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1.
曹杰  王琪  梅俊  谢晶 《水产学报》2021,45(7):1034-1042
为探究大菱鲆分别在有水及无水条件下运输过程中生理生化指标及肌肉品质的变化,为大菱鲆的保活运输提供参考。将大菱鲆进行暂养、降温、充氧包装后进行模拟运输,并在运输不同时间段取样,检测大菱鲆生理生化指标及肌肉指标。结果显示,模拟运输18 h后,有水运输组和无水运输组中的大菱鲆存活率仍为100%。大菱鲆肌肉中水分含量、粗脂肪、pH、糖原、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和腺苷酸(AMP)含量显著降低,乳酸和肌苷酸(IMP)含量升高。其中,有水运输组中的大菱鲆AMP含量降低了38.65%,IMP含量增加了29.1%,无水运输组中的大菱鲆AMP含量降低了12.83%,IMP含量增加了28.47%。大菱鲆血液生化指标中,葡萄糖、尿素氮和皮质醇含量显著升高。运输过程后,无水运输组中大菱鲆生理应激及能量代谢指标的变化幅度均小于有水运输处理组中的大菱鲆。此外,低温无水运输组大菱鲆肌肉中呈味核苷酸IMP和AMP含量显著高于有水运输组,表明低温无水运输增加了大菱鲆呈鲜味物质的含量,提高了鱼肉风味。研究表明,低温无水保活技术在活鱼运输中具有广泛的应用前景。  相似文献   

2.
In this study, we determined the cause of a disease outbreak in spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus reared in culture cages on the western coast of Korea in 2013. The major signs in the diseased fish exhibited were haemorrhaging on the membranes of the abdomen, gastrointestinal organs and opercular gills, as well as an enlarged spleen. No external morphological signs of infection were visible, except for a darkening in colour. No parasites or pathological bacteria were isolated from the diseased fish; however, epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells inoculated with tissue homogenates from the diseased fish showed cytopathic effects (CPEs). Virus particles in the EPC cells were bullet‐shaped, 185–225 nm long and 70–80 nm wide, characteristic of Rhabdoviridae. Polymerase chain reaction analyses of homogenized tissues from the diseased fish and supernatants of cell cultures with CPEs indicated specific, 553‐bp‐long fragments corresponding to the matrix protein gene of the hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV). Phylogenetically, the HIRRV phosphoprotein gene of spotted sea bass was more closely related to phosphoproteins from Chinese and Polish HIRRV strains than from other Korean strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HIRRV infection in cultured spotted sea bass.  相似文献   

3.
This study determined the effect of dietary supplementation with taurine on plasma biochemical indices, blood cell apoptosis rate, survival rate and expression of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and heat‐shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene in juvenile hybrid snakehead under ammonia stress. Six diets were formulated to contain 0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 and 15.0 g/kg taurine. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish in cylindrical tanks. After 8 weeks of feeding, 20 fish per tank were exposed to ammonia stress (total ammonia nitrogen = 200 mg/L) for 48 hr. The results showed that, after ammonia stress, plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triacylglycerol (TG) levels and survival rate significantly decreased (p < 0.05) while plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea nitrogen (BUN), respiratory burst, blood cell apoptosis rate, hepatic CAT, GR and HSP70 mRNA expression levels significantly increased (p < 0.05). On the other hand, dietary supplementation with taurine significantly reduced levels of BUN, respiratory burst and blood cell apoptosis rate. Supplemented groups significantly increased relative mRNA expression of hepatic CAT, GR and HSP70 as well as increased survival rate (p < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary supplementation with taurine improved ability to resist ammonia stress in hybrid snakehead.  相似文献   

4.
The loading density of pirarucu Arapaima gigas transported for 6 hr in open system was assessed on survival, physiological parameters (blood hematocrit, cortisol, lactate and glucose concentrations) and water quality (temperature, pH, ammonia, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide). No mortality was observed after fish transportation at 80, 120 and 160 kg/m³, although ammonia and carbon dioxide concentrations increased and dissolved oxygen decreased. Physiological parameters were not affected by loading density but significant differences were observed between sampling periods (immediately before transport, immediately after transport, 24 and 96 hr after transport), except glucose. Hematocrit values increased with time, whereas lactate concentration decreased. No significant differences were observed in blood cortisol levels before and after transport, but concentration increased gradually for 96 hr after transport. According to the results, 9 kg pirarucu may be transported for up to 6 hr at a loading density of 160 kg/m³.  相似文献   

5.
为研究海鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)的游泳续航能力和游泳过程中的物质代谢规律,以深水网箱养殖的3月龄海鲈为研究对象,采用游泳续航时间和生化指标作为评测海鲈游泳能力和代谢规律的方法进行了试验。结果显示,海鲈的游泳续航时长为200 min,其续航能力强于大黄鱼而弱于美国红鱼。在游泳过程中,海鲈血糖浓度升高,但差异性不显著(P＞0.05),肌糖原随着时间的增加显著减少(P＜0.05),且肌糖原浓度在海鲈疲劳时接近于0。当鱼接近100%疲劳时,其肝糖原浓度也接近于0;当海鲈以不同疲劳程度游泳时,其肌肉乳酸脱氢酶浓度会显著升高(P＜0.05)。表明海鲈的续航游泳过程伴随着无氧呼吸和有氧呼吸。  相似文献   

6.
This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of growing out hatchery‐reared spotted babylon juvenile (Babylonia areolata) in earthen ponds. The growth, survival and water quality for monoculture of spotted babylon were compared with the two polyculture trials with sea bass (Lates calcarifer) or milkfish (Chanos chanos). This study provided good results for growth and survival of spotted babylon in earthen ponds. The mean body weight gain of snails held in the monoculture was 5.39±0.08 g, and 4.07±0.16 and 4.25±0.11 g for those held in the polyculture with sea bass or milkfish respectively. Food conversion ratios (FCR) were 2.69, 2.96 and 2.71 for snails held in the monoculture and polyculture with sea bass and milkfish, respectively, and the final survival rates were 84.94%, 74.30% and 81.20% respectively. There were no significant differences in each parameter of water quality among the treatments but significant differences among the culture period were present (P<0.05). Salinity and total alkalinity showed the greatest changes during the culture period for all treatments. Seawater temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrite–nitrogen and ammonia–nitrogen gradually changed over the culture period for all the treatments. The present study indicated the technical feasibility for monoculture and polyculture of B. areolata to marketable sizes in earthen ponds.  相似文献   

7.
Understanding spatial patterns in population characteristics and the principal natal environments supporting riverine fish populations are important for fisheries management. Fin ray microchemistry was used to identify natal environment, and age estimates from sectioned fin rays were used to estimate growth and mortality rates for spotted bass, Micropterus punctulatus (Rafinesque), in a segment of the Ohio River (Smithland Pool) and three tributaries. Differences in water Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca among the Ohio River and tributaries were reflected in fin ray edge Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca. Fourteen percent of spotted bass ≥ age 2 captured in the Ohio River originated in tributaries, whereas 10% captured in tributaries originated in the Ohio River. Spotted bass in the Ohio River reached larger maximum size (L∞ = 448.7) than conspecifics in tributaries (L∞ = 324.4), although mortality rates were not different. Although 86% of spotted bass were collected in their inferred natal environment, small tributaries may be a supplemental source of recruitment for the spotted bass stock in Smithland Pool.  相似文献   

8.
MS-222对鳊鱼麻醉保活运输效果的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为研究MS-222对鳊鱼保活运输的影响,分析比较了在不同质量浓度MS-222(0、20、40、60、80、100 mg/L和120 mg/L)、不同水温(2、7、15、20℃)和不同鱼水质量比(2∶1、1∶1、1∶3、1∶5)下鳊鱼的存活率,从而确定及筛选最佳的保活运输条件,并检测和分析在保活运输试验中水质指标和鱼体生化指标的变化和影响。试验结果显示,当MS-222质量浓度为60 mg/L、水温7℃、鱼水比1∶3时,保活时间最长,鱼体存活率最高;随着保活时间的延长,水体指标中氨氮含量、微生物、pH均呈上升趋势,而溶解氧水平则呈下降趋势;在鱼体指标中,肌肉中糖原、pH下降,乳酸含量上升;在血液指标中乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、血糖、尿素和肌酐均显著增加(P<0.05),说明随着保活时间的延长,鱼体肝脏和肾脏组织代谢水平受到一定的影响,但其变化幅度均小于对照组。研究结果表明,在鳊鱼保活过程中可适当使用MS-222麻醉剂以延长存活时间和提高存活率。  相似文献   

9.
为研究电麻醉工艺对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼麻醉效应与血液生化指标的影响,将暂养24 h后的石斑鱼投入电击箱,采用脉冲直流电压对鱼体进行电击,以未电击组作为对照组,通过计算麻醉率、休眠时间和72 h存活率作为其麻醉效应的评价指标,优选100 V、110 V和120 V 3组电压,通过测定血液中48 h内的谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖、乳酸和皮质醇6项血液生化指标,分析鱼体的生理应激情况。结果显示:通电时间一定时,电压越大,麻醉率越高,休眠时间越长,存活率越低;试验鱼在电刺激期与电紧张期停留时间越短;100 V、110 V、120 V电压均能对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼完全麻醉且72 h存活率为100%。100 V试验组平均休眠时间17.0±3.84 min,且各项生化指标均优于其他试验组;与对照组相比,除谷草转氨酶数值较对照组明显上升外,谷丙转氨酶活力、乳酸脱氢酶活力均显著性低于对照组,血清中葡萄糖、乳酸以及皮质醇含量与对照组差异不显著。研究表明,采用100 V标准脉冲直流电电击3 s对鱼体没有永久性损伤,是一种耗时短、伤害小的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的麻醉方式,可以提升珍珠龙胆石斑鱼保活运输过程中的品质与效率。  相似文献   

10.
为研究电麻醉工艺对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼麻醉效应与血液生化指标的影响,将暂养24 h后的石斑鱼投入电击箱,采用脉冲直流电压对鱼体进行电击,以未电击组作为对照组,通过计算麻醉率、休眠时间和72 h存活率作为其麻醉效应的评价指标,优选100 V、110 V和120 V 3组电压,通过测定血液中48 h内的谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖、乳酸和皮质醇6项血液生化指标,分析鱼体的生理应激情况。结果显示:通电时间一定时,电压越大,麻醉率越高,休眠时间越长,存活率越低;试验鱼在电刺激期与电紧张期停留时间越短;100 V、110 V、120 V电压均能对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼完全麻醉且72 h存活率为100%。100 V试验组平均休眠时间17.0±3.84 min,且各项生化指标均优于其他试验组;与对照组相比,除谷草转氨酶数值较对照组明显上升外,谷丙转氨酶活力、乳酸脱氢酶活力均显著性低于对照组,血清中葡萄糖、乳酸以及皮质醇含量与对照组差异不显著。研究表明,采用100 V标准脉冲直流电电击3 s对鱼体没有永久性损伤,是一种耗时短、伤害小的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的麻醉方式,可以提升珍珠龙胆石斑鱼保活运输过程中的品质与效率。  相似文献   

11.
为探究柱形病对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生理机能的影响,随机选取患病和健康黄颡鱼各10尾,采集其血液,静置后离心分离血清以测定血液生化指标如皮质醇、乳酸(LD)含量,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,葡萄糖、白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(BUN)、总胆固醇(TCHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)含量,谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性。结果显示:患病黄颡鱼血清皮质醇浓度和LDH、AST活性均极显著高于健康鱼,LD含量和ALT活性显著高于健康鱼。与健康鱼相比,患病黄颡鱼血清葡萄糖含量极显著降低,而HDLC、LDLC、TCHO、ALB、TP、BUN浓度和ALP活性无显著差异。健康鱼肝细胞呈近圆形,形状较规则,细胞界线清晰,细胞核多位于细胞中央,呈圆形或椭圆形,肝细胞以中央静脉为中心形成放射状排列。患病鱼肝细胞出现局部坏死、空泡化,形成坏死灶,伴有大量中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞浸润。结果表明:柱状黄杆菌感染可引起黄颡鱼鱼体显著的应激反应,并引起鱼体肝脏损伤。  相似文献   

12.
为探究我国北方海域花鲈繁育适宜盐度和pH处理的设定,及促进早期花鲈苗种推广,本研究针对不同盐度(0、15、20、25、30、35和40)与pH(5.5、6.5、7.5、8.5和9.5)条件下,北方人工繁殖花鲈受精卵的孵化率、畸形率及饥饿10 d后的存活情况进行了分析,并对花鲈初孵仔鱼进行不投饵耐饥饿实验,记录每日存活率(SR)及最终生存活力指数(SAI)。最后观测低盐0、养殖盐度30与高盐45对花鲈早期幼鱼生长性能的影响。结果显示,北方海域花鲈受精卵适宜孵化盐度为20~35,以盐度25组孵化率最高,适宜pH为6.5~7.5,以pH 6.5组孵化率最高。低盐15组中,具最低的孵化率及最高的畸形率,但在最终饥饿SR的统计中,低盐15组的SR及SAI明显高于盐度30与35组,推测低盐15接近花鲈体液等渗点,降低了渗透调节中的能量消耗,更利于存活。初孵仔鱼饥饿实验中,盐度20组SR下降相对平缓,在第8天仍有12.66%的SR(其他组已为0)。饥饿1 d时,各pH组SR均小于90%,以pH 6.5组SR最高,为89.11%。与盐度处理组相比,花鲈初孵仔鱼对pH变化较为敏感,其孵化率及最终SR显著低于盐度处理组。花鲈早期幼鱼盐度处理组中,低盐0与高盐45将对此规格花鲈幼鱼产生较大损伤,以高盐45抑制最显著,应为苗种盐度推广的上限,而花鲈生长盐度30与各处理盐度相比,较适合花鲈早期幼鱼的生长。研究结果将为北方海域花鲈繁育适宜盐度和pH处理的设定,及提高花鲈孵化率、育苗成活率与早期苗种推广提供基础资料。  相似文献   

13.
Groups of adult sea bass were reared at either low (10 kg m?3) or high (50 kg m?3) stocking densities respectively for 84 and 116 days. To monitor the red muscle activity, about 20 fish from both densities were surgically implanted with EMG (Electromyograms) radio transmitters, after EMG calibration during exhaustive swimming exercise (Ucrit test). Blood samples and morphometric measurements were also taken. EMG showed that the muscle activity of fish reared at 50 kg m?3 was on average twofold higher than fish kept at lower density. Cortisol was significantly more elevated at higher density and haemoglobin, haematocrit and RBCC (red blood cells count) showed the same trend, while lysozyme decreased. Patterns for glucose and lactate were less clear. The results showed that the contemporary use of functional (EMG) and physiological (haematological and biochemical) profiles could give a more comprehensive view of the fish status validating the diagnosis of fish stress induced by culture practices.  相似文献   

14.
Salt (NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO4) are used as water additives to mitigate fish stress and improve specimen survival. High stocking densities and the transportation of fish can increase aqueous ammonia, which can, in turn, alter fish cortisol secretion. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of salt, gypsum, and aqueous ammonia on some stress‐induced physiological responses of jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, juveniles induced by captivity and handling, and to determine the lethal ammonia concentration for this species. Jundiá juveniles were subjected to the following five treatments: water only, water + ammonia (0.4 mg/L), water + NH3 + NaCl (6 g/L), water + NH3 + gypsum (150 mg/L), and water + NH3 + NaCl + gypsum. Blood samples were taken after intervals of 1, 5, 24, and 96 h, and the concentrations of cortisol, glucose, chloride, ammonia, and hematocrit were determined. The NH3 LC50 value after 96 h of exposure (LC50?96h) was measured to be 1.9 mg/L NH3. Either salt or gypsum reduced both cortisol and glucose levels during most of the experimental period, but the combination of both reduced these levels even further. The combined use of NaCl and CaSO4 demonstrates a synergic effect on mitigating stress responses induced by handling and aqueous ammonia in jundiá juveniles.  相似文献   

15.
Juvenile spotted babylon (Babylonia areolata) and sea bass (Lates calcarifer) were cultured in 11.5‐m3 indoor rearing tanks supplied with flow‐through of ambient natural sea water over a 120‐day experiment. Each species, stocked at the following densities for the following treatments, was tested with three replicates per treatment: 5000 B. areolata per tank (Treatment 1); 200 L. calcarifer per tank (Treatment 2); and 5000 B. areolata plus 200 L. calcarifer per tank (Treatment 3),. The average growth (length and weight), feed conversion ratio and total production of spotted babylon and sea bass from Treatment 3 were not significantly different from those of Treatment 1 and 2 (P > 0.05). Average survival rates for both spotted babylon and sea bass exceeded 95% for all treatments.  相似文献   

16.
This study aimed to find out whether dietary carotenoid (CD) supplement could influence the resistance of characins (Hyphessobrycon eques Steindachner) to ammonia stress. Two types of CD and its combination [astaxanthin (AX), β‐carotene (BC), 1 : 1 combination of AX and BC (MX)] at three concentrations (10, 20 and 40 mg kg−1) were used resulting in nine pigmented diets. No differences in growth and survival of the fish among treatments were found after 8‐week rearing. Experimental and control fish were then exposed to 15 mg total ammonia nitrogen L−1 (stress group) and 0.15 mg total ammonia nitrogen L−1 (normal group) for 72 h, and their blood was withdrawn. No mortality resulted under such TAN concentrations. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS), serum antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidases (GPx)] and serum transaminases [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] were chosen as indices of fish antioxidant capacity or stress resistance. SOD, GPx and AST were affected by the interactions of dietary CD and ammonia stress. The activities of TAS, SOD, GPx and AST increased under the stress. Dietary CD reduced serum SOD, GPx, ALT and AST activities. In conclusion, dietary CD increased the resistance of characins to ammonia stress.  相似文献   

17.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a promising new immune stimulant in aquaculture (IMUNO‐2865®) on biochemical parameters in sea bream during the winter stress period. A total of 640 sea bream were fed throughout 90 days with diets containing 0 (Group 1), 1 (Group 2), 10 (Group 3) and 25 g (Group 4) of IMUNO‐2865® kg?1 of feed. Samples were taken each month and 90 days after supplementation. No statistical differences among treatment groups were noticed for the following biochemical parameters: glucose (GLU), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), plasma cholesterol (CHOL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea (URE) and creatinine (CREA). At the final sampling, total ammonia (NH3) was higher in Groups 3 and 4 compared to the control and the low supplementation group (p < .05), while total proteins (TP) was significantly higher in Group 4 compared to all other groups, and in Groups 2 and 3 compared to the control group (p < .05). Blood Ca++ levels were significantly higher after 60 days of feeding in all treatment groups compared to the control, and remained elevated in Group 4 even after 90 days following cessation of supplementation (p < .05). The results of this study described the increase of biochemical parameters in the blood of sea bream after use of IMUNO‐2865® but future research is needed to evaluate its potentially immunostimulative effect on fish in commercial aquaculture.  相似文献   

18.
This study investigated the potential of linalool as an anaesthetic during transportation of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The fish were transported at a loading density of ~103 g/L for 3 hr in 12 plastic bags (3 L water and 6 L pure oxygen) divided into four triplicated treatments: control (without linalool), L50 (50 mg linalool/L), L100 (100 mg linalool/L) and L200 (200 mg linalool/L). After 3‐hr transportation, serum physiological responses and water physico‐chemical parameters were compared among the treatments. Results showed that water total and un‐ionized ammonia increased and dissolved oxygen decreased in all treatments after transportation. Water total ammonia and dissolved oxygen levels in the linalool‐treated bags were significantly lower than the control. After transportation, the control fish showed significant elevation in serum cortisol and glucose levels; however, the levels were significantly lower than the linalool‐treated fish. All fish showed similar serum lactate levels, significantly lower than the value obtained before transportation. The control fish showed serum urea levels similar to the level obtained before transportation; however, the linalool‐treated fish had significantly higher serum urea levels compared to the control and before transportation levels. After transportation, all fish had decreased serum chloride and sodium levels compared to the before transport level. Overall, the present results showed that linalool is not beneficial for carp transportation in plastic bags, because it reacts with water oxygen, increases stress in fish, interferes with ammonia excretion and has no benefits in preventing ion loss.  相似文献   

19.
芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)有氧发酵豆粕的肽类和活菌等含量丰富,为研究其替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)幼鱼的养殖效果,配制鱼粉含量为50%的大口黑鲈基础饲料,在基础饲料中用芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕分别替代0、10%、20%、30%和40%的鱼粉,配制成5种等氮、等能实验饲料进饲养实验。实验共分5个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼[初始体重为(19.83±0.33) g]。采用表观饱食投喂饲养75 d。结果显示,20%和30%实验组增重率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但饲料效率、存活率与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),20%的替代组增重率及饲料效率皆出现最大值;各实验组之间肥满度和肝体比均无显著差异(P>0.05),但替代组脏体比出现下降的趋势,且当替代量超过30%时,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。血清白蛋白含量各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),替代组总蛋白和球蛋白的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活力随鱼粉替代量的增加而显著升高,10%组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),其他各替代组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。对肠道组织结构的研究结果显示,40%组前肠肠绒毛密度和肠壁厚度均显著低于对照组;30%前肠绒毛高度和宽度显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。10%组中肠肠壁厚度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但与其他各实验组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);20%和40%组中肠绒毛密度和高度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各实验组的后肠肠壁厚度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但30%组绒毛高度和宽度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕替代20%的鱼粉不会影响大口黑鲈的生长性能和体质,对其肠道健康有一定的促进作用。  相似文献   

20.
The present study aimed at assessing the effects of addition of thymol [0 (T0), 2.5 mg/L (T2.5), 5 mg/L (T5) and 10 mg/L (T10)] to water on biochemical and antioxidant responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, during 3-h transportation. The lowest dissolved oxygen and ammonia levels after transportation were related to T2.5 and T5 treatments respectively. T5 treatment exhibited lower cortisol/glucose responses after transportation and 24 h after that, whereas T2.5 and T10 exhibited elevations in these parameters at the same times. Hyperammonaemia and hyperchloraemia were observed in T2.5 treatment immediately after transportation, but such changes were observed in all treatments, 24 h after transportation. Addition of 10 mg/L thymol to water prevented uraemia after transportation, but all thymol-treated fish exhibited uraemia, 24 h after transportation. Thymol treatment failed to mitigate lactate elevation immediately after transportation; nevertheless, T2.5 and T10 had, respectively, the lowest and highest lactate levels, 24 h after transportation. T5 treatment inhibited alteration in superoxide dismutase activity, immediately after transportation, and T10 exhibited a similar effect, 24 h after transportation. Addition of 2.5 mg/L thymol to water significantly increased catalase activity immediately after transportation, but such a response was observed in all treatments, 24 h after transportation. T2.5 and T10 exhibited higher malondialdehyde levels than T0 immediately after transportation, but such a response was observed in all thymol-treated fish, 24 h after transportation. In conclusion, addition of 5 mg/L thymol is beneficial in reducing water ammonia concentration and stress in carp during transportation.  相似文献   

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