50% soybean‐2% betaine diet (SBM50‐B2), and 50% soybean‐0% betaine diet (SBM50‐B0). Average body weight was 12.69 ± 0.16 g at the beginning of experiments. Following 54 days feeding programme with experimental diets, average body weights reached 47.45 ± 1.22 g, 58.11 ± 1.77 g, 56.34 ± 1.87 g and 53.76 ± 1.74 g in the control, SBM25‐B1, SBM50‐B2 and SBM50‐B0 groups respectively. As compared with control treatment, significant differences were observed in weight gain, specific growth rate and feed intake of 1% betaine treatment at 25% soybean‐meal‐incorporated diet (p < .05), but no differences were observed in feed conversation ratio and survival rates (p > .05). Compared with the control treatment, betaine‐supplemented groups had significantly higher total saturated fatty acid contents (p < .05). On the other hand, the control treatment showed a significantly higher level of monounsaturated fatty acid than the betaine‐supplemented groups (p < .05). Significant differences were observed in fatty acid profile of 1% betaine‐supplemented group (p < .05) compared with the control. Present findings revealed that 1% betaine supplementation with dietary incorporation of soybean meal at 25% level positively influenced growth performance, feed utilization and fatty acid profiles of rainbow trout juveniles.  相似文献   

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