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《中国渔业质量与标准》2017,(6)
药物代谢动力学是应用动力学原理研究药物在动物体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程规律的一门学科。水产动物药物代谢残留研究是制定最大残留限量(maximum residue limit,MRL)和休药期(withdrawal time,WDT)的基础。中国现已开展了不少水产动物药物代谢残留研究,但创新发展方向尚不够明确。本文阐明药物残留超标是中国水产品质量安全的主要问题之一,介绍并说明了现有药物残留监管体系的不足及原因,概述了生理药动学模型的起源及其在药物残留规律外推和预测上的功能、优势及发展历程,综述了其在畜牧和水产领域的研究现状,在此基础上,立足于中国水产养殖产业现状、质量安全现状和监管需求,从药物残留预测角度,指出并构想未来中国水产动物药物代谢残留研究与创新发展的方向:研究建立基于PBPK模型的水产动物药物代谢残留预测方法和技术。 相似文献
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水产养殖中药物残留的危害与控制（下） 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2.水产养殖中药物残留的控制措施 (1)根据药物在水产动物体内的药代动力学规律合理用药 药代动力学是利用动力学的原理,研究药物及其代谢产物在体内的动态变化规律的一门学科,并以数学作为手段分析药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄等过程的量变规律。研究药动学的意义在于通过对药物的吸收、分布、代谢和消除的研究,发现药物在体内的转变规律,弄清药物的疗效、毒性与药物浓度的关系,药物在体内的蓄积部位及蓄积程度,从而 相似文献
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1 加强水产药物的药理研究 滥用药物是造成药物残留的主要原因之一.我国水产药物的开发研究较晚,专门从事水产药物研究的人员不多,缺乏系统而深入的药理学和毒理学实验.缺乏对药物在鱼体内的作用机理、药物代谢动力学、毒理学及对养殖生态环境的影响等基础理论的研究;药物的给药方法、给药剂量、给药间隔时间、休药期缺乏科学依据. 相似文献
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《中国渔业质量与标准》2015,(3)
近年来,因违规用药导致药物残留、进而引发的水产品质量安全问题引起人们的普遍关注。喹诺酮类药物因其抗菌谱广、抗菌力强、易吸收和半衰期长等特点广泛被应用于水产养殖病害防治。本文综述了喹诺酮类药物的理化性质、化学构效和不同最大残留量下的休药期等方面的研究进展,重点阐述了其药代动力学各过程中主要参数的意义及影响因素,其中涉及的参数包括达峰时间、峰浓度、表观分布容积、消除半衰期和清除率等,并提出了加强水产品中喹诺酮类药物残留的检测方法研究、建立水产动物生理药动学模型等建议,以期为喹诺酮类药物在水产养殖业上的科学使用和监管提供参考。 相似文献
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锌是水产养殖动物必需的微量元素,维持着水产动物正常生长、发育和营养代谢等功能。为了深入解析锌调控水产动物营养物质代谢的机制,本文综述了水产动物饲料锌需求量及其影响因素、锌稳态调控系统中的关键蛋白(锌转运蛋白ZnTs和ZIPs家族、MTs和MTF-1)的结构特征和功能,锌对水产动物脂类代谢和沉积的影响以及相关机理的研究进展。目前,虽然水产动物锌营养生理、代谢以及对脂类代谢的调控研究已取得一定的进展,但仍有很多重要的科学问题尚未解决,重点仍需加强"水产动物锌需求量"评价标准的制定、锌稳态调控机制的揭示以及营养代谢分子机制的解析等方面的研究,以期为水产动物锌营养的精准调控提供参考。 相似文献
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药物防治的临床药理学与水产药物学问题 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
阐述了影响水产养殖中药物防治效果的临床药理学的几个重要参数和水产药物学在药物制剂、给药方案、治疗药物的检测和治疗效果等方面存在的问题,及其给水产养殖动物造成的不良后果。并提出了正确用药的原则和方法。 相似文献
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七、渔药临床药效学临床使用的药物对水产养殖动物机体所产生的作用,属渔药临床药效学范畴。水产养殖动物机体对药物的作用属渔药药代动力学范畴。（一）渔药药效学研完的重要性和意义临床药效学研究目的为临床筛选疗效高、毒性小的药物,避免毒副作用,达到安全、合理用药的目的。药物按照其应用范围,可分为人用药物、兽用药物和农药。兽药（veterinarydrugs）是指用于诊断、治疗、缓解或预防畜、禽、水产养殖动物等动物疾病、紊乱、反常生理状态或相关症状,有目的地调节其生理机能并规定作用、用途、用法和用量的物质,还包括能促进动物生长繁殖和提高生产性能的物质。从理论上讲,凡能影响机体器官生理功能或细胞代谢活动的生物物质和化学物质都属于药物范畴。在我国,渔药、蜂药、蚕药也列入兽药管理。 相似文献
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盐酸沙拉沙星在锦鲤体内的药物动力学研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
用反相高效液相色谱法研究了盐酸沙拉沙星肌注给药(15 mg/kg)在锦鲤体内的药动学变化规律;用高效液相色谱仪测定取给药后不同时间的锦鲤血浆中盐酸沙拉沙星的质量浓度。用MCPKP药物动力学软件程序处理肌肉注射的血浆药物浓度与时间数据。房室模型分析表明,健康锦鲤肌肉注射给药的药时数据适合一级吸收一室开放模型,血浆中主要药物动力学参数为:Ka(1.660±0.467)/h;Ke(0.0859±0.0031)/h;T1/2Ka为(0.440±0.107)h;T1/2Ke为(8.069±0.276)h;Tm ax为(1.936±0.329)h;Cm ax为(3.290±0.888)μg/m l;AUC为(45.257±0.631)mg/(L.h)。盐酸沙拉沙星在健康锦鲤体内的主要药动学特征为:吸收迅速,达峰时间短,消除缓慢,体内滞留时间长。 相似文献
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(上接2013年第1期)
七、渔药临床药效学
临床使用的药物对水产养殖动物机体所产生的作用,属渔药临床药效学范畴.水产养殖动物机体对药物的作用属渔药药代动力学范畴.
(一)渔药药效学研究的重要性和意义
临床药效学研究目的为临床筛选疗效高、毒性小的药物,避免毒副作用,达到安全、合理用药的目的.
药物按照其应用范围,可分为人用药物、兽用药物和农药.兽药(veterinary drugs)是指用于诊断、治疗、缓解或预防畜、禽、水产养殖动物等动物疾病、紊乱、反常生理状态或相关症状,有目的地调节其生理机能并规定作用、用途、用法和用量的物质,还包括能促进动物生长繁殖和提高生产性能的物质.从理论上讲,凡能影响机体器官生理功能或细胞代谢活动的生物物质和化学物质都属于药物范畴.在我国,渔药、蜂药、蚕药也列入兽药管理. 相似文献
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维生素D3是水产养殖动物必需的微量营养素,在维持水产动物正常生长、发育和营养代谢等方面具有重要功能。水产动物几乎不能合成维生素D3,主要通过食物获取。为了深入解析维生素D3调控水产动物糖脂代谢的机制,本文综述了近12年来最新的研究进展,包括分水产动物对饲料维生素D3需求量及其影响因素、维生素D3吸收、转运和代谢机理,以及维生素D3调控糖脂代谢的机制。已有的研究主要聚焦于水产动物维生素D3营养生理、代谢和对糖脂代谢的调控,但仍有很多重要的科学问题尚未解决。重点需制定统一的 “水产动物维生素D3需求量”评价标准,加强维生素D3对水产动物糖脂代谢及机制的研究,从而为水产动物维生素D3营养的精准调控奠定基础。 相似文献
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诺氟沙星在水产动物体内的药物动力学及残留研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
概述诺氟沙星在水产动物体内的药物动力学及残留研究现状,阐明诺氟沙星的药代学参数、残留规律、其影响因素以及我国氟喹诺酮类药物的应用前景。 相似文献
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Culverts reduce connectivity for aquatic animals by being both a hydraulic and physical barrier. However, altered light intensity may also be a behavioural barrier to fish movement, especially for diurnal species that have adapted to moving when it is light. We propose that knowledge of optical physiology and fish behaviour, two important mechanisms underpinning movement, can inform efforts to improve fish movement through culverts. We firstly review the sensory systems of fish with reference to visual sense and explore how this affects fish movement. We then highlight theoretical knowledge that can help us understand fish behaviour and the potential mismatch between the conditions under which fish have evolved and altered conditions within culverts. We describe potential knowledge gaps and directions for future research to improve our understanding of how culverts may affect fish movement. Finally, we explore the potential costs and ecological benefits of different mitigation options to identify those with the most promise for managing the light environment in culverts to facilitate movement. For researchers and managers exploring this subject, we suggest an approach that: (a) identifies light requirements for movement by different species, (b) tests movement under different light conditions and (c) considers an integrative assessment method for testing fish behaviour around culverts. Understanding how optical physiology, fish behaviour and culvert design influence fish movement can improve connectivity for a range of species. 相似文献
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全球变暖导致水温升高,河流、湖泊普遍升温,而这种增温趋势还将加剧。水温升高,直接导致水体稳定度提高,垂向对流减少,分层现象加剧,冰河解冻提前,水体封冻期缩短;间接导致水体溶解氧含量降低,尤其底层水体缺氧现象更加严重,底层水体缺氧导致沉积物中营养盐向上覆水的释放量增加,两者均会诱导水体发生气候变化富营养化。水温升高影响水生有机体的生物过程、物种组成及食物网变化;水体分层及溶解氧含量降低均会增加水体营养物负荷,促进水体浮游藻类种群发生变化;水温变化还会改变水生植物生长条件、生物量及分布,影响水体中鱼类的生存、生长发育,以及栖息地发生变化,使水生无脊椎动物种群数量减少。因此,水温增加势必对水生生态系统产生重要影响。 相似文献
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Sadasivam J. Kaushik 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1986,2(1-4):131-140
Both external and internal factors affect the response of fish to variations in dietary quantity and quality. An attempt is made to review major, recent studies on the series of intermediate steps (intake, digestion, metabolism, excretion and retention) involved in the global response of fish to environmental changes. Among these external factors, greater attention is however devoted to those that are the most important natural effectors within the aquatic environment: temperature, ambient oxygen and salinity. The changes brought about by a change in temperature at different levels of nutrient utilization have been studied to a great extent in the recent past. As temperature affects in the first instance, the voluntary food intake, a discussion on current nutrient requirement data should preferably be dealt with in absolute terms. While critical levels of oxygen below which growth is hindered are sufficiently defined for many species, precise data on the direct effects of oxygen deficiency on nutrient utilization are still fragmentory. With regard to salinity, a distinction between stenohaline and euryhaline species and a knowledge of the physiological mechanisms corresponding to their life cycles are required before attempting comparative analyses. Within euryhaline species, best performances are noted at salinities isotonic to the internal medium. Despite accumulating evidence on the effects of cyclical phenomena, the chronobiological approach to fish culture remains practically unexplored. 相似文献
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通过分析额尔齐斯河东方欧鳊(Abramis brama)的食物组成、摄食强度和摄食策略,探究其在摄食形态学上的适应性,进一步补充和完善东方欧鳊生物学基础资料,为其人工增养殖提供技术支持。2014年5月至2015年6月,采用三层流刺网、定置刺网和围网,在额尔齐斯河中国段下游分季节连续采集东方欧鳊样本152尾。通过对鱼类样本进行测定、分析和处理,分别对东方欧鳊的摄食强度以及食物组成和摄食策略进行了研究。结果表明,152尾东方欧鳊样品的空肠率为30.92%。根据数量百分比分析,藻类在东方欧鳊食物组成中占绝对优势(99.82%),其中硅藻门的比例最高(73.09%);通过重量百分比、相对重要性指数百分比以及优势度指数指标分析,在每年的5-6月,额尔齐斯河东方欧鳊主要摄食水生昆虫幼体,以摇蚊幼虫为主,藻类在食物组成中的比重极小;Amundsen图示法表明,此时东方欧鳊为偏动物食性的广食性鱼类,且不同个体间食物组成存在一定差异。东方欧鳊的摄食消化器官形态与其食性相适应。 相似文献
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Ontogeny matters: Climate variability and effects on fish distribution in the eastern Bering Sea 
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下载免费PDF全文 Analyses of climate effects often ignore differences in life history for individual species. We analyzed a 34‐year time series of eastern Bering Sea fish surveys to evaluate changes in distribution by length and between cold and warm shelf‐wide average water temperatures for 20 species over inhabited depth, temperature, and location. All species showed evidence of ontogenetic migration. Differences in distribution between years with warm and years with cold shelf‐wide water temperatures varied among species and within species at different lengths. For species where shelf‐wide temperature effects were detected, the mid‐sized fish were most active in changing spatial distribution. For aquatic organisms ontogenetic migration occurs because life history stages have different environmental requirements. This study illustrates the need to consider species responses to climate change over different life history stages, and that studies on ecosystem responses should take ontogenetic differences into consideration when assessing impacts. 相似文献
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采用液相色谱-三重四级杆复合线性离子阱质谱(HPLC/Q-TRAP MS),在正离子检测模式下,对鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)腹腔注射恩诺沙星给药后肝脏中的代谢产物进行分析.根据保留时间和各色谱峰质谱裂解规律,推测了恩诺沙星在鲤鱼肝脏中的代谢产物,同时,根据二级质谱碎片离子推测代谢途径及代谢产物结构.结果显示,恩诺沙星进入鲤鱼肝脏后,除以恩诺沙星原形药物(M0)和N-去乙基代谢产物环丙沙星(M2)形式存在外,还有少量恩诺沙星脱羧代谢产物(M1)和恩诺沙星羟基化代谢产物(M3-1和M3-2).该研究可为深入了解恩诺沙星在水生动物体内代谢产物及代谢机理提供理论基础,为在水产养殖生产中科学、合理地使用恩诺沙星提供参考. 相似文献
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Friedrich Ladich 《Fish and Fisheries》2022,23(1):227-238
Predation is a major ecological constraint shaping behaviour and communication in animals. Several fish species are known to modify their foraging, agonistic and reproductive behaviour in the presence of predators. However, close to nothing is known about how predators affect sound production in fishes. This paper reviews how vocal fish increase their chance of survival by modifying intraspecific acoustic communication and by producing sounds directed towards predators. Field studies showed that toadfish, drums and squirrelfish reduced the number and loudness of calls when dolphin sounds were played back. These studies lack behavioural observations, leaving the question open how individual fish respond to predation threat. Croaking gouramis (Trichopsis vittata, Osphronemidae) reduced acoustic and visual signalling during dyadic contests and refrained from escalated behaviour when detecting a predator in an adjacent tank. This indicates that gouramis increase their vigilance by reducing agonistic behaviour. Vocal fish have been observed to emit sounds when predators approach or when being caught. However, none of the predators (or even conspecifics nearby) responded to these calls. Therefore, the term “predator-related” sound has been introduced in this paper to avoid implying unproven functions (alarm, startling, warning, distress and disturbance). Interestingly, the readiness of numerous taxa (e.g. catfishes) to vocalize when hand-held or netted was frequently exploited to investigate sound production in fish in relation to weight, sex, sonic organs, temperature or phylogeny. Increasing levels of noise in aquatic habitats call for more research on predator–prey interactions because of potential negative effects on detection of sounds produced by predators or prey. 相似文献