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1.
2017年10月在西北农林科技大学举行了“作物根系与根际互作国际研讨会”，会议主要讨论了作物根系与根际互作研究的理论、方法与应用。本文系统地总结了此次会议6个专题的研究进展：（1）作物根系对逆境胁迫的响应；（2）作物根系构型与功能；（3）根系营养元素的吸收与利用；（4）根际互作及其分子机制；（5）根际微生物；（6）根系研究方法及模型。会议涉及的主要成果有：改良的根系构型（小根系）是提高干旱地区作物产量的重要因素；旱地作物进化（人工选育）原则；提出作物根系可以利用根、土壤和微生物之间的相互作用提高营养物质利用效率；为盆栽植物根系研究开发了半水培表型系统（Semi-Hydroponic Phenotyping System）；在作物抗逆胁迫的分子机制方面取得了进展，找到了一些调节根系构型、耐旱和抗洪性的关键基因，如GmPT家族基因可以调控根系构型和根瘤数目；探索有关研究作物根系构型的方法，改进了三维数字化方法并利用数据建立模型进行作物根系的三维可视化建模，进而监测作物营养条件。目前对作物根系和根际互作的研究主要侧重于优化根系构型，获得高产、高效和可持续的生态农业发展，其中应用型和多学科交叉研究比重较高，未来作物根系研究将朝着“多学科交叉的应用型研究”方向发展。 相似文献
2.
局部灌水方式对冬小麦产量与水分利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以根系对土壤水分的吸收利用规律、土壤养分在土层中的分布规律和农田土壤蒸发特征为基础,研究局部不同节水高产灌水方式,是解决水肥异位问题和实现“浇作物”的新尝试。2000～2002年连续两年的试验结果表明,测坑内灌溉5水的处理与筒栽灌溉7水的处理有最高的产量和千粒重,适宜的灌水量是30mm。提高作物产量和水分利用效率的灌溉方式应该是灌水集中在作物主要根系分布层,实施高频局部灌溉。 相似文献
3.
在干旱区流域绿洲形成与发展过程中，普遍存在土壤次生盐渍化和不断改进的盐渍化治理过程，这导致在绿洲下部与临近荒漠区广泛形成农田排水系统景观，但其产生的生态效应还不清楚，限制了全面认识人工绿洲生态系统的环境变化过程。利用航片和遥感影像数据，基于图论网络分析和景观连通性模型，分析农田排水系统形成与演变的过程与格局；采用缓冲区分析、空间地统计模型、GIS相关性分析和群落多样性测度等方法，研究农田排水系统演变对廊道效应、土壤性状、土地利用和物种多样性的影响；利用经过改进的生物地球化学模型，研究农田排水系统演变对区域碳、水循环的影响，探讨农田排水系统与陆地生态系统的相互作用机制。深化对干旱区人类活动的生态效应的认识，并丰富绿洲生态学的研究内容，对绿洲农业可持续发展具有重要科学意义。 相似文献
4.
间作系统充分利用光热水肥资源具有高产高效特征，在旱区得到了广泛应用。综合国内外间作群体水分利用的研究成果，论述了间作具有水分优势的高效利用机制。间作系统减少土壤蒸发、提高作物蒸腾、降低棵间蒸发与耗水量的比值，增加土壤水分的有效性，提高作物根系对土壤水分的吸收利用，进而提高水分利用效率。间作系统的水分利用机制包括生态位分离减少竞争以促进资源的充分利用、水力再分配调节作物及邻体作物土壤的水分条件缓解旱区作物的水分胁迫。间作系统水分利用的影响因素包括作物种类、种植密度和空间布局、水肥管理和耕作措施。针对研究中的不足，指出未来间作系统水分高效利用研究应关注以下方面：不同区域间作群体增产和节水的规律；水分与源库关系及对种间关系的响应；量化水分与根系生长的关系，建立间作作物对水分吸收的模型；地下部对间作水分优势的响应。 相似文献
5.
土壤微生物的多样性及其活性是保持农业生态系统稳定的基础,而作物的改变对土壤微生物的多样性结构和活性具有显著的影响。转基因作物被引入到农田后所带来的微生物群落的变化及对农业生态系统所带来的不确定因素,已成为研究热点。本文综述了近年来转基因作物对土壤微生物群落影响的研究进展,并且着重介绍了转基因抗虫棉对根际微生物多样性影响的研究进展。 相似文献
6.
根障对农田林网内土壤水分和小麦产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在农田林网内四侧林带附近分别采用不同类型的根障,阻断树木根系侵入农田,减少树木与作物间的水肥竞争。在林带与小麦竞争激烈的小麦灌浆期测定灌溉后10 d、15 d和20 d的农田表层20 cm的土壤体积含水量,并结合小麦的产量得到根障对农田防护林系统的影响。结果表明,根障对四侧林带附近土壤含水量的影响不同。灌溉后20 d内林网土壤体积含水量整体分布:林网南侧>林网东侧>林网西侧>林网北侧,根障区>无根障区。根障能够提高林带附近1.0 H内土壤体积含水量0.78%～2.33%,增加小麦产量1.05%～12.06%,使减产区由1.0 H减少到0.5 H范围内。根障仅能减小胁地影响,但不能完全消除竞争。结合土壤水分和小麦产量得出根障离林带越近效果越好。 相似文献
7.
焉耆盆地农田耕层土壤盐分的空间变异及分布格局 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
从新疆焉耆盆地采集195个农田土壤样品，测定土壤中pH值、含盐量以及电导率（EC）的含量，采用地统计法和空间自相关法研究了土壤盐分因子的空间异质性及分布格局，并对含盐量进行了风险性评价。结果表明：（1）焉耆盆地农田土壤pH值的变异小于10%，属于弱空间变异，电导率呈强的变异性，变异系数为1.102，含盐量属于中等变异强度。（2）通过Kriging空间插值发现，土壤含盐量和电导率高值区分布于博斯腾湖湖滨低洼地带及和静县南部的农田土壤，主要沿河流呈条带状分布；pH值高值区主要分布在博斯腾湖西南部湖滨湿地北部的农田，且从南到北呈阶梯状分布。（3）研究区土壤pH值、电导率和含盐量的Moran’s I分别介于-0.0494~0.2585、-0.0627~0.1406和-0.0624~0.0702，其中电导率和含盐量的变异范围较窄；土壤pH和电导率随空间距离的增加表现出相似的Moran’s I系数变化趋势。（4）研究区农田土壤以非盐渍化土和轻度盐渍化土为主。土壤含盐量在不同含量水平下的概率分布图对农田土壤盐渍化现状的风险性分析和评价十分有益。 相似文献
8.
冬小麦节水灌溉的生理生态基础研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从作物生理生化、农田生态环境等方面详细论述了冬小麦节水灌溉生理生态基础的研究进展．其研究主要集中在作物本身生物学特性、土壤水分与根系关系、农田生态环境3个方面。每个方面研究已较深入，但对这3个方面的综合性研究及边缘学科问的协作研究还比较薄弱。今后应从土壤一作物一大气连续体(SPAC)出发。着重研究在冬小麦高产优质栽培条件下，节水灌溉对冬小麦与水分关系的影响及其生理生态机制。 相似文献
9.
根系是评价植被生态服务功能的关键基础要素,但快速、精确、无损确定根系的测量技术和方法是目前生态系统评估中的瓶颈。探地雷达是一种高效无损的地球物理学技术,可以在无损状态下获取土壤中的根系信息。但是探地雷达检测和识别根系的精度受土壤含水量、根系含水量、根径大小、根系埋藏深度等诸多因素影响,导致其在野外根系探测中适用性受限,为了探究土壤含水量对探地雷达探测根系精度的影响,本研究采用野外预埋根系的控制实验,根据探地雷达波速、振幅和根点反射系数的变化,分析了不同土壤含水量条件下根点识别率及根点距离均方根误差。结果表明：（1）根系探测中,探地雷达波速和振幅是判断土壤含水量变化的重要参数;（2）随着土壤含水量的增大,探地雷达波速减小,雷达振幅趋于平缓;（3）不同土层深度上随着根系直径的增大,探地雷达波速增大,雷达振幅趋于激烈;（4）根点识别率与土壤含水量成负相关（P<0.05）,土壤含水量为15%～25%时探地雷达对活根的识别效果最佳。本研究表明探地雷达可以作为植物根系生物量无损和快速测定、评估的方法,但在利用探地雷达测定土壤中根系时,应在土壤含水量相对较低的时间段进行。 相似文献
10.
干旱沙区滴灌条件下水盐运移过程试验研究 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
通过田间滴灌试验，研究了在不同滴头出水流量条件下干旱沙地土壤水分，盐分运移与分异过程，并调查作物的根系分布，结果表明，微灌系统仅给作物根际分布区以内的小面积土壤供水，并未使整个土表面均匀湿润，对于大多数农田而言，其优点是有限的湿润表面积能够限制杂草生长，减少土壤表面无效蒸发，但干旱区潜在蒸发量大，滴灌条件下水分运移的过程将引起和支配耕作层盐分的移动的重新分配，当水盐混合溶液（无机肥料溶液：N：P：K．＝12：6：6）在3种处理中（0．3L／h,0.8L/h,2.0L/h)由滴头流动至根系湿润区内，水分，养分被作物根系吸收，部分水分直接蒸发至大气后，过剩盐分将留存下来，并在土体表面和土体内湿润边界层逐渐积聚，形成高盐分聚集区，由作物根系分布特点看出，处理I，处理Ⅲ有利于提高根系单位土体分布密度，处理Ⅱ次之。 相似文献
11.
荒漠植物根系吸水的数学模型 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
关于土壤 -植物 -大气连续统 ( SPAC)的研究是当前热点之一 ,研究该连续统 ,土壤水分是联结纽带。土壤水分通过植物根系和土面蒸发进入大气从而使三者成为一连续统。植物根系吸水是把土壤中水分输送入大气的关键形式 ,搞清植物吸水模式将为认识 SPAC奠定基础。目前研究植物根系吸水模式的文章很多 ,按其研究对象来说 ,主要是农作物研究 ;按研究区域来说 ,主要为降水条件充足的区域。目前研究干旱荒漠区天然植物的根系吸水模式还没有 ,本文就此研究了中国干旱内陆荒漠区的多年生小灌木 (以苦豆子 ( Sophora alopecuroides)为例 )的根系吸水模式 相似文献
12.
Myriophyllum aquaticum is an aquatic plant of still or slow flowing waters. The species mostly occurs in its emerged growth form in dense stands, but submerged shoots can also be found. Due to its rapid growth, M. aquaticum is considered one of the most important aquatic weeds worldwide. In southern Europe, M. aquaticum occurs in irrigation and drainage systems, rice fields and lowland wetlands. In this study, root development and growth response of M. aquaticum to different water levels and nutrient availabilities were investigated in a rhizotron experiment under Central European climatic conditions. The species shows an ability to respond to drained soil conditions by a rapid root growth (up to >1 cm day−1 ), resulting in a deep root system under drained conditions. In waterlogged soil, the root system spreads more horizontally. Root density increased with increasing nutrient availability. Root:shoot ratio increased significantly with decreasing nutrient availability. In addition, total shoot length, shoot biomass, root biomass and total biomass differed significantly between different water levels and different nutrient availabilities. Relative growth rate increased with increasing water level and nutrient availability. Shoot porosity was higher in nutrient rich substrate than in nutrient low substrate. Root porosity increased with increasing water level. In conclusion, M. aquaticum shows a high tolerance to different water levels, which may be important for future habitat conditions in waterbodies and wetlands in Central Europe under the impact of global change with increased water level fluctuations. 相似文献
13.
紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa是一种优质的多年生豆科牧草,素有"牧草之王"的美称。根腐病是紫花苜蓿生产中的主要限制因素,可抑制植物生长,严重时导致植物死亡,造成巨大的经济损失。丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AM）广泛存在于农业系统中,可与植物根系形成内生菌根,提高宿主植物对营养元素和水分的吸收,增加植物产量和抗逆性。本研究以紫花苜蓿为试验材料,探究接种AM真菌摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae对紫花苜蓿根腐病烟色织孢霉Microdochium tabacinum的影响。结果表明,摩西球囊霉可抑制烟色织孢霉的侵染,植株发病率降低了20.78%;病原菌的侵染显著抑制紫花苜蓿根系生长和养分吸收,植物地下生物量降低12.87%,根长降低20.52%,根系P含量降低了18.29%,丙二醛（MDA）含量提高了12.78%;AM真菌可以缓解病原菌的危害,促进紫花苜蓿生长,与不接种AM真菌的处理相比,地上生物量、地下生物量、根长分别提高了47.77%,38.67%和20.67%;防御酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别提高了42.25%、26.05%和33.62%;地上部分和地下部分P含量分别提高了58.63%和75.38%。 相似文献
14.
C3 plant Reaumuria soongorica and C4 plant Salsola passerina are super xerophytes and coexist in a mixed community in either isolated or associated growth, and interspecific facilitation occurs in associated growth. In the present study, the root traits including root distribution, root length(RL), root surface area(RSA), root weight(RW) and specific root length(SRL) of both species in two growth forms were investigated to clarify their response to facilitation in associated growth. Six isolated plants of each species, as well as six associated plants similar in size and development were selected during the plant growing season, and their roots were excavated at 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 cm soil depths at the end of the growing season. All the roots of each plant were separated into the two categories of fine roots(2 mm diameter) and coarse roots(≥2 mm diameter). Root traits such as RL and RSA in the fine and coarse roots were obtained by the root analyzing system WinRHIZO. Most of the coarse roots in R. soongorica and S. passerina were distributed in the top 10 cm of the soil in both growth forms, whereas the fine roots of the two plant species were found mainly in the 10–20 and 20–30 cm soil depths in isolated growth, respectively. However, the fine roots of both species were mostly overlapped in 10–20 cm soil depth in associated growth. The root/canopy ratios of both species reduced, whereas the ratios of their fine roots to coarse roots in RL increased, and both species had an increased SRL in the fine roots in associated growth. In addition, there was the increase in RL of fine roots and content of root N for S. passerina in associated growth. Taken together, the root growth of S. passerina was facilitated for water and nutrient exploration under the interaction of the overlapped roots in both species in associated growth, and higher SRL allowed both species to more effectively adapt to the infertile soil in the desert ecosystem. 相似文献
15.
Root growth and spatio-temporal distribution of three common annual halophytes in a saline desert, northern Xinjiang 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Root growth and spatial and temporal distribution in the 0-100 cm soil profiles of three common annual halophytes Salsola subcrassa, Suaeda acuminate and Petrosimonia sibirica distributed in a saline desert in northern Xinjiang, China were studied in 2009 and 2010. The results showed that the root systems of the three halophytes were of the taproot type, vertically distributed in the 90-cm soil profile, and were deepest in late July. Their taproots reached maximum depth rapidly, early in the growth period, but with rare lateral roots. They were then dug out in an orderly way, from bottom to top, exhibiting vertical development first and then horizontal development. The distribution of specific root length, which reflects the characteristics of the feeder root, was gradually increased from top to bottom, whereas root weight displayed an opposite distribution pattern. The root length distribution of the three halophytes was concentrated (62% to 76%) in the middle soil profile (20-60 cm), with less distribution in the surface (0-20 cm) and bottom (60-90 cm) soil profiles. The results indicated that the roots of the three annual halophytes grew rapidly into the deeper soil layer after germination, which ensured the plant survival and uptake of water and nutrition, and thus built up a strong tolerance to an arid, high-salt environment. 相似文献
16.
Polona Strajnar Saša Širca Gregor Urek Helena Šircelj Peter Železnik Dominik Vodnik 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,132(1):49-57
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are obligate endoparasites that severely damage the host root system. Nutrient and water uptake
are substantially reduced in infested plants, resulting into altered physiological processes and reduced plant growth. The
effect of nematode infestation on the morphological changes of roots and subsequent physiological plant responses of infested
tomatoes with the RKN Meloidogyne ethiopica was studied in a pot experiment. Plants were infested with two inoculum densities (10 or 50 eggs per cm3 substrate) and its effect was evaluated 74 and 102 days post inoculation (DPI). Morphological changes and root growth was
determined by analysing scanned images of the whole root system. Nematode infestation reduced the portion of fine roots and
increased that of coarse roots due to gall formation. Fine roots of non-infested control plants represented around 51% of
the area of the whole root system at 74 and 102 DPI. In comparison to controls, plants inoculated with low and high nematode
density had 2.1 and 3.2-times lower surface area of fine roots at 102 DPI. Root analyses revealed that plants had a very limited
ability to mitigate the effects of the root-knot nematodes infestation by altering root growth. Root galls had a major influence
on the hydraulic conductivity of the root system, which was significantly reduced. The low leaf water potential of infested
plants coincided with decreased stomatal conductivity, transpiration and photosynthesis. The latter two were reduced by 60–70%
when compared to non-infested control plants. 相似文献
17.
The effect of localized placement of trifluralin on uptake patterns of soil-applied 45Ca in vetch (Vicia sativa L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soybean (Glycine max) and 32P in vetch and pea was investigated in two soil zones in the roots and in the shoot zone before and after plant emergence. When trifluralin was in the upper root zone severe inhibition of lateral roots occurred as well as a marked decrease in uptake of 45Ca and 32P from this zone. Root growth in the lower zone was unaffected, but uptake of 45Ca and 32P was slightly reduced. Compensatory adventitious root growth as well as a marked increase in uptake of 45Ca and 32P occurred in the shoot zone. Neither root growth nor uptake of 45Ca or 32P in the upper root zone were affected by the presence of trifluralin in the lower root region. When trifluralin was placed in the shoot zone after plant emergence, adven-titious roots on the shoots were inhibited and uptake of 45Ca and 32P was reduced. 相似文献
18.
水、肥、气、热、光是保障作物生长发育的五大要素,传统的灌溉方式不但用水量大,还会导致土壤通气性不足、团粒结构破坏,五要素之间的平衡被打破,造成土壤板结、盐碱化等土壤退化现象,从而土壤肥力质量下降,对作物生长发育造成不利影响。综述了加气灌溉研究背景、加气灌溉条件下土壤肥力质量评价指标、加气灌溉对土壤和土壤肥力质量的影响、加气灌溉对作物生长的影响,总结了加气灌溉对土壤微环境、酶环境、营养环境和作物根系的影响规律以及加气灌溉对土壤微环境和作物根系的调节机理。大量研究表明,加气灌溉能够有效改善根区土壤结构和水力学特性,增强作物根区土壤通透性,明显增加作物根区土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,提高土壤中过氧化氢酶与脲酶活性,改善作物根区土壤微环境;加气灌溉可以增加土壤中速效氮和速效磷的含量,提高土壤肥力质量,促进根系对营养物质的吸收和作物的生长发育,提高灌溉水利用效率,作物增产高达10%以上。最后总结了现阶段加气灌溉还存在加气设备研发、加气时间与频次问题以及加气灌溉对土壤、微生物、作物根系、生态环境等的影响机制问题,提出了目前加气灌溉处于定量研究的探索阶段,还需要对加气灌溉中水-土-气-作物的耦合机制进一步开展研究。 相似文献
19.
Linking water and nutrients through the vadose zone: a fungal interface between the soil and plant systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Michael F ALLEN 《干旱区科学》2011,3(3):155-163
Plant water availability, use, and management have largely focused on physical processes of infiltration and the role of roots in uptake and transpiration. However, roots and mycorrhizal fungi redistribute water in complex patterns. Here I describe some of our observations and experiments showing that mycorrhizal fungi play key roles in moving water for both transpiration and to facilitate nutrient acquisition under dry conditions. Mycorrhizal fungal hyphae grow from both surface and deep roots even into bedrock to help extract water under dry conditions. In both deep and surface roots, mycorrhizal fungi acquire water from pores too small for roots and root hairs to access, and at distances from roots and root hairs. Mycorrhizal fungi are also able to utilize hydraulic-lifted water from plants to obtain nutrients in extremely dry surface soils. The importance of these root symbionts in water and nutrient dynamics, and as integrators of surface and deeper water dynamics need further investigation. 相似文献