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1.
An exploratory survey was conducted among the Khasia living in Lawachara National Parkt （LNP） to investigate their depend- ency on the protected area （PA） for livelihoods, betel leaf hill farming, traditional forest conservation and perceptions of the PA, Field data were collected by interviewing 48 household heads from two villages （punjis） located inside the LNP and visiting their farms.： The economy of the Khasia was forest-based. They were largely dependent on betel leaf hill farming in LNP and nearly 71% of their mean annual income was de- rived from this irrespective of farmer category. On average, about 14% of the incomes of the poorer farmers came from forest produce followed by 10% and 6% for medium and rich farmers respectively. Hills and forests were the foundations of their lives and livelihoods, and LNP was the life-blood of Khasia survival. As a sustainable production system, this farming practice plays a vital role in conserving biodiversity in LNP and might be replicated elsewhere. 相似文献
2.
Financial viability and conservation role of betel leaf based agroforestry: an indigenous hill farming system of Khasia community in Bangladesh 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A study was conducted to investigate the cultural and financial management techniques of betel leaf based agroforestry system practiced in or near homegardens of Khasia community in Jaintapur Upazila in the district of Sylhet, Bangladesh. The Khasia is an educated community where 100% of Khasia people were literate, a stunning fact for this ethnic community in Bangladesh. The average family size in the study area was 7.68, with a ration of male and females of 141:100. The homegardens of the Khasia are rich in species composition, which 15 timber species, 22 horticultural species, six medicinal species, 13 annual crops including leafy vegetables, seven species of spices and five species of bamboo were identified along with betel leaf. The Khasia is an economically prosperous community with the minimum family incomes of Tk 4000 per month (Tk. 70=1 US Dollar). Betel leaf based agroforestry is very common being a prevalent source of income. About 95.45% of the households are involved in betel leaf husbandry. The mean annual income from one hectare of betel leaf plantation was estimated to be Tk. 80979. This practice was proven to be a profitable business where the benefit cost ratio was calculated to be 4.47. Moreover, the species composition in the betel leaf plantation area (the forest area once utilized by Khasia for shifting cultivation) was found to be very promising to play the significant role in conservation of biological diversity making the practice a sustainable agroforestry system. 相似文献
3.
The Khasia ethnic community of Bangladesh has been a population of forest villagers in the north-eastern hill forests of Bangladesh
since the early 1950s, practicing a betel leaf-based agroforestry system on land granted by the Forest Department. Taking
a sample forest village of the Sylhet forest division as a case study, this article examines the sustainability attributes
of betel leaf production in the agroforestry system. The presence of several positive attributes of sustainability including
the composition of agroforestry, disease control, soil fertility management, profitability, socio-cultural acceptability and
institutional support indicate that betel leaf production within the agroforestry system is stable under the prevailing traditional
management system. Income from the sale of betel leaf is the principal livelihood means and villager’s reciprocal contributions
help to conserve forest resources. However, problems with land ownership and regular agreement renewal need to be resolved
for the sake of their livelihoods and forest conservation.
相似文献
| Tapan Kumar NathEmail: |
4.
Even though many forest villagers have been living on forest department land and serving the department in the northeastern hill forests region of Bangladesh since the early 1950s, their livelihood has not yet been fully explored. This paper examines the livelihoods of forest villagers (Khasia ethnic people) and their contribution to forest conservation, using data from the Sylhet forest division. The forest villagers are well-endowed with all the elements of a sustainable livelihoods framework, though human capital in terms of education is not satisfactory. Strong social capital, stable natural capital and a productive market-oriented agroforestry system facilitate the generation of financial and physical capital that make the livelihoods of Khasia people sustainable. At the same time, their reciprocal contributions in terms of forest protection and plantation development support forest conservation. However, some institutional issues such as insecure land tenure with regular agreement renewal problems need to be resolved for the sake of their livelihoods and forest conservation. Lessons learned from the study can be utilized in formulating future participatory forest management schemes in the country. 相似文献
5.
6.
Malian Forest Service activities and policies have evolved since the beginning of colonialism under the assumption that forests and their products are the property of the government. Today the importance of involving local people in forest management is recognized. The purpose of this research was to determine the range of non-timber forest products local people use either for direct consumption or for income generation and to identify the trees/shrubs that yield these products in natural forests, fallow lands and crop fields. A gender analysis of the data was also conducted. The data were collected from face-to-face structured interviews using open-ended questions of 92 randomly sampled households in six Malian villages. One-half of the interviews were conducted with women and the other half were with men. The study identified 55 different non-timber forest products produced by 108 plant species. Almost all (99%) of the products identified are used for personal consumption, whereas 68% of the products are also used to generate income. Products such as firewood, leaves for sauces, shea nuts for oil/butter, seeds for condiments and nuts/seeds for soap are the most frequently mentioned products collected by women. Different categories of products like utensils/house materials, animal feed and construction materials (thatch, poles, mats) are the products most frequently collected by men. Ninety percent of the products collected are found in the natural forests; 63% are collected from trees on fallow lands and 51% from scattered trees in crop fields. Forest Service support of villagers using non-timber forest products would create an economic relationship between the forest and the local people. This is essential for the protection of the forest because people will safeguard their interests. 相似文献
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8.
Mohsen Javanmiri Pour Mousa Rasouli Hamid Soofi Mariv Mohammad Avatefi Hemat Masood Shahmoradi 《林业研究》2013,24(3):611-614
Wild pistachio tree (Pistacia mutica) is considered the most important species in the Zagros forests. It can adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions. To find the suitable ecological conditions for pistachio species, we investigated different environmental factors such as gradient, aspect and position of the slopes through the distribution area. Frequency of pistachio trees in the north and northwest of Qalajeh forests was 36.4% and 1%, respectively. Maximum (32%) and minimum (13%) number of wild pistachio trees were in 30%–60% and >120% slope classes, respectively. The most number and least number of pistachio trees were found at elevations of 1100–1200 m and 2200–2300 m, respectively. The percentage of pistachio canopy coverage was 10. The average percentage of herbaceous coverage was 6.5. Pistachio trees of diameter per hectare at breast height (DBH) >20 cm numbered 5 while average number of pistachio trees was 8 per hectare. Pistachio seedlings per hectare averaged 3.5. The number of other species per ha was 7 trees. The effect of aspect on other species was not significant (p=0.151). Slope class and geographical aspect did not affect regeneration (p=0.275 and p=0.111, respectively). Pistachio plays an important economic role in semi-arid areas, therefore it is essential to protect and restore Qalajeh forests through participation by government and local people. 相似文献
9.
Ajit Menon Christelle Hinnewinkel Claude Garcia Sylvie Guillerme Nitin Rai Siddhartha Krishnan 《Small-Scale Forestry》2009,8(4):515-527
Rural people in developing countries including India continue to access a number of types of ‘forests’ to meet specific needs
such as fuelwood, fodder, food, non-timber forest produce and timber for both subsistence and income generation. While a plethora
of terms exist to describe the types of forests that rural people use—such as farm forests, social forests, community forests
and small-scale forests—the expression domestic forest has recently been proposed. Domestic forest is a term aimed at capturing the diversity of forests transformed and managed
by rural communities and a way to introduce a new scientific domain that recognises that production and conservation can be
reconciled and that local communities can be effective managers. This paper argues in the context of the central Western Ghats
of south India that while the domestic forest concept is a useful umbrella term to capture the diversity of forests used by
rural people, these domestic forests are often not autonomous local forests but sites of contestation between local actors
and the state forest bureaucracy. Hence, a paradigm shift within the forest bureaucracy will only occur if the scientific
forestry community questions its own normative views on forest management and sees forest policy as a means to recognise local
claims and support existing practices of forest dependent communities. 相似文献
10.
Md. Abiar Rahman Masakazu Tani Kazuo Asahiro S. M. Asik Ullah 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(3):295-309
A homestead is an integrated production system where trees, crops, livestock and poultry are found in and around the household residence in Bangladesh. It is a potential production unit that provides various product, service and ecological functions. Almost all people in Bangladesh including landless households have homesteads in which they grow trees and crops even in a small piece of land. This study characterizes the species composition, diversity and productivity of the homestead production system in the Teknaf peninsula, southeastern Bangladesh. Survey data collection was from a total of 180 homesteads covering five household categories: large, medium, small, marginal and landless. Vegetable, fruit, timber, and livestock and poultry were common components in the homestead production system. Various types of plants were mainly concentrated in back yards, front yards, boundaries and corners of homesteads. The mean number of tree species per homestead was about 15. In total, 189 tree and shrub species were recorded, and were distinctly high and low in the large (363.7) and landless (55.7) household categories. Species composition, diversity and productivity of homesteads were found to be related to household categories. Richness and diversity of tree and shrub species increased with household size. Betel nut was the dominant tree species followed by mango, jackfruit and coconut. Annual income from homesteads also varied among the household categories, with a mean contribution of the homestead to annual income of about 25 %. A large portion of homestead income came from betel nut trees. There is scope to increase species diversity and income by designing homesteads with the engagement of women and other family members. 相似文献
11.
In this article, we compared the structure, composition, and diversity of trees, shrubs and saplings, seedlings and herbaceous species of community- and government-managed forests in the lowlands of eastern Nepal. Results suggest that among the trees, the community forest was dominated by a single species, Shorea robusta. However, Shorea robusta and Terminalia myriocarpa were codominant in the government forest. Tree density and basal area were higher in the government forest, but shrub/sapling density and basal area were higher in the community forest, suggesting a positive effect of community management on tree regeneration. Overstory species assemblages showed an obvious compositional difference between the forests, but understory species assemblages were less obvious. Plot-level tree and shrub/sapling species richness was higher in the government forest than the community forest. However, seedling-herbaceous species richness was higher in the community forest. The dominance of Shorea robusta trees in the community forest suggests that people involved in managing forests may be more interested in a limited number of economically valuable species while removing less important trees. Such preferential management practices may increase resource heterogeneity within a forest and maintain species diversity in the understory. Thus, community participation in forest management should be encouraged, with guided management techniques and exercises, to achieve maximum forest recovery, provide sustainable ecosystem services, and maintain forest diversity. 相似文献
12.
Trees outside forests (TOF) in Nepal’s Terai have significantly increased over the past decade. The Chitwan District was one of the focus districts in the Terai Community Forestry Development Project that promoted a tree seedling distribution program. This paper examines the current
position of tree integration on farmland and its contribution to livelihoods of rural households in this district. Interviews
with local key informants, government and non-government agencies and wood-based industries, as well as an in-depth study
of 32 households were used to describe the constraints faced by the households in management of trees on farmland. Most households
cited disease, poor growth, lack of preferred tree species, lack of technical support, an uncertain tree market, and lack
of financial support as constraints. Despite the important role of trees in subsistence and market-based rural livelihood
diversification, and the consequent reduction in pressure on national forests from on-farm trees, current government policies
and practices fail to recognise the value of these trees. It is argued that there is substantial potential for improving on-farm
trees to enhance rural livelihoods. A responsive service mechanism centred on tree growing households would help the management
of tree resources on the farmland. 相似文献
13.
三北防护林体系工程发展现状及对策 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了改善生态环境,中国政府于１９７８年开始在三北地区建设林体系。１５年来,共计完成人工造林１３３０ｈｍ＾２,零星植树３０亿株,森林被覆盖率已由１５年前的５．００５％提高到８．６％,不仅取得了明显的生态效益和经济效益,也走出一条有中国特色的林建设道路。今后的发展对策为：强化政府行为;调整经济政策;优化林种树种结构;增加科技含量。 相似文献
14.
Universally, trees have been recognized as an important component of urban landscapes for millennia because they provide a wide range of benefits to society. Although the planting of trees has been an integral and important part of human settlements in Nepal, the concept of urban forestry is poorly understood and often neglected. This paper investigates urban peoples?? perceptions towards urban forests as well as the perceived benefits related to the use and existence of urban forests in Lalitpur, Nepal. A survey was conducted among residents and visitors to an urban park. Most respondents held positive attitudes towards urban forests and were aware of the benefits provided. Despite involvement of various agents from both government and non-governmental organizations in promoting urban forests, greenery was declining in the city. The loss and degradation of urban forests adversely affected the ecosystems because the city is suffering from water, air and soil pollution. In recent years, the local government has promoted urban greenery; however, there are no accompanying legislation or regulations governing urban forestry. Therefore, concrete scientific and professional knowledge is required in order to manage the forestry in the city. 相似文献
15.
William L. Wagner 《Small-Scale Forestry》2003,2(3):423-439
By retaining 91% of the forests in public ownership, British Columbia (BC) holds one of the world’s highest proportion of
forest land under a publicsector model for the development and management of the province’s increasingly valuable forest resource.
Public ownership implies that critical linkages between the natural forest resource endowment, public-sector management policies
and the standard of living of the people of the province are to be forged. Yet, the emerging changes in fundamental public
perception of the appropriate use of forests suggests that some of these policies, especially as they relate to forest tenure,
are failing to respond to the needs of people in the 21st century. Some of those linkages require retooling. Although somewhat constrained by past forest activities and policies,
the provincial government possesses broad authority across the entire public and private forest system to regulate forest
practices and determine rate of cut, stumpage, royalties and rents. It can change the way it does business. It can also devolve
responsibility and decision-making to local institutions and create innovative ways of moving toward sustainable forestry.
This paper argues that a tenure option developing in the United States — charter forests — may have application in BC and
explores briefly how five types of pilots could be tested in the province. 相似文献
16.
This paper examines local residents attitudes towards conservation and Gunung Halimun National Park, in West Java, Indonesia. A questionnaire survey and informal interviews are conducted among 74 households, in three villages, in and around the park. The survey reveals that almost all people knew about the existence and the laws of the park. Many people recognize and understand the importance of the global conservation of the park. In addition, most people agree that local participation is indispensable for conservation. Furthermore, people tend to be eager to use secondary forests or scrubs rather than primary forests or old secondary, recognizing the use of forest ecosystems in a sustainable manner. However, many people would like to claim the right to use the forests and lands within the park. People are only interested in meeting their daily needs from the park at the moment. Fortunately, they hope to participate in the park administration and are also enthusiastic about cooperating with related stakeholders including government authorities and NGOs. The results of the survey can be summarized as follows. Firstly, the local community does not have enough information about the park and, consequently, people only follow the compulsory laws. Secondly, local conservation knowledge and the global objectives of park management cannot be harmonized because of the lack of information and agreement concerning the park between local people and government authorities. People do not have certain incentives to conserve biodiversity, as they cannot get any benefits from the park. Thirdly, in spite of these adverse findings, it largely depends on the government authorities capabilities whether the integrated park management can succeed or not, because people still have positive attitudes towards local participation. 相似文献
17.
Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forests cover over 11 millionha in India, Nepal and Bangladesh, and these forests are conventionallymanaged for timber. Recently, interest in producing multipleproducts from sal forests has increased; accordingly, a silviculturalregime for managing sal forest for multiple products is a centralconcern. Forest managers need a comprehensive scientific understandingof natural stand development processes and anthropogenic factorsaffecting sal forest when designing silvicultural regimes formultiple-product management. We review ecology and productivityplus anthropogenic niches of sal forests. Information on edaphicfactors, phenology and stand development processes (regeneration,growth characteristics, soil nutrient requirement, growth allocation,nutrient cycling, stand structure and successional stages) isimportant for designing scientific forest management of salforest; likewise, knowledge of anthropogenic factors associatedwith use of sal forest is also required for effective implementationof the recently paradigmed management efforts. Sal forest silviculturehas been evolving since the beginning of the twentieth centurymainly concentrating on timber production, though the sal forestshave always been used also for grazing and collection of fodder,fuelwood, litter and many other products. Instead of integratingthese products in sal forest management, governments have attemptedto control these additional uses through enforcing forest legislation.These attempts resulted in the persistent conflicts betweenthe interests of local people and the government, and the deterioratingcondition of sal forests. Community-based forestry in this regionemerged in response to the severe degradation of forest resources,and local people initiated protection practices and demonstratedthe success of sal forest from coppice. The coppice systemsallow managing forests with intermittent products (non-timberforest products, including fodder and litter) while producingtimber in the long term. Accordingly, a policy has been developedto manage coppice sal forest for multiple products. Managingthe sal forest for multiple products is, however, a relativelyrecent development and scientific investigations on variousaspects of multiple-product forest management need to be initiated.Ecological processes indicate good prospects of managing salforest for multiple products. The review indicates that theecological processes and anthropogenic factors form sound basisfor developing multiple-product management. 相似文献
18.
S. Nautiyal R. K. Maikhuri R. L. Semwal K. S. Rao K. G. Saxena 《Agroforestry Systems》1998,41(2):151-165
A mid altitude (700–1200 m amsl.) village in Garhwal Himalaya was analysed in terms of energy and economic efficiency of different
land use-land cover types constituting the landscape. Simultaneous agroforestry, sequential agroforestry, home garden and
community forests accounted for 27.47%, 27.47%, 1.1% and 43.96% of the total geographical area of the village. Simultaneous
agroforestry is the traditional land use involving substantial input of manure derived from forest litter and animal excreta
and was practised on terraced slopes in private ownership. Tree cover in this system was represented by nine species with
total average density of 390 trees ha−1, Grewia optiva and Boehmeria rugulosa being the most dominant. Sequential agroforestry system involving slash-burn practice
and cultivation on unterraced slopes without tillage and manuring was an illicit land use on community lands where forestry
land use is desirable as per the government policy. Per ha annual energy input in simultaneous agroforestry system was 305267
MJ compared to 279 MJ in sequential agroforestry and 27047 MJ in home garden. In monetary terms, highest per ha annual output
was obtained from simultaneous agroforestry (Rs 25370, Rs 35 = US$1) followed by home garden (Rs 18200) and sequential agroforestry
(Rs 9426). Local food, fodder and fuelwood production was in excess of the local consumption. While most of the surplus food
was stored, surplus fodder and fuelwood were sold for cash. Production in simultaneous agroforestry system in private lands
was sustained with substantial biomass and nutrient inputs from the community and government forests. Land use-land cover
changes in the region are driven by the interaction of ecological, policy and human factors. It is concluded that present
policy of treating forests and agriculture as closed and independent ecological or production systems needs to be replaced
by an integrated land use policy.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Despite expanding interest in ecosystem service research over the past three decades, in-depth understanding of the contribution of forests and trees to food production and livelihoods remains limited. This review synthesizes the current evidence base examining the contribution of forest and trees to agricultural production and livelihoods in the tropics, where production often occurs within complex land use mosaics that are increasingly subjected to concomitant climatic and anthropogenic pressures. Using systematic review methodology we found 74 studies investigating the effect of forest or tree-based ecosystem service provision on a range of outcomes such as crop yield, biomass, soil fertility, and income. Our findings suggest that when incorporating forests and trees within an appropriate and contextualized natural resource management strategy, there is potential to maintain, and in some cases, enhance yields comparable to solely monoculture systems. Furthermore, this review has illustrated the potential of achieving net livelihood gains through integrating trees on farms, providing rural farmers with additional income sources, and greater resilience strategies to adapt to market or climatic shocks. However, we also identify significant gaps in the current knowledge that demonstrate a need for larger-scale, longer term research to better understand the contribution of forest and trees within the broader landscape and their associated impacts on livelihoods and food production systems. 相似文献
20.
西双版纳有着丰富的乡土植物资源，当地居民有着采集野生林产品及种植四旁树的悠久历史，没有大面积种植乡土树种的习惯。中德技术合作西双版纳热带林保护与恢复项目通过示范和资助开展了乡土树种的育苗和种植活动，取得了一定的成果，并对今后工作提出了建议。 相似文献