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1.
Fifteen accessions ofSolarium berthaultii Hawkes andS. berthaultii xS. tarijense Hawkes were assessed for resistance to field infestations of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris), and potato fleabeetle,Epitrix cucumeris (Harris). Accessions bearing both Type A and Type B glandular trichomes were much more resistant to the green peach aphid and potato leafhopper than accessions bearing Type A hairs alone. All accessions had significantly smaller populations of these 3 pests than S.tuberosum cultivars. Total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content of foliage and tubers was not correlated with insect populations. Foliar TGA levels of field-grown plants varied among accessions, ranging from < 2–240 mg/100 g fresh wt. Solasonine and solamargine were the major foliar glycoalkaloids while solamarines predominated in tubers.  相似文献   

2.
Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity in the glandular trichomes of 32Solanum tuberosum ×S. berthaultii F3 hybrid clones differentially resistant to the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was determined. Within this population of segregating clones, aphid infestation levels varied 8-fold, while a 5-fold difference in glandular trichome PPO activity was observed. PPO activity and aphid resistance at three sample dates were correlated as follows: r = 0.38 (P = 0.05), r = 0.31 (P = 0.10), and r = 0.55 (P = 0.01), respectively. The total browning potential test (TBP), a modification of the PPO assay, was developed for use in screening for aphid resistance. The TBP procedure is rapid, inexpensive, and highly effective in identifying aphid resistant clones.  相似文献   

3.
Fifty-seven tuber-bearingSolanum progenies including species and interspecific hybrid derivatives were evaluated for resistance to green peach aphid (GPA),Myzus persicae (Sulzer), using an excised leaflet test. The progenies segregated for resistance and most contained some highly resistant clones. Resistance appeared to be partially dominant and genotype-environment interaction was low. Heritability estimates of 50–60 percent were obtained from both diploid and tetraploid populations.  相似文献   

4.
The inheritance of trichome density and droplet size was investigated in diploid and tetraploid crosses. In haploidTuberosum ×Solanum berthaultii and (S.phureja ×haploid Tuberosum) × S.berthaultii crosses, droplet size on type B trichomes was small or droplets were lacking on F1 hybrids. Parental phenotypes were recovered in the F2 and backcross generations. Trichome density was more variable within a clone that was droplet size. Density of both type A and type B trichomes appears to be under the control of small numbers of genes, as parental phenotypes were recovered in the F2 and backcross generations. The variation observed for each of the three traits studied could not be explained by hypotheses based on the segregation of one or two loci. The insect resistance ofSolanum berthaultii appears to be due to the interaction of several chemical and physical factors, thus potato breeders should handle it as a quantitatively inherited trait.  相似文献   

5.
Phenolic compounds in Type A glandular trichomes of two insectresistant potato species were separated and identified using a combination of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV-visible spectrometry, and1H proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) procedures. Type A trichomes ofSolanum berthaultii andS. polyadenium contained a phenolic compound tentatively identified as the glucose ester of p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid. Its presence in trichomes of both species suggests that this compound may play a major role in formation of the brownish, insect entrapping exudate characteristic of trichome-mediated insect resistance in these species. Chlorogenic acid, a major phenolic constituent of Type A trichomes ofSolanum polyadenium was not detected in trichomes of 5.berthaultii. The exclusive presence of chlorogenic acid in trichome exudates ofS. polyadenium may be responsible, at least in part, for the greater levels of insect entrapment by this species, compared with that ofS. berthaultii.  相似文献   

6.
Type A glandular trichomes confer insect resistance to the wild potato,S. berthaultii Hawkes by oxidatively polymerizing their contents upon breakage, resulting in insect entrapment. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is responsible for the oxidative polymerization of Type A glandular trichome exudate.S. tuberosum L. trichomes possess low amounts of PPO and lack the ability to either polymerize their contents or entrap insects. Polyclonal antibodies raised against purifiedS. berthaultii glandular trichome PPO were used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify PPO content ofS. berthaultii, S tuberosum, and hybrid type A glandular trichomes. The PPO ELISA and immunoblots were used to quantify PPO expression as a function of leaf development and genetic background. PPO accumulates to its maximal levels in trichomes prior to completion of leaflet expansion. In advanced breeding generations, trichome PPO is expressed at levels varying from that found inS. tuberosum to that found inS. berthaultii. By serving as an initial screen for trichome PPO, this ELISA may be useful to assist rapid introgression of this insect resistance trait into adaptedS. tuberosum backgrounds.  相似文献   

7.
Newly hatchedLeptinotarsa decemlineata larvae were less likely to initiate feeding onSolanum berthaultii than onS. tuberosum. Among larvae that fed there was no difference in the time to initiation of feeding; however, the duration of the initial feeding bout was less onS. berthaultii than onS. tuberosum. Larvae spent less time feeding and more time walking onS. berthaultii than onS. tuberosum. All larvae caged onS. tuberosum fed within 24 hours, but larvae were less likely to feed on a F6 S. tuberosum XS. berthaultii hybrid and least likely to feed onS. berthaultii. Lack of feeding during the first 24 h was highly correlated with mortality at 72 h. Whether or not larvae feed within the first five minutes of being placed on a leaflet is a reliable predictor of larval mortality at 72 h and is a useful test for determining the susceptibility of plants to feeding byL. decemlineata. The amount of trichome exudate accumulated on the tarsi over a 72 h period is correlated with resistance. Resistance ofS. berthaultii to neonateL. decemlineata is characterized by a refusal to initiate feeding and a reduced feeding rate by larvae that do feed.  相似文献   

8.
Tetralobulate (Type A) glandular trichomes are present on foliage of many wild as well as cultivated species of potatoes. These trichomes confer resistance to insect pests if their density, gland size and biochemical products are similar as those ofSolanum berthaultti Hawkes andS. polyadenium Greenm. Hybrids ofS. tuberosum L. ×S. berthaultii have been screened for resistance by measurement of phenolic oxidation activity in their Type A trichomes by use of an enzymic browning assay. However, variability in the procedure has prompted the development of an improved assay.  相似文献   

9.
Tubers of 11 clones ofSolanum tuberosum subsp.andigena (andigena) and 12 cultivars ofS. tuberosum subsp.tuberosum (tuberosum) were inoculated with water suspensions (5.5 × 104 5.5 × 105, 5.5 × 106 CFU/ml) ofErwinia chrysanthemi. Tubers were inoculated immediately after harvest and after 6 and 16 wk of storage at 4 and 23°C. Tuber rot incidence in andigena and tuberosum increased as inoculum concentration increased. Based on tuber rot severity, clones of andigena were classified as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible and cultivars of tuberosum were classified as intermediate or susceptible. Rot severity increased in all tubers stored at 4°C and in tubers of tuberosum stored at 23°C; rot did not increase in tubers of andigena stored at 23°C. Electrolyte leakage (EL), total sugars (TS), reducing sugars (RS), non-reducing sugars (NRS) and dry matter (DM) were determined in non-inoculated tubers. There was a significant positive correlation between the rate of EL, concentration of RS and tuber rot in andigena and tuberosum. Tuber rot and DM were negatively correlated in tubers of andigena; but they were not correlated in tuberosum. Clones of andigena with low EL, TS, RS, and high DM were resistant to tuber rot, and the incidence of tuber rot in these clones was much less influenced by temperature and length of storage. The influence of temperature and length of storage on susceptibility toE. chrysanthemi may be explained by increased cell membrane permeability; increased leakage of accumulated sugars in potatoes stored at 4°C could favor bacterial proliferation resulting in more disease.  相似文献   

10.
Ovarian development and fecundity of Colorado potato beetles reared on the resistant potato species,Solanum berthaultii were reduced compared to females reared on the susceptible potato,S. tuberosum. Striking changes in the appearance of the digestive tract and large quantities of undigested plant material in the midgut of females reared onS. berthaultii suggest that ovarian development might be impaired by poor nutritional quality ofS. berthaultii foliage. Alternatively, enlargement of the midgut by undigested plant material might physically limit ovarian development and subsequent fecundity. These results suggest that a major impact ofS. berthaultii on CPB performance occurs in the physiology of digestion and reproduction.  相似文献   

11.
SeveralSolatium tuberosum clones were tested for resistance to the reniform nematode,Rotylenchulus reniformis. Commercial cultivars La Rouge and possibly Red La Soda had high levels of resistance to the reniform nematode.R. reniformis resistance was found to exist independently of the H1, H2, or H3 genes for resistance to races of potato cyst nematodes,Globodera rostochiensis andG. pallida. In addition to reniform nematode resistance, B7642-2, B7154-8 and B7680-6 contained the H1 gene and breeding linePI 377741 contains the H1 and H2 gene for potato cyst nematode resistance. Over a three month period reniform nematode counts were significantly lower in pots where resistant varieties were grown.  相似文献   

12.
Diploid wild potato species, classified as 1EBN (Endosperm Balance Number), do not cross with tetraploid or diploid forms ofS. tuberosum Gp. Tuberosum. The crossing of 2n pollen producing 1EBN clones as well as chromosome-doubled 1EBN clones with Gp. Tuberosum haploids was initiated to overcome this hybridization barrier. The screening of eleven 1EBN species,S. brachistotrichum, S. bulbocastanum, S. cardiophyllum, S. chancayense, S. commersonii, S. etuberosum, S. fernandezianum, S. jamesii, S. mochicense, S. pinnatisectum andS. trifidum, resulted in the identification of 2n pollen producers in eight of the species examined. Direct hybridization with Gp. Tuberosum haploids utilizing the above-mentioned crossing scheme was successful withS. chancayense andS. commersonii. The hybrids obtained, however, were male and female sterile. Abnormal microsporogenesis in the hybrids was postulated to be the result of an interaction between Gp. Tuberosum cytoplasm and nuclear genes contributed by the 1EBN male parent. Analyses of the growth of 1EBN species’ pollen tubes in the stigma/style of Gp. Tuberosum haploids were also conducted. Interspecific incompatibilities were observed with the most severe forms found with the use of species in the Series Etuberosa. The use of the Endosperm Balance Number theory can aid in designing crosses which overcome barriers to successful endosperm development. Sterilities in the hybrids obtained as well as interspecific incompatibilities will also need to be addressed, however, before 1EBN species germplasm can be successfully utilized for the improvement of the cultivated potato.  相似文献   

13.
Hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner) is an annual solanaceous weed prevalent in potato farmlands of the Pacific Northwest. S. sarrachoides is also a reservoir for Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and its most important vector, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Green peach aphids prefer S. sarrachoides than potato, Solanum tuberosum (L.), and produce more nymphs on S. sarrachoides than on potato. Increased green peach aphid preference for S. sarrachoides and greater fecundity on this plant could lead to overcrowding and movement toward neighboring potato plants. To test our hypothesis, field trials were conducted at Kimberly, Idaho during the summers of 2003 and 2004. A row of S. sarrachoides seedlings was planted in the middle of potato plots and naturally occurring green peach aphid populations were monitored weekly on potato plots with and without S. sarrachoides. More aphids were consistently found on S sarrachoides plants than on potato plants. More aphids were found on potato plants in plots with S. sarrachoides plants than without S. sarrachoides. Targeted insecticide applications on S. sarrachoides rows alone reduced the number of aphids on potato plants in those plots, suggesting that insecticide sprays prevented aphid movement from S. sarrachoides to potato. Testing of potato tuber sprouts 90 days after harvest by double antibody sandwich ELISA indicated a greater PLRV infection rate on plots with S. sarrachoides than plots without S. sarrachoides. Therefore, the presence of S. sarrachoides in potato plots will likely increase aphid populations and PLRV incidence on neighboring potato plants.  相似文献   

14.
Summary The foliage of hybrids ofS. tuberosum cv. Pentland Crown andS. berthaultii bore four-lobed, glandular hairs which, when ruptured by aphid movements, released a sticky substance which glued the aphids to the plant. The transference of this property makes it more worthwhile testing as a means of decreasing the spread of aphid-borne viruses.  相似文献   

15.
The reactions of 218 clones ofSolanum tuberosum and 238 accessions of 55 tuber-bearingSolanum species toMeloidogyne hapla were determined by planting them in soil naturally infested withM. hapla and the microsclerotial form ofVerticillium alboatrum. Degree of root galling was rated from none (0) to severe (5). Incidence of root galling on clones was slight as evidenced by ratings of 0, 0.5 and 1.0 for 38, 32 and 18 percent of them, respectively. As incidence of root galling increased there was a tendency for percentage of galled tubers and internal tuber infection byM. hapla to increase. Of many family progenies ofS. tuberosum tested, those from family B7147 (Penobscot x W39-1) were the most resistant toM. hapla. Incidence ofM. hapla root galls andVerticillium alboatrum wilt symptoms onS. tuberosum clones indicated there was no apparent interaction between these two pathogens. Eighty-one percent of the 238 accessions remained free from root galls.Solanum species free from root galls and represented by three or more accessions werebrachycarpum, bulbocastanum, cardiophyllum, hjertingii, hougasii, infundibuliforme, kurtzianum, martinasense, multidissectum, multiinterruptum, papita, sparsipilum, spegazzinii, stoloniferum, tarijense, andvernei. S. microdentum (PI320312) andS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (PI245926) had the most extensive root systems free ofM. hapla galls.  相似文献   

16.
The glycoalkaloid contents of tubers were measured in hybrid and back-cross populations derived from a cross ofSolarium chacoense Bitter (PI 472810, 2n=2x=24) withSolanum tuberosum L. (2n=4x=48). In tubers sampled from near the median size in each population and parent, the mean total glycoalkaloid (TGA) contents of theS. chacoense andS. tuberosum parent genotypes, and the F2 and F4 hybrid genotypes were 245, 4, 39, and 35 mg/ 100 g fresh weight (fw), respectively. Backcrossing the F2 genotypes toS. tuberosum reduced the mean TGA content to 15 mg/100 g fw. A second backcross further reduced the content to 9 mg/100 g fw. However, some genotypes in both backcross populations (25% and 10%) had TGA contents above the generally accepted upper limit of 20 mg/100 g fw. Tuber size was significantly smaller in theS. chacoense parent and the hybrid populations compared with the size in theS. tuberosum parent and backcross populations. In a second sampling of tubers from each population, intentionally selected to equalize tuber size among populations, the mean tuber size for populations was reduced by 79%. The mean population TGA content increased by 44%. However, the differences and rankings among parent, hybrid, and backcross populations were the same for both tuber samplings.  相似文献   

17.
Tuber net necrosis, caused by leafroll virus, was found to occur as a result of primary, secondary, and tertiary infection in six clones of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Differences were observed between clones in their reaction to the different types of infection. In most clones there was a higher percentage of net necrosis from primary than from secondary or tertiary infection. No significant difference was observed in the severity of the net necrotic symptoms due to the different types of infection.  相似文献   

18.
The Green Mountain cultivar was used in field tests to determine the effects of inoculating potato plants at various times with the potato leafroll virus (PLRV) on development of internal necrosis of tuber tissue. Viruliferous apterae of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulz.), were placed on each stem in all hills to be inoculated in each 3.0 m single-row plot. Planting and inoculation dates were varied in all field experiments and, in one, several vine-killing dates were also included. All harvested tubers were stored for approximately four months at 10°C to enhance development of internal necrosis prior to examination. Similar but smaller greenhouse studies involving both apterous and alate green peach aphids were also conducted using Green Mountain, Irish Cobbler, and Russet Burbank cultivars. All results showed that as inoculation was delayed relative to plant development, more net necrosis (NN) occurred. Conversely, when plants were inoculated early, stem-end browning (SEB) rather than NN predominated. A high percentage of naturally occurring SEB tubers (cv. Russet Burbank) were found by ELISA to contain PLRV. Plants produced by these tubers only rarely developed leafroll symptoms. These findings suggest a previously unsuspected causal relationship between SEB and PLRV. Implications of this apparent relationship on the epidemiology of potato leafroll in Maine are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Studies were made at Presque Isle, Maine, 1962–1966, to determine the suppressive effects of several materials against spread of the potato leaf roll cirus,Corium solani Holmes, transmitted by the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), when applied as foliar sprays to Kennebec, Green Mountain, or Chippewa potatoes in field cages or in field plots. The early cage tests showed that spray mixtures containing 1% of the systemic plant growth regulant chlorocholine chloride (2-chloroethyltri-methylammonium chloride) or 1% of mineral oil were more effective than the insect antifeeding compound AC-24,055® (=ENT-25,651), the aphid-repellent compounds ENT 20,430 or ENT 21,178, or the surfactants Sarkosyl-O® (bis (2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate) or Aerosol-OT® (CH3 (CH2)n CON (CH3) CH2 COOH). Field tests disclosed that chlorocholine chloride at 5.2 lb or 2.6 lb/a/a was more effective when healthy green peach aphids were placed on infector plants in the plots soon after the plants were sprayed, 1 week later, or soon after the 2nd of 2 weekly applications than when the aphids were introduced before spraying. The difference in leaf roll suppression at these two dosages was not significant at the 5% level; as high as 90% control of leaf-roll spread was obtained. When only natural infestations of aphids were involved and field spread of the virus was light, the 86% control of leaf roll spread that was obtained from 4 weekly applications made in late June and in July was not significantly different (P=0.05) from the 79% control obtained from 2 biweekly applications made during the same period of time. The potato plants soon recovered from the slight chlorosis resulting from the spray treatment and there was no reduction in weight of US 1 tubers at harvest. Aphid population trends in treated plots were not affected.  相似文献   

20.
During 1980 and 1981 potato cultivars and breeding selections, including cultivated species and their hybrid derivatives, were evaluated for resistance to the green peach aphid (GPA),Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and to potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Criteria used were the number of aphids which colonized the clones in free choice field experiments and the number of plants derived from these experiments which showed symptoms of PLRV infection. Generally, greater resistance to GPA was found inSolarium tuberosum gp.andigena selections and hybrids than in gp.tuberosum cultivars. There were approximately fourfold differences in season-mean GPA levels among the clones tested each year. Forty-two families, representing a cross-section of the USDA breeding populations at the University of Idaho Research and Extension Center, Aberdeen, showed a similar range in colonization levels. Resistance to GPA colonization appeared to be more prevalent in gp.andigena, gp.phureja, and gp.stenotonum derivatives. There was a weak positive correlation (r2 = .34, P = .01) between foliar total glycoalkaloids and season-mean GPA colonization levels for six clones representing the range of observed resistance to GPA. Resistance to GPA colonization was apparently not directly related to resistance to PLRV infection. Katahdin, for example, was relatively susceptible to GPA colonization but very resistant to PLRV infection whereas selection A69657-4 (gp.andigena) was among the most resistant to GPA colonization but among the more susceptible to PLRV infection. Breeding for resistance to GPA colonization therefore may not be as promising for PLRV control as developing PLRV resistant cultivars.  相似文献   

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