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1.
Zinc-amino acid complexes for swine   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of sources of dietary zinc on gain, feed conversion and blood and bone traits of swine. In the first experiment 96 pigs were used in a 28-d study. The pigs were fed diets with no supplemental Zn or with either 9 or 12 ppm supplemental Zn from zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), zinc methionine (ZnMet) or zinc methionine with picolinic acid (ZnMet w/PA), each with or without 5% added corn oil. There were differences (P less than .05) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) between the pigs fed the two organic Zn sources, with those fed ZnMet w/PA showing the better gains and feed conversion. However, neither organic Zn source resulted in pig performance that was different from either the diet with no supplemental Zn or the diets supplemented with Zn from ZnSO4. In the second experiment the same dietary Zn sources and treatments were fed as in Exp. 1 except that corn oil was deleted as a variable. No differences in ADG, ADFI, feed/gain (F/G) or in changes in serum Zn or Cu were observed among treatments during either the 21-d nursery or the 56-d growing periods. During the subsequent 56-d finishing period ADG and ADFI were greater (P less than .01) for pigs fed the Zn-supplemented diets than for those fed the diets without supplemental Zn. There were no differences among treatments in F/G during the finishing period. Zn content of bone ash was lower (P less than .01) in the non-Zn-supplemented pigs. These data suggest that the Zn sources used are of similar biological value and do not support the theory that picolinic acid aids Zn absorption.  相似文献   

2.
One hundred eighty 3-wk-old pigs (initial weight 4.8 kg) were utilized in a 35-d growth trial to determine the effects of the carbohydrate and(or) protein fraction of dried whey on pig performance. In addition, 30, 3-wk-old pigs (initial weight 4.9 kg) were used in two digestion trials to study the effects of the whey fraction on nutrient digestibility. Dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal diet (control), control + 20% dried whey, control + 14.4% lactose, control + 2.1% lactalbumin, control + 14.4% lactose + 2.1% lactalbumin, and control + 8.4% whey protein concentrate. Pelleted diets containing equal lysine concentrations were fed. Lactose and lactalbumin were added at the same levels as provided by a 20% dried whey diet. Pigs fed diets containing milk products exhibited superior (P less than .05) ADG and efficiency of feed utilization and greater (P less than .05) apparent digestibilities for DM, energy and N compared with pigs fed the control diet. Including either lactose or lactalbumin in the diet for the early weaned pig resulted in similar gain, feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility. These results indicate that both the carbohydrate (lactose) and protein (lactalbumin) fractions of dried whey are important in explaining the beneficial response to dried whey elicited in the weanling pig.  相似文献   

3.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy density and weaning environment on pig performance. Treatment diets were formulated to vary in DE concentration by changing the relative proportions of low (barley) and high (wheat, oat groats, and canola oil) energy ingredients. In Exp. 1, 84 pigs in each of 3 replications, providing a total of 252 pigs, were weaned at 17 x 2 d of age and randomly assigned to either an on-site or an off-site nursery and to 1 of 3 dietary DE concentrations (3.35, 3.50, or 3.65 Mcal/kg). Each site consisted of a nursery containing 6 pens; 3 pens housed 7 barrows and 3 housed 7 gilts. All pigs received nontreatment diets in phase I (17 to 19 d of age) and phase II (20 to 25 d of age), respectively. Dietary treatments were fed from 25 to 56 d of age. Off-site pigs were heavier at 56 d of age (23.4 vs. 21.3 kg; P < 0.05) and had greater ADFI (0.77 vs. 0.69 kg/d; P < 0.01) than on-site pigs. There was a linear decrease in ADG (P < 0.01) and ADFI (P < 0.001) with increasing DE concentration. Efficiency of gain improved (P < 0.01) with increasing DE concentration. There was no interaction between weaning site and diet DE concentration, indicating that on-site and off-site pigs responded similarly to changes in diet DE concentration. In Exp. 2, nutrient digestibility of the treatment diets used in Exp. 1 was determined using 36 pigs with either ad libitum or feed intake restricted to 5.5% of BW. Energy and N digestibility increased (P < 0.001) with increasing DE concentration. Nitrogen retention and daily DE intake increased with DE concentration in pigs fed the restricted amount of feed (P < 0.05). These results indicate that weaning off-site improves pig weight gain. The weanling pig was able to compensate for reduced dietary DE concentration through increased feed intake. Growth limitation in the weanling pig may not be overcome simply by increasing dietary DE concentration.  相似文献   

4.
Dried whole whey, lard or dried skim milk was added to a corn-soybean meal basal diet to determine the effect on apparent nitrogen (ND), energy (ED) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) in pigs weaned at 28 d. Four groups of four littermate barrows were allotted to the experimental diets and placed in individual metabolism pens for 12 d (3 d adjustment and three collection periods of 3 d each) after weaning. The study was a 4 X 3 factorial with diet and period as main effects. Addition of dried skim milk or dried whey to the diet resulted in higher values (P less than .05) for DMD and ED as compared with the basal or corn-soy and lard diet. Pigs fed added dried skim milk had improved (P less than .05) ND over pigs on other dietary treatments. All nutrient digestibility coefficients increased (P less than .05) from period 1 to period 2, and ND increased (P less than .05) from period 2 to 3. It was concluded that the young pig requires at least 6 to 9 d after weaning at 28 d to adjust to typical corn-soybean meal starter diets.  相似文献   

5.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of DM and N by young pigs fed diets supplemented with different protein sources or organic acids. Pigs were surgically fitted with silicone cannulas at 2 wk of age. Following surgery, pigs were allowed to recuperate with their dams while suckling normally. After weaning at 24 d, pigs were assigned to treatment diets at 28 d of age. A 3-d adjustment and 4-d collection sequence was followed for the duration of the 4-wk experiment. Four treatment diets were fed in each experiment in a weekly rotation until each diet had been fed to each pig. Diet samples and digesta collected through the ileal cannulas were analyzed for chromic oxide (used as an indigestible marker), DM, and N. Pigs in Exp. 1 were fed isolysinic (1.0%) corn-based diets supplemented with casein, soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, or isolated soy protein. Casein addition resulted in improved DM (P less than .001) and N (P less than .05) digestibility but reduced gain (P less than .05) compared with the average of the soy protein sources. Nitrogen from diets formulated with soybean meal was digested more completely (P less than .05) than N from diets based on soy protein concentrate and isolated soy protein. Experiment 2 was an evaluation of the effect of dried skim milk (25%) and fumaric acid (2%) addition on apparent ileal digestibility of N and DM in corn-soybean meal diets. Addition of dried skim milk improved DM (P less than .01) and N (P less than .05) digestibility and daily gain (P less than .001). Fumaric acid supplementation did not affect nutrient digestibility or gain (P greater than .10).  相似文献   

6.
The effects of feeding high levels of Mg were evaluated in a 130-d study with 24 steers. Six steers were allotted to each of four diets supplemented with MgO to attain .3, 1.4, 2.5 or 4.7% Mg, DM basis. Chromic oxide was used as digesta marker; fecal grab samples were collected once daily during nine consecutive 10-d periods. Steers fed 2.5 and 4.7% Mg refused some feed during the study, so their respective dietary Mg intakes were 2.4 and 3.7% (DM basis). Severe diarrhea and a lethargic appearance were observed in steers fed the two higher Mg levels. Fecal DM and apparent DM digestibility decreased linearly (P less than .01) with increased dietary Mg. Apparent Mg absorption (g/d) increased linearly (P les than .01) and apparent Ca and P absorption (g/d) decreased linearly (P less than .01) with addition of Mg to the diet. Increasing dietary Mg linearly elevated blood serum and erythrocyte Mg (P less than .01; P less than .05, respectively) and serum inorganic P (P less than .05) and linearly decreased serum Ca (P less than .01). Magnesium concentration in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle and rib-bone and P in skeletal muscle all increased linearly (P less than .05) with dietary Mg. Increasing dietary Mg in the steers caused a progressive degeneration of the stratified squamous epithelium of rumen papillae. A progressively more serious Mg toxicosis condition developed over time in steers fed diets containing 2.4 and 4.7% Mg.  相似文献   

7.
Three feeding trials (278 pigs) and one balance trial (14 pigs) were conducted to evaluate acceptance and utilization of diets containing a dry-fat product containing 90% fat. The fat was a mixture of equal parts vegetable and animal fats. In Trial 1, 4-wk-old pigs fed diets with 5% dry-fat added had average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain/feed (G/F) values equal to pigs fed the diet containing 4.5% liquid fat, the unprocessed equivalent to the dry-fat. Values for G/F with both diets were higher (P less than .05) than for pigs fed the unsupplemented control diet. In Trial 2, dry-fat and roasted soybeans were compared as sources of supplemental fat in diets for finishing pigs. Both were efficiently utilized, with no differences (P greater than .05) among diets. In Trial 3, diets with 0, 5 and 10% levels of added dry-fat were fed to pigs from 34 to 100 kg. Rates of gain were not affected, but ADFI decreased (P less than .05) and G/F increased (P less than .05) with increased fat level. Carcass measurements were not affected by dietary treatment, but iodine number of backfat increased (P less than .05) with dietary fat level. In Trial 4, values for grams of N absorbed and retained and megacalories of energy absorbed and metabolized did not differ (P greater than .05) between diets with 0 and 5% added dry-fat. These results show that the dry-fat product was efficiently utilized by growing and finishing pigs.  相似文献   

8.
A 2 x 3 factorial experiment, encompassing three 28-d trials involving a total of 420 weanling pigs, was conducted to determine the effect of dietary Cu (5 or 250 ppm) and animal fat (0, 2.5, or 5%) on the performance and serum fatty acid profiles of weanling pigs. Pigs had ad libitum access to corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 10% whey and 5% fish meal and similar lysine:calorie ratios. Pigs were weighed and pen feed intakes were recorded weekly. Weekly blood samples were collected during the first two trials (n = 270) for serum fatty acid analysis. There was a Cu x fat interaction for ADG from d 1 to 14 (P less than .07) and over the 28-d experiment (P less than .05). The ADG of pigs fed 250 ppm of Cu increased, whereas the ADG of pigs fed 5 ppm of Cu was not affected as dietary fat increased. The addition of 250 ppm of CU increased (P less than .01) ADFI throughout the 28-d experiment. The addition of fat quadratically increased ADG (P less than .05) during d 14 to 28 and gain:feed ratios (P less than .01) during d 14 to 28 and over the 28-d experiment. The addition of fat decreased (P less than .05) the weight percentage of serum saturated fatty acids and increased (P less than .01) the weight percentage of serum monounsaturated fatty acids on d 28. The addition of 250 ppm of Cu decreased (P less than .01) the weight percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids on d 14 and 28.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

9.
One hundred seventy-six crossbred weaned pigs (4 to 5 wk old) were used in two growth trials to determine the effect of excess arginine on pig growth and plasma amino acid levels. In the first 28-d growth trial, two lysine levels (1.03 and 1.26%) and three arginine levels (.94, 1.29 and 1.63%) were used in a nested treatment arrangement. Lysine supplementation improved daily gains (P less than .05), tended to improve feed efficiency (P less than .12) and caused a general reduction in plasma essential amino acid levels. Arginine had no effect on daily gain or feed intake, but pigs fed 1.03% lysine and 1.63% arginine had reduced gain/feed (P less than .05). Arginine did not affect gain/feed of pigs fed 1.26% lysine. Plasma lysine levels were reduced (P less than .06) by excess arginine in pigs fed 1.26% lysine, but not in pigs fed 1.03% lysine. The four treatments for the second 26-d growth trial consisted of three diets containing .92% lysine and either .72, 1.10 or 1.61% arginine and a positive lysine control (1.10% lysine, .72% arginine). Lysine was the limiting amino acid in the basal diet, but arginine had no effect on daily gain, daily feed intake, gain/feed or plasma lysine levels. Plasma threonine and methionine levels were reduced by excess arginine in both experiments, while the other plasma essential amino acid levels were not affected by dietary arginine. Conclusions are that large excesses of added arginine may affect lysine utilization, but pig performance was affected only when excess arginine was combined with a lysine deficiency. The arginine levels similar to those found in grain-soybean meal swine diets had no effect on pig performance in these experiments.  相似文献   

10.
Three hundred eighty-four growing-finishing pigs were used in two experiments to determine the effect of dietary fluorine (F) on growth, blood and bone physical characteristics. Fourteen dietary treatments were formulated by supplementing F (as NaF) to a milo-soybean meal basal diet (7 ppm F) to provide levels of 7, 132, 257, 382, 507 and 632 ppm F for Exp. 1, and 7, 25, 43, 61, 79, 97, 115 and 133 ppm F for Exp. 2. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were not affected (P greater than .09) when F was fed at levels between 7 and approximately 132 ppm. Average daily gain and ADFI were reduced (P less than .0001) for pigs consuming diets with F concentrations greater than 132 ppm (Exp. 1). Feed conversion was not affected (P greater than .17) by any level of F fed. Serum F and alkaline phosphatase concentrations increased (P less than .01) with increasing dietary F levels. Serum and bone Ca and P concentrations were not affected (P greater than .13) by dietary F levels (Exp. 1). In Exp. 1 and 2, bone F increased (P less than .0001) and metatarsal stress and modulus of elasticity decreased (P less than .0001) as level of F increased in the diet. Bone thickness decreased quadratically (P less than .02) in Exp. 1 and linearly (P less than .0007) in Exp. 2 with increased dietary F levels. Scanning electron microscopy showed an increase in porosity of bones from pigs fed the higher levels of F. Growing-finishing pigs were able to tolerate approximately 132 ppm F for growth, but all of the F levels (greater than or equal to 7 ppm) fed in these two experiments affected bone integrity.  相似文献   

11.
Four nursery experiments were conducted using a methionine (Met)-deficient feather meal-corn-soybean meal-dried whey basal diet (20% CP; 3,250 kcal of ME/kg, .11% choline, .19% Met, 1.00% cystine) supplemented with lysine, tryptophan, and histidine to determine the Met requirement of 5- to 10- and 10- to 20-kg pigs. Based on a true Met digestibility value of 81.6% estimated by a pig ileal digestibility assay, the Met-deficient basal diet contained .155% of digestible Met. A preliminary experiment (Exp. 1) indicated that pigs fed the Met-deficient basal diet when fortified adequately with Met could produce weight gains similar to those of pigs fed a 20% CP practical corn-soybean meal-dried whey diet. In Exp. 2 and 3, crossbred pigs weighing 5.8 kg initially were fed diets containing graded levels of digestible Met between .195 and .355%. Average daily gain increased quadratically (P less than .05) as the level of Met increased. When the data of Exp. 2 and 3 were examined together, the digestible Met requirement of 5- to 10-kg pigs was estimated to be .255% of the diet. In Exp. 4 and 5, crossbred pigs averaging 10 kg were fed digestible Met concentrations ranging from .155 to .315%. Average daily gain increased quadratically (P less than .05). The digestible Met requirement of 10- to 20-kg pigs was estimated at .255% for maximal weight gain, which was similar to that of 5- to 10-kg pigs. Assuming an 89% digestibility of Met in practical corn-soybean meal diets, the total Met level needed in practice would be .29%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

12.
A total of 490 crossbred weanling pigs were used to evaluate the responses to and the subsequent interaction between dietary dried whey and crystalline L-lysine.HCl on postweanling growth and feed efficiency at two periods postweaning. The experiment was conducted as a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design to evaluate two levels of edible-grade dried whey (0 or 25%) and five dietary lysine levels ranging from 1.10 to 1.50% in .10% increments using a corn-soybean meal mixture as the basal feedstuff. Pigs were allotted by weight, litter, and sex to seven replicates at weaning (23 +/- 2 d) and fed their treatment diets for a 35-d period. Daily gain and feed intake were greater (P less than .01) for both the 0- to 21- and the 22- to 35-d periods when dried whey was fed; the relative magnitude of the response to dried whey was greatest during the initial 21-d period. Growth responses during the 0- to 21-d period were, however, independent of dietary lysine level, suggesting that dietary lysine at a level of 1.10% is not the limiting nutrient in a corn-soybean meal diet or a corn-soybean meal diet with dried whey. From 22 to 35 d postweaning a linear growth response to lysine level occurred when the dried whey diet was fed, but no response was detected when lysine was added to the corn-soybean diet, resulting in a diet x lysine level interaction (P less than .10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

13.
选取120头22kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交健康生长猪,随机分成5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复4头,探讨低蛋白不同净能水平(10.54、10.28、9.96、9.63、9.45MJ/kg)日粮对生长猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响。结果表明:日粮蛋白降低4个百分点,不同净能处理间的采食量和饲料转化率没有显著差异(P>0.05),日增重随净能的下降呈线性增加,以9.45MJ/kg组最高(P<0.05);养分消化率中,除钙的消化率外,其余养分的消化率均随净能水平的增加而线性下降(P<0.05)。降低净能水平后,血清赖氨酸含量线性增加(P=0.03),对其余氨基酸影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对血清尿素氮含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。由此可得出,低蛋白日粮中净能水平的降低并不影响生长猪的生长性能和养分消化率。  相似文献   

14.
Six mature Yorkshire X Landrace sows were randomly assigned to a 6 X 6 Latin-square experiment on d 5 of lactation to determine the total phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) requirement. A control diet of corn sugar, cornstarch, whey, L-glutamic acid, solka floc, soybean oil, amino acids, minerals and vitamins was supplemented with L-Phe to provide .30 (basal), .45, .60, .75, .90 and 1.05% total aromatic amino acids (TAAA). Each diet was fed to a maximum of 5.5 kg/d within each of six 10-d periods. Feed intake, average pig weight gain and sow milk yield decreased linearly (P less than .01) with increasing period. Sow milk yield was maximized at .75% TAAA (quadratic, P less than .10), but average pig weight gain did not reflect the higher yield. Urea nitrogen decreased quadratically with increasing dietary Phe in both plasma (P less than .05) and urine (P less than .01) to a breakpoint at .56% TAAA. Plasma Phe increased (quadratic, P less than .01) as dietary TAAA increased, but no clear inflection point was obtained. A sharp rise (quadratic, P less than .001) in plasma Tyr occurred at .73% dietary TAAA. Plasma lysine decreased (linear, P less than .001) to a low level at .76% TAAA, but plasma methionine was unaffected by treatment. Urine allantoin/urea X protein intake was maximized at .61% TAAA (quadratic, P less than .01). Nitrogen (N) intake varied among diets (quadratic, P less than .05), but fecal N was not altered by TAAA level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

15.
An experiment using 264 crossbred barrows was conducted to examine the interaction between space allocation and dietary ractopamine addition on pig performance and carcass characteristics using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were 0.55 (19 pigs per pen) or 0.74 (14 pigs per pen) m2/pig from start (29.7 +/- 0.1 kg BW) to slaughter (108 kg BW) in a fully slatted facility and 0 or 10 ppm (as-fed basis) ractopamine for 28 d before slaughter. There were few treatment interactions. Pigs given 0.55 m2/pig had a lower ADG (P = 0.010), ADFI (P = 0.088), 10th-rib backfat depth on d 86 (P = 0.010), and carcass loin muscle depth (P = 0.011) than pigs given 0.74 m2/pig. There was no difference in feed conversion (P = 0.210) as a result of space allocation. Pigs fed diets containing 10 ppm ractopamine had decreased (P = 0.004) ADFI and improved (P = 0.001) feed conversion efficiencies for the 28-d feeding period, along with greater loin depth (P = 0.005) and carcass lean percent (P = 0.001). The improvements in 28-d carcass lean growth associated with feeding 10 ppm ractopamine resulted in an improvement in overall daily fat-free lean gain (P = 0.046). Under these experimental conditions, the response to dietary ractopamine was similar for crowded and uncrowded pigs.  相似文献   

16.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of 2 varieties of Purdue high-digestible sorghum (PHD1 and PHD2) and a normal sorghum, compared with corn, in diets of pigs and broiler chicks. In Exp. 1, 12 pigs (average BW, 55 kg) fitted with ileal T-cannula were fed 4 diets containing 946 g of corn or sorghum (PHD1, PHD2, and normal) per kg in a 2-period crossover design (i.e., each pig received 2 diets over a 2-wk period with 6 pigs per dietary treatment) to determine apparent ileal or total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy. There was no difference in the ileal or total tract digestibility of DM, energy, P, Ca, or N among dietary treatments. In Exp. 2, a total of 192 broiler chicks were grouped by weight into 8 blocks of 4 cages each with 6 chicks per cage, and cages were assigned randomly to 1 of the 4 dietary treatments within each block. Chicks were fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) or sorghum-SBM diets for 21 d to determine apparent total tract retention and then switched to diets containing 935 g of the corresponding corn or 1 of the 3 sorghum varieties per kg for 7 d to determine apparent ileal digestibility and total tract retention. Apparent ileal digestibilities of DM and P, as well as energy, were not different in chicks fed diets containing 935 g of corn or 1 of the 3 sorghum varieties per kg. However, apparent total tract retention of DM, energy, and N in chicks fed corn was greater (P < 0.05) than those fed 1 of the 3 sorghum varieties. Although the apparent ME content of corn was greater than PHD1 and normal sorghum (P < 0.01), it was not different from PHD2 sorghum. There was no difference in apparent total tract retention of DM between chicks fed the corn-SBM and PHD-SBM diets, but it was greater (P < 0.05) in chicks fed the corn-SBM diet than those fed the normal sorghum-SBM diet. Apparent total tract retention of N in chicks fed the PHD1-SBM diet was lower (P < 0.05) than in those fed the corn-SBM diet but greater (P < 0.05) than in chicks fed the normal sorghum-SBM meal diet. No difference in the apparent ME content between the corn-SBM and PHD2-SBM diets was observed, but it was greater (P < 0.05) for the corn-SBM diet than the PHD1- or normal sorghum-SBM diet. Weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were not different in chicks fed the corn-SBM or sorghum-SBM diets. Sorghum could serve as a substitute for corn in cereal grain-SBM diets for pigs and broiler chicks.  相似文献   

17.
One hundred and forty crossbred pigs (Pig Improvement Canada Ltd, Acme Alberta), weighing an average of 21.5 + 3.6 kg, were assigned on the basis of sex, weight and litter to one of five dietary treatments. The control diet was barley-based, while in the remaining four treatments, the grain component consisted of either normal or low viscosity rye fed with or without pentosanase. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and gross energy were significantly (P = 0.0001) higher for the rye-based diets than the barley based diet. There were no differences in digestibility coefficients between normal and low viscosity diets or between diets supplemented or unsupplemented with pentosanase. Over the entire experimental period (21.5 to 100.7 kg), pigs fed the normal viscosity rye gained better (P = 0.001) and had a higher daily intake (P = 0.001) than pigs fed the low viscosity rye. Pigs fed the low viscosity rye tended to gain slower than pigs fed barley and with lower intake while pigs fed the normal viscosity rye had similar gains and intake to the pigs fed barley. Enzyme supplementation failed to improve pig performance. Males had higher gains and intake than females (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation, rye viscosity or choice of cereal grain had no effect on any of the carcass traits measured. In conclusion, the results of the present experiment indicate that rye is a good alternative to barley for use in growing-finishing rations and becomes increasing attractive as the age of the pig increases. Breeding efforts directed towards reducing the viscosity of rye are unlikely to be successful in improving the nutritive value of rye for swine.  相似文献   

18.
Formulating swine diets containing fibrous coproducts based on net energy (NE) and standardized ileal digestible amino acid (SID AA) values is recommended for optimizing pig performance. However, the effects of applying this approach to diets with increasing dietary levels of wheat‐corn‐derived distillers dried grains with soluble (wcDDGS) on pig performance have not been evaluated. Thus, 48 pigs with an average body weight [BW] of 25.5 kg were used to determine the effects of increasing wcDDGS (1:1 wheat to corn ratio) content in grower diets on performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients. Pigs were housed in pens of either 2 barrows or gilts balanced for BW and fed 4 diets within sex for 42 days. Diets were a nutrient adequate corn–barley–soybean meal‐based diet with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% wcDDGS, and were similar in calculated NE and SID AA values. Acid insoluble ash was used as the indigestible marker. Final BW and overall average daily gain (ADG) linearly decreased (p < 0.05) and feed efficiency tended to decrease (p = 0.07) with increased dietary wcDDGS. Overall average daily feed intake was not affected (p > 0.10) by dietary treatment. The ATTD of dry matter and energy linearly decreased (p < 0.01), whereas the ATTD of neutral detergent fibre linearly increased (p < 0.01) with increasing dietary level of wcDDGS. Increasing dietary wcDDGS content did not affect (p > 0.10) ATTD of Ca and P. In conclusion, increasing dietary wcDDGS content reduced growth performance and ATTD of energy in growing pigs. Thus, the risks of high dietary wcDGGS content may not be completely alleviated by formulating growing pig diets on the basis of NE and SID AA systems.  相似文献   

19.
Four 28-d trials were conducted using a total of 432 pigs, with average initial weight across trials ranging from 6.3 to 9.7 kg, to estimate the tryptophan (trials 1 and 2) and threonine (trials 3 and 4) requirements of pigs fed low protein, corn-sunflower meal diets. The effect of tryptophan, threonine and protein level on serum calcium, phosphorus and zinc also was studied. The diets contained either 12 or 13% protein and were calculated to be adequate in all nutrients except crude protein and the amino acid being investigated. A lysine supplemented, 18% protein, corn-sunflower meal diet was included in all trials as a positive control. In trial 1, weight gains of pigs increased linearly (P less than .005) while feed conversion improved cubically (P less than .05) as dietary tryptophan increased from .14 to .22%. Pigs fed the 18% protein diet gained faster (P less than .05) and required less feed/gain than pigs fed low protein diets. In trial 2, weight gains improved quadratically (P less than .005) and feed conversion improved linearly (P less than .05) as dietary tryptophan increased from .104 to .204%. Serum phosphorus and zinc concentrations were lower (P less than .05) in pigs fed the 18% protein diet. In both trials, serum urea N responded quadratically (P less than .05) to increasing dietary tryptophan, and was lower (P less than .05) in pigs that were fed diets supplemented with L-tryptophan than in those fed the low protein basal or 18% protein diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

20.
Effects of soybean meal particle size on growth performance of nursery pigs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
We used 360 nursery pigs (35 +/- 3 d of age) in two 21-d growth assays to determine the effects of soybean meal particle size on growth performance. In both trials, there were six pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Pigs were weaned on d 21 and fed the same phase I diet for 7 d after weaning, followed by a phase II diet from d 7 to 14. On d 14, all pigs were weighed and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments. Experimental diets contained 61.9% corn, 34.4% soybean meal, and 3.7% vitamins and minerals. In Exp. 1, 90 barrows and 90 gilts (9.2 +/- 2.3 kg BW) were fed diets containing extruded-expelled soybean meal ground to 965, 742, or 639 microm, which resulted in whole-diet particle sizes of 728, 719, and 697 microm, respectively. Reducing extruded-expelled soybean meal particle size from 965 or 742 to 639 microm in the diet did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG (541, 538, and 542 g/d), ADFI (886, 875, and 855 g/d; as-fed basis), or gain:feed ratio (0.61, 0.61, 0.64), respectively. In Exp. 2, 90 barrows and 90 gilts (9.9 +/- 2.6 kg BW) were fed diets containing solvent-extracted soybean meal ground to 1,226, 797, or 444 microm, which resulted in whole-diet particle sizes of 732, 681, and 629 microns, respectively. Like Exp. 1, reducing particle size of solvent-extracted soybean meal did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG (482, 487, and 484 g/d), ADFI (738, 742, and 736 g/d; as-fed), or gain:feed (0.65, 0.65, and 0.65). Reducing particle size of extruded-expelled soybean meal or solvent-extracted soybean meal increased the angle of repose (maximum degree at which a pile of material retains its slope), indicating that as particle size decreased, flowability characteristics decreased. However, the angle of repose of the complete diets was greater than that for the soybean meals, which indicates that decreasing the particle size of soybean meal had minimal effects on flow characteristics of the complete diet. Previous research has shown that decreasing grain particle size improves digestibility and feed efficiency, and decreased soybean meal particle size has resulted in improved amino acid digestibility. However, the results of our experiments suggest decreasing particle size of either extruded-expelled soybean meal or solvent-extracted soybean meal does not affect nursery pig growth performance.  相似文献   

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