共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
de Graaf Maaike C. C. Bobbink Roland Verbeek Peter J. M. Roelofs Jan G. M. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1997,98(3-4):229-239
Arnica montana and Cirsium dissectum are characteristic species of species-rich heathlands and adjacent grasslands, which declined during the last decades in the Netherlands. It has been shown in a recent field survey that the decline of A. montana and C. dissectum might be caused by soil acidification. Calluna vulgaris is not susceptible to soil acidification. It was hypothesized that increased aluminium concentrations in the soil as a result of acidifying atmospheric inputs caused the decline of A. montana and C. dissectum whereas C. vulgaris would not be sensitive to enhanced aluminium concentrations. We studied the effects of different Al:Ca-ratios and of Al concentrations on the development of A. montana, C. dissectum and C. vulgaris in nutrient solution experiments. All three species showed aluminium accumulation in the shoots related with increased aluminium concentrations in the nutrient solutions. This accumulation was correlated with a reduction in growth when plants were cultured at high Al concentrations (200–500 µmol l-1), in both A. montana and C. dissectum. In addition, indications of Al toxicity were observed in these plant species, e.g. poor root development, yellowish leaves and reduced contents of Mg and P in the plants. C. vulgaris did not show reduced growth or poor plant development due to high Al concentrations. The negative effects of aluminium in A. montana and C. dissectum were partly counterbalanced when plants were grown on the same Al concentrations but with increased Ca concentrations, resulting in lower Al:Ca-ratios. No effects of enhanced calcium concentrations on C. vulgaris have been observed. 相似文献
2.
Soil acidification during more than 100 years under permanent grassland and woodland at Rothamsted 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Abstract Soil samples have been taken periodically from unlimed plots of the 130-year-old Park Grass Experiment and from the 100-year-old Geescroft Wilderness at Rothamsted. Changes in the pH of the samples show how acidification has progressed. The soils are now at, or are approaching, equilibrium pH values which depend on the acidifying inputs and on the buffering capacities of the soils. We have calculated the contributions to soil acidification of natural sources of acidity in the soil, atmospheric deposition, crop growth and nutrient removal, and, where applicable, additions of fertilizers. The relative importance of each source of acidification has changed as the soils have become more acid. Acid rain (wet deposited acidity) is a negligible source, but total atmospheric deposition may comprise up to 30% of acidifying inputs at near neutral soil pH values and more as soil pH decreases. Excepting fertilizers, the greatest causes of soil acidification at or near neutral pH values are the natural inputs of H+ from the dissolution of CO2 and subsequent dissociation of carbonic acid, and the mineralization of organic matter. Under grassland, single superphosphate and small amounts of sodium and magnesium sulphates have had no effect on soil pH, whilst potassium sulphate increased soil acidity slightly. All of these effects are greatly outweighed under grassland, however, by those of nitrogen fertilizers. Against a background of acidification from atmospheric, crop and natural inputs, nitrogen applied as ammonium sulphate decreased soil pH up to a maximum of 1.2 units at a rate in direct proportion to the amount added, and nitrogen applied as sodium nitrate increased soil pH by between 0.5 and 1 unit. 相似文献
3.
Atmospheric deposition of strong acid and sulphur compounds has been measured at Danish forest sites since 1985. Results from 12 years of measurements are reported from Ulborg experimental forest site situated on the sandy soils of West Jutland. Measurements and model calculated deposition estimates indicate a cumulated acid input from the atmosphere of 40 kmol, during the last 30 years; far more than the forest soils could neutralise by weathering or by base cation exchange. During the period 1985-1997 an increase in soil water concentration of protons (acid) and aluminium were seen and the molar ratio between calcium and aluminium dropped to a minimum of 0.1. A decrease in forest growth and an increase in needle litter fall were seen in the same period. 相似文献
4.
D. Hesterberg 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》1993,4(4):257-267
It is suggested that stopping liming on agricultural land could lead to a potential chemical time bomb (CTB). the sequence of interrelated events leading to the CTB include the end of liming, perhaps caused by a change in land use, a progressive decrease in soil pH and increased solubility of potentially toxic contaminants that accumulate in soils as a result of agricultural practices. Data are presented on rates of long-term soil acidification and modelled changes in the solubility of some trace metals in soil as a result of acidification. Soil acidification rates depend primarily on acid input rates and the soil's acid neutralizing capacity, possibly limited by neutralization kinetics. Experimental data illustrating this point show that the pH decreased rapidly in a field soil receiving ammonium rather than nitrate fertilizer treatment. on a limed agricultural field that was later abandoned and converted to deciduous woodland, The pH of the 0-23 cm soil layers decreased over 100 years from pH 7 to 4.2. Deeper layers acidified at a slower rate. Thermodynamic model calculations simulating the solubilities of metals in a sandy topsoil showed zinc, cadmium and aluminium solubilities increasing exponentially with decreasing pH, resulting in several-fold solubility increases between pH 5 and 4. These results suggest how metal solubility increases after liming stops. the model pH-solubility relationships depended on the type of metal, The solid phase controlling the solubility, and the amount of metal in the soil if adsorption controlled the solubility. Decreasing pH and the resultant increase in metal solubility expected on abandoned farmland might be managed through techniques such as liming or planting forests of selected tree species. 相似文献
5.
黄棕壤植茶以后,土壤pH下降,土壤酸度随植茶年限的增长而增大,且上层土壤pH的减幅大于下层土壤。茶园土壤的酸化是与茶树对铝和氟的生物积聚、土壤交换性铝与铝络合物的增加以及土壤盐基的淋溶有关。茶树落叶中铝和氟的含量分别高达5836—6136 ppm和469—520ppm;茶树透冠水和土壤渗漏液中均有相当多的Al和F,茶园土壤系统中铝和氟的循环,不仅导致土壤Al3+及F-的增多,还使表土的有机络合态铝以及土壤交换性复合体和土壤溶液中的氟铝络合物积聚。因此,土壤中铝和氟的积累、转化及其生物地球化学循环是茶园土壤酸化的主要原因。 相似文献
6.
积盐条件下土壤酸化过程的特异性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探求设施内土壤积盐酸化与露地酸化的区别,人为模拟酸化和盐基淋失(自然洗盐)过程,分析洗盐前后土壤酸度特征的变化。结果表明:洗盐使电导值、有效钙(A-Ca)、交换性酸(EA)、有效阳离子交换量(CEC)、活性锰(Ac-Mn)含量均显著降低,活性铁铝(Ac-Fe、Ac-Al)含量、盐基饱和度(BSP)保持稳定或显著增高,p H显著升高。洗盐前后,土壤的EA、Ac-Al和Ac-Fe均随着p H的降低显著增高,而Ac-Mn、CEC均随着p H的降低显著下降;在出现一定量EA以后,BSP随p H降低显著下降,表明积盐酸化与露地酸化本质相同。但在等量酸加入时,设施内积盐土壤耕层酸化更快,酸害更严重,且易积盐,在治理酸化时须避免引入更多的盐分,以防加重盐害。 相似文献
7.
滴灌下酸性物质对石灰性土壤磷有效性及作物吸收的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
大田滴灌条件下研究了少量多次施用硫酸和磷酸对石灰性土壤pH、磷有效性以及改善作物磷营养的效果。结果表明,施用磷酸和硫酸降低局部土壤pH,且随施用次数的增加,酸化效果趋于加强,在第5次施用酸化剂时下降到最大。水平方向上,滴灌带附近pH降低最大,随距离增加酸化效果减弱,pH最大降幅0.26个单位。垂直方向上,0~10 cm酸化最为强烈,pH最大降幅0.29个单位。pH降低提高了土壤磷的有效性,0~20 cm土层深度酸化剂处理有效磷含量均显著高于对照(P0.05),且硫酸与磷酸酸化效果接近。相同养分用量投入和管理水平下,酸化剂处理棉花吸磷量增加17.6%~23.4%,皮棉产量提高9.9%~11.4%。滴灌条件下施用酸化剂提高石灰性土壤养分有效性是一种可行的提高养分资源利用效率的方法。 相似文献
8.
对不同时期采自衡山东坡垂直带谱上6个典型土壤剖面Ah层和AB层的样品分析,土壤酸化指标研究结果表明,近2 0年来,由于酸沉降的影响,由花岗岩风化物发育的各类土壤,都有不同程度的酸化,表现在pH值下降,交换性酸,尤其是交换性Al3 增加,交换性盐基总量减少,盐基饱和度下降,特别是土壤酸缓冲性能和土壤酸害容量降低。相比之下,山顶的常湿淋溶土和山麓的湿润富铁土酸化更明显,而山体中部的常湿富铁土酸化进程较慢,山体上部的常湿雏形土酸化进程更慢,表明土壤酸化除了与土壤酸沉降量有关外,还与土壤类型有关 相似文献
9.
Brit Lisa Skjelkvåle Kjetil Tørseth Wenche Aas Tom Andersen 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):1433-1438
Concentrations of sulphate in precipitation in southern Norway have decreased by 50–60% from 1980–1999. This has caused a decrease in sulphate concentrations in lakes of 30–40% from 1986–1999. Nitrogen in precipitation has decreased slightly over the last 10-years. In lakewater there has also been a significant but slight decrease. Concentrations of non-marine base cations in precipitation have decreased by 40% from 1980–1999. In lakewater, non-marine base cation concentrations have been at about the same level the last 10 years. This indicates that acid deposition has decreased sufficiently such that the pool of exchangeable base cations in the soil is now being replenished. The acidification situation in lakes in Norway has thus shown a clear improvement over the last 8–10 years. pH, alkalinity and ANC (acid neutralising capacity) have all increased. Concentrations of inorganic (toxic) aluminium species have decreased. The trends in H+ and Aln+ do not follow the relation expected if Aln+ concentrations were governed solely by a single solid phase of Al(OH)3. 相似文献
10.
Hui-Ying Wen Hua-Yong Wu Yue Dong Wen-Juan Feng Ying Lu Yue-Ming Hu Gan-Lin Zhang 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(1):329-341
Soil acidification occurs widely across the world, which has been partly attributed to land-use change. However, measureable effect of land-use change as well as parent materials on soil acidification remains poorly understood. Here, a typical area with intensive land-use change in the Pearl River Delta of China was chosen for this study. Topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm) samples (n = 169) under different land uses (paddy fields, vegetable lands and orchards) and parent materials (granite and alluvial sediment) were collected in 2020. Soil pH, exchangeable base cations, exchangeable acidity and pH buffering capacity were measured to evaluate the status of soil acidification. The change of soil pH over the last 15 years was evaluated via comparing with historical data (n = 329) in 2005. The results showed a higher exchangeable acidity and lower pH buffering capacity and exchangeable base cations of soils derived from granite compared with soils derived from alluvial sediment in 2020. In the last 15 years, significant soil acidification under different parent materials was observed under vegetable lands and orchards but not paddy fields. Faster pH decline was found under land-use change from paddy fields compared with the unchanged vegetable lands or orchards. Furthermore, stronger acidification under the same land-use change was observed for soils derived from granite compared with soils derived from alluvial sediment. These results indicate that land-use change induced soil acidification is dependent on parent materials. This study implies that cropping management such as suitable rotation operation may slow soil acidification, and measures including straw returning may ameliorate acidified soils. 相似文献
11.
12.
Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom 
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下载免费PDF全文 K. W. T. Goulding 《Soil Use and Management》2016,32(3):390-399
Soil acidification is caused by a number of factors including acidic precipitation and the deposition from the atmosphere of acidifying gases or particles, such as sulphur dioxide, ammonia and nitric acid. The most important causes of soil acidification on agricultural land, however, are the application of ammonium‐based fertilizers and urea, elemental S fertilizer and the growth of legumes. Acidification causes the loss of base cations, an increase in aluminium saturation and a decline in crop yields; severe acidification can cause nonreversible clay mineral dissolution and a reduction in cation exchange capacity, accompanied by structural deterioration. Soil acidity is ameliorated by applying lime or other acid‐neutralizing materials. ‘Liming’ also reduces N2O emissions, but this is more than offset by CO2 emissions from the lime as it neutralizes acidity. Because crop plants vary in their tolerance to acidity and plant nutrients have different optimal pH ranges, target soil pH values in the UK are set at 6.5 (5.8 in peaty soils) for cropped land and 6.0 (5.3 in peaty soils) for grassland. Agricultural lime products can be sold as ‘EC Fertiliser Liming Materials’ but, although vital for soil quality and agricultural production, liming tends to be strongly influenced by the economics of farming. Consequently, much less lime is being applied in the UK than required, and many arable and grassland soils are below optimum pH. 相似文献
13.
四环素类抗生素在土壤和堆肥中的吸附和降解 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Two agricultural soils were collected from Dahu and Pinchen counties and swine manure compost (SMC) from Ping-tung County in Taiwan, China to investigate the sorption and dissipation of three tetracyclines (TCs), i.e., oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC), in compost, soils and soil/compost mixtures with different organic carbon (OC) contents. There were seven treatments in total. TCs were most strongly adsorbed to SMC in all treatments due to the high OC content. When SMC was present in the soils, the sorption of TCs was significantly enhanced, which might be attributed to the increased OC content and CEC. The adsorption of TCs showed non-linear adsorption isotherms and fitted well to the Freundlich model. After 49 d of incubation at 25 ℃ in soils and soil/compost mixtures in the dark, TCs elapsed in all substrates, with the time required for 50% degradation (DT50) between 20 and 41 d, and the time for 90% degradation (DT90) between 68 and 137 d. Soil amended with compost enhanced the stability of TCs and reduced their mobility. The dissipation of TCs in a soil environment was slow, indicating that these compounds might be persistent in soil. 相似文献
14.
Felix R. Zaidelman 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(5):323-335
Three simple factors ‐ excessive moistening, anaerobic microflora and organic matter, are indispensable and sufficient conditions for gley formation. This process is always characterised by a non‐silicate iron loss from the soil fine earth or soil plasma. Gley formation takes place under conditions of stagnant or stagnant‐percolative water regimes. In the second case gley formation induces a drastic acidification of the mineral soil part, lessivage, removal of iron, aluminium, calcium, magnesium, bleaching of the soil fine earth, and it appears the features of soil with eluvial, acid, bleached horizons. Therefore soils with such horizons should be regarded as manifestations of gley formation in conditions stagnant ‐percolative water regime on acid, neutral or leached parent material. Under influence of stagnant water regimes Fe of mineral substrat is removed and unconsiderable eluviation of Ca and Mg takes place. pH of parent material does not change or has the trend to increase. In this case does not arise a soil with bleached horizons. 相似文献
15.
Filip Moldan Richard A. Skeffington Carl-Magnus Mörth Peter Torssander Hans Hultberg John Munthe 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2004,154(1-4):371-384
The Covered Catchment Experiment at Gårdsjön is a large scale forest ecosystem manipulation, where acid precipitation was intercepted by a 7000 m2 plastic roof and replaced by `clean precipitation' sprinkled below the roof for ten years between 1991 and 2001. The treatment resulted in a strong positive response of runoff quality. The runoff sulphate, inorganic aluminium and base cations decreased, while there was a strong increase in runoff ANC and a moderate increase in pH. The runoff continued to improve over the whole duration of the experiment. The achieved quality was, however, after ten years still considerably worse than estimated pre-industrial runoff at the site. Stable isotopes of sulphur were analysed to study the soil sulphur cycling. At the initial years of the experiment, the desorption of SO4 from the mineral soil appeared to control the runoff SO4 concentration. However, as the experiment proceeded, there was growing evidence that net mineralisation of soil organic sulphur in the humus layer was an additional source of SO4 in runoff. This might provide a challenge to current acidification models. The experiment convincingly demonstrated on a catchment scale, that reduction in acid deposition causes an immediate improvement of surface water quality even at heavily acidified sites. The improvement of the runoff appeared to be largely a result of cation exchange processes in the soil due to decreasing concentrations of the soil solution, while any potential change in soil base saturation seemed to be less important for the runoff chemistry over the short time period of one decade. These findings should be considered when interpreting and extrapolating regional trends in surface water chemistry to the terrestrial parts of ecosystems. 相似文献
16.
扬州市耕地土壤pH值30年演变及其驱动因子 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
【目的】土壤pH值是衡量耕地质量的重要指标,开展江苏省扬州市30年来种植制度、耕作制度、施肥、降雨等对耕地土壤酸化影响的研究,为预测和控制土壤酸化提供科学依据。【方法】调查了1984年、1994年、2005年、2014年四个时期耕地土壤pH、成土母质、土壤类型、土壤有机质含量,以及各时期的耕作制度、种植制度、降雨量和施用化肥品种和数量。数据来源于1984年第二次土壤普查的农化样点（4107个）、1994年的土壤普查点（2862个）、2005年土壤养分调查点（4018个）、2014年土壤养分调查点（6009个）,共16996个。参照《中国土壤》对我国土壤酸碱度分级指标将扬州市耕地土壤pH分为5级,分别为Ⅰ级（ 7.5）、Ⅱ级（6.5~7.5）、Ⅲ级（5.5~6.5）、Ⅳ级（4.5~5.5）、Ⅴ级（ 4.5）。应用地统计学中克里格法（Kriging）和相关的统计学方法,用ArcGIS10.1、SPSS19等软件进行了数据统计分析。【结果】扬州市1984年、1994年、2005年、2014年土壤pH平均分别为7.51（4107个）、7.07（2862个）、6.83（4018个）、6.74（6009个）;1984~2014年四个时期土壤pH空间分布格局基本不变,即里下河地区 沿江圩区 通南高沙土区 丘陵地区。1984、1994年和2005年,土壤pH以Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级为主,1984年占总面积的90%以上,1994年和2005年占总面积的75%以上;2014年土壤pH空间分布以Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级水平为主,占总面积的65.7%。30年间,土壤pH值下降0~1个单位的面积占总面积的47.2%,下降大于1个单位的面积占总面积的39.3%。前20年土壤pH值下降严重,下降了0~2个单位的面积占80%以上。30年间不同成土母质、土壤类型的整体土壤pH值呈下降趋势,分别下降0.9、0.8个单位;土壤有机质含量的变化与土壤pH变化呈负相关关系,30年间土壤有机质含量平均上升了6.01 g/kg,是土壤pH整体呈下降趋势的原因之一;30年间扬州市降水pH值整体呈下降趋势,其中丘陵、沿江地区下降最快,与丘陵、沿江地区土壤pH下降较快是一致的;30年间化肥投入量与土壤pH变化呈高度的负相关,2005年化肥投入量约505300吨,比1984年化肥投入量增加了2.42倍;2005~2014年化肥投入量呈稳定趋势,与30年土壤pH变化趋势是一致的;种植大棚蔬菜的田块土壤pH平均值比周边种植稻麦田块下降1.5~2个单位,表明土地利用类型改变也会影响土壤pH值。【结论】扬州市耕地土壤pH值30年间持续下降,前20年下降幅度较大,后10年渐趋稳定。影响土壤pH值空间分布因子主要有成土母质、土壤类型、土壤有机质含量;影响土壤pH时间分布因子主要有酸雨、施肥及土地利用类型,其中酸雨、施肥是导致土壤酸化的主要驱动因子。 相似文献
17.
Changes in soil chemistry accompanying acidification over more than 100 years under woodland and grass at Rothamsted Experimental Station, UK 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
L. Blake K. W. T. Goulding C. J. B. Mott & A. E. Johnston 《European Journal of Soil Science》1999,50(3):401-412
We have examined the effect that acid deposition and other sources of acidity have had over the last 110–140 years on soil under woodland (Broadbalk and Geescroft Wildernesses) and grassland (Park Grass) comprising some of the Classical Experiments at Rothamsted Experimental Station. Changes in soil chemistry have been followed by analysing some of the unique archive of stored samples for pH, water-soluble and exchangeable base cations, aluminium, iron and manganese, exchangeable acidity, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soluble anions. Proton balances and historical data show the importance of acid deposition to acidification and concomitant changes in the chemistry of the soil. The pH of the surface soil of Geescroft Wilderness has fallen from 6.2 to 3.8 since 1883. The decrease in the pH of the unlimed, unfertilized plot on Park Grass was less over a similar period (from pH 5.2 to 4.2), illustrating the significant effect of the woodland canopy on the interception of acidifying pollutants. The effect of increasing acidity on the soil chemistry of Geescroft Wilderness is seen in its decreasing base saturation and CEC, with base cations moving down the soil profile. Clay minerals are being irreversibly weathered, and Mn and Al progressively mobilized, so that today Al occupies 70% of the exchange complex in the surface soil. Even with present reductions in sulphur deposition critical loads for sulphur, nitrogen and acidity are still exceeded. Such semi-natural ecosystems are unsustainable under the current climate of pollution. 相似文献
18.
Soil respiration is comprised primarily of root and microbial respiration, and accounts for nearly half of the total CO2 efflux from terrestrial ecosystems. Soil acidification resulting from acid deposition significantly affects soil respiration. Yet, the mechanisms that underlie the effects of acidification on soil respiration and its two components remain unclear. We collected data on sources of soil CO2 efflux (microbial and root respiration), above- and belowground biotic communities, and soil properties in a 4-year field experiment with seven levels of acid in a semi-arid Inner Mongolian grassland. Here, we show that soil acidification has contrasting effects on root and microbial respiration in a typical steppe grassland. Soil acidification increases root respiration mainly by an increase in root biomass and a shift to plant species with greater specific root respiration rates. The shift of plant community from perennial bunchgrasses to perennial rhizome grasses was in turn regulated by the decreases in soil base cations and N status. In contrast, soil acidification suppresses microbial respiration by reducing total microbial biomass and enzymatic activities, which appear to result from increases in soil H+ ions and decreases in soil base cations. Our results suggest that shifts in both plant and microbial communities dominate the responses of soil respiration and its components to soil acidification. These results also indicate that carbon cycling models concerned with future climate change should consider soil acidification as well as shifts in biotic communities. 相似文献
19.
Soil aluminium availability in Andisols of southern Chile and its effect on forage production and animal metabolism 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. L. Mora M. A. Alfaro S. C. Jarvis R. Demanet & P. Cartes 《Soil Use and Management》2006,22(1):95-101
Soil acidification limits livestock production in many parts of the world. Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of aluminium (Al) on pasture yield and animal production. In experiment 1, the effect of raising soil pH (in water) from 5.1 (acid soil, A) to 5.6 (corrected soil, C) was tested on forage and animal production. In experiment 2, Friesian calves were individually fed either silage with or without the addition of 2000 mg kg?1 of Al as aluminium sulphate. Al, P, Ca and Mg concentrations were measured in forage, and in animal blood and faeces. Live weight gain (LWG) was also measured. Soil acidification resulted in a 36% overall reduction in pasture yield in the A treatment (9.4 ± 0.31 and 14.7 ± 0.47 t ha?1 year?1 for the A and C treatments respectively) and in 15% reduction of the protein concentration in the herbage. No significant differences were found for the individual daily LWG (P > 0.05). Direct Al intake reduced animals daily LWG by 14% (P ≤ 0.05). The correction of soil acidification increased livestock production by 125% when stocking rate was strictly adjusted to grassland production. 相似文献
20.
The charge characteristics and physical properties of acid soils were compared with those of reference clays to elucidate the effect of the pedogenetic acidification process on soil physicochemical properties. The soil physics such as clay dispersibility and aggregate stability of the acid soils are considered to be ameliorated by acidification process, which is attributable to the increase in amorphous Al hydroxides and interlayering of 2:1 clays. This means that the pedogenetic acidification process plays an important role in maintaining a desirable soil structure in Japanese non-volcanic areas from the aspect of environmental conservation. The involved mechanism was discussed with special reference to the modification of charge characteristics of clays and binding agents between soil particles. 相似文献