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1.
Lysozyme concentrations in the tears of cattle, goats, and sheep   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Tear samples were collected from 1 eye of each of 40 cows, 27 sheep, 5 goats, and 5 human beings. Additionally, 10 bovine tear samples were pooled and concentrated. Spectrophotometric assays, using Micrococcus lysodeikticus, were performed on each sample to detect lysozyme activity expressed in hen egg lysozyme (HEL) equivalents. Lysozyme activity was not detected in tears of cows, but 158.8 +/- 159.3 mg of HEL/ml was detected in tears of sheep, 220.7 +/- 37.5 mg of HEL/ml in tears of goats, and 216.3 +/- 86.2 mg of HEL/ml in tears of human beings. In pooled bovine tear samples, lysozyme activity was not detected on plate assay and lysozyme protein was not detected on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, column chromatography, or immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit anti-bovine tear antibodies. On the basis of these observations, we concluded that the basic ocular protective mechanism in bovine tears is not lysozyme. Other anti-bacterial proteins such as lactoferrin, transferrin, complement, or beta-lysin may, therefore, be of primary importance in protecting the bovine eye.  相似文献   

2.
July 2004, a cow with clinical signs of ovine herpesvirus type-2 infection which is known as sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) was reported in Samsun Province in Turkey. Blood samples were collected from the suspected cow, 10 sheep housed with it, and from 150 healthy sheep and 29 healthy cattle randomly selected from different places in Samsun Province. Nested polymerase chain reaction (n-PCR) was used to detect ovine herpesvirus type-2 (OvHV-2) DNA in the suspected cow and competitive- ELISA (c-ELISA) kits were used to detect antibodies against OvHV-2. The suspected cow was found to be n-PCR positive and c-ELISA negative. The serological results were as follows: All 10 (100%) of sheep housed with the suspected cow and 18 of 29 (62%) of the randomly selected cattle were found seropositive. All 150 randomly selected healthy sheep were seronegative. The overall percentage of seropositivity was 14.7% (28/190). OvHV-2 DNA was detected in the peripheral blood leucocyte (PBL) samples of the cow and of the 10 sheep housed with the suspected cow.  相似文献   

3.
One hundred and three milk samples were collected from 52 cows, 21 ewes, 18 goats and 12 camels. The animals tested positive to at least one of the following: (1) standard tube agglutination test (SAT); (2) Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT); (3) milk ring test (MRT). All milk samples were examined by culture and single-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for detection of Brucella species. The PCR assay amplified Brucella-DNA from 29 bovine milk samples, 10 from sheep, 13 from goats and one from a camel. The direct culture method detected Brucella organisms from 24 samples of cows' milk, 12 from sheep, 10 from goats and failed to detect any Brucella organisms from camels' milk. PCR detected up to 100 colony forming units (CFU) of B. abortus per millilitre of milk in 100% of diluted milk samples, and 1000 CFU of B. melitensis from 70% of milk samples. Although the overall sensitivity of the PCR was higher than the culture method, it should be possible to increase the sensitivity to detect lower numbers of Brucella organisms in field samples. The speed and sensitivity of the PCR assay suggest that this technique could be useful for detection of Brucella organisms in bovine milk, as well as in sheep, goat, and camels milk.  相似文献   

4.
Serum samples collected randomly from 416 cattle in 48 herds, and 411 sheep in 47 flocks, in eight different locations in the east of Turkey between June and December 1998, were examined by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) to determine the prevalence of Q fever. The age, sex, breed, tick control and abortion history of the animals were also recorded. In addition, 102 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy people who were at risk of contracting the disease, such as farmers, veterinarians, abattoir and laboratory workers, and veterinary students. Seropositivity was observed in 5-8 per cent (24/416) of the cattle in 17 (35-4 per cent) of the herds and in 10-5 per cent (43/411) of the sheep in 21 (44-7 per cent) of the flocks. Eight of the 102 people were seropositive, with the highest prevalence (12-0 per cent) in farmers and abattoir workers. All the seropositive farmers had seropositive animals. None of the laboratory workers or veterinary students was seropositive.  相似文献   

5.
SUMMARY The polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of blue-tongue virus (BTV) in a number of clinical and insect samples collected in the Northern Territory of Australia. Sequence analyses of the amplified BTV genes differentiated endemic Australian and exotic viruses. Two potential exotic BTV were detected as a result of PCR analyses of blood from sentinel animals and of the insect vector, Culicoides wadai. The detection of BTV in C wadai was the first direct demonstration of the presence of BTV in this potential vector. This new technology can significantly reduce the time taken for a diagnosis from a clinical sample and increase the amount of useful information obtained on a BTV isolate by using rapid sequencing techniques. Sequence data were used to differentiate between BTV20 isolated in 1975 and two isolates of the same serotype, isolated in 1992, and indicated that the latter were probably a recent incursion into Australia from Indonesia due to their greater VP3 sequence homology to the BTV9 (Java) than to Australian BTV isolates.  相似文献   

6.

Background

In autumn 2006, Finnish meat inspection data revealed lesions in tendons, muscles and ligaments of bovine hind legs leading to partial condemnation of carcasses. In gross pathological examination at Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Oulu (now Fish and Wildlife Health) Research Unit, Onchocerca sp. (Filarioidea; Onchocercidae) nematodes were detected in lesions. Due to this, a pilot study was made in order to find out what filarioid nematodes do occur in cattle, horses and sheep in Finland.

Methods

Ventral skin biopsies from 209 dairy cattle and 42 horses, as well as blood samples from 209 cattle, 146 horses and 193 sheep, were collected from different parts of Finland and examined for microfilariae. Visceral organs and other tissues from 33 cattle with parasitic lesions were studied histopathologically.

Results

Onchocerca sp. microfilariae (mf), 240 μm long, range 225–260 μm, 5.4 μm thick, were found in 37% of the skin biopsies of cattle. All blood samples from cattle, horses and sheep and skin biopsies from horses were negative for mf. Ventral skin microfilaria prevalence in cattle was higher in southern Finland than in the North (p = 0.001). Animal age and sampling time was not associated with mf prevalence. The infection was evenly distributed among young and older animals. Macroscopic lesions on tissues included greenish-grey discolouration and often oedema. In most of the lesions, small pale nodules were seen on the fasciae. Histopathologic examination of the samples revealed mild to intense infiltration with eosinophilic granulocytes and multifocal nodular lymphoplasmacytic aggregations were seen. In some samples, there were granulomatotic lesions with central necrotic tissue and cell detritus, surrounded by eosinophilic granulocytes, lympho-, plasma- and histiocytes and some multinucleated giant cells. Around living nematodes no or only weak inflammatory changes were observed.

Conclusion

Onchocerca sp. infection in cattle was found to be common in Finland, but the amount of pathological changes leading to condemnation of infected parts is low compared to the mf prevalence. Pronounced pathological changes are distinct but rare and mild changes are difficult to distinguish. No other filarioid nematodes were observed from the animals and it appears that horses and sheep may be free from filarioid nematodes in Finland.  相似文献   

7.
This study is conducted to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter spp. isolated from clinically healthy food animals. A total of 308 samples from cattle (200) and sheep (108) were collected from Shiraz slaughterhouse, southern Iran to investigate the presence of the important Arcobacter spp. using cultivation and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter isolates was determined for 18 antibiotics using disk diffusion method. Among 308 samples, 27 (8.7%) and 44 (14.28%) were positive for the presence of Arcobacter species with cultivation and PCR procedures, respectively. The predominant species was A. butzleri in both cattle (58.33%) and sheep (55%). In addition, concurrent incidence of the species was observed in 25% of the positive samples. All Arcobacter isolates were resistant to rifampicin, vancomycin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim and cephalothin. The isolates showed high susceptibility to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin and enrofloxacin. No significant difference among cattle and sheep isolates in resistance pattern was observed. The results indicate that cattle and sheep are significant intestinal carriers for Arcobacter spp. Moreover, tetracycline and aminoglycosides showed great effects on Arcobacter species in antibiogram test and can be used for treatment of human Arcobacter infections.  相似文献   

8.
Edotoxin was detected, using the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test, in the blood of 3 sheep and 1 steer which had been experimentally "overfed" (induced grain engorgement) with a mixture of corn and oats (2:1). The 1st postfeeding blood samples were collected 24 hours after overfeeding. In 2 sheep and 1 steer, the 24-hours blood samples were test positive. In 1 sheep which died, the 48-hour blood sample was the 1st test-positive sample. In all cases, pre-overfeeding blood samples were taken just before overfeeding.  相似文献   

9.
Faeces were collected per rectum from calves infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus (D.v.), from lambs infected with Dictyocaulus filaria (D.f.) and donkeys infected with Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (D.a.). In one experiment, the influence of storage temperature before Baermannization was investigated. Recovery rate for D.v. was approximately 80% after 24 h at 4 degrees C or 16 degrees C but only 40% at 20 degrees C. After two days at 20 degrees C the rate had fallen to 20%. Recovery rates for D.f. decreased so markedly during the first 12 h at 4, 16 and 20 degrees C that storage can not be recommended. Losses in the recovery rates of D.a. appeared insignificant after 48 h at 4 degrees C but not at 16 degrees C and 20 degrees C. In experiment II the time taken for larvae to emerge from a 10-g sample as well as the sedimentation time in Baermann tubes was investigated. The bulk of the D.v. larvae remained in the faeces for about 10 h whereas D.f. larvae emerged during the first few hours. D.a. larvae were intermediate in this respect. Sedimentation of the bulk of larvae from all three species took place within a few hours with the modified Baermann technique used.  相似文献   

10.

Background

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Prevalence data in ruminant species are important to support risk assessments regarding public and animal health. The aim was to investigate the presence of or exposure to C. burnetii in cattle, sheep, goats and moose, and to compare two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). National surveys of antibodies against C. burnetii were performed for dairy cattle (n=1537), dairy goats (n=58) and sheep (n=518). Bovine samples consisted of bulk milk, caprine of pooled milk, and ovine of pooled serum. Antibodies were investigated in moose samples (n=99) from three regions. A one-year regional cattle bulk milk survey was performed on the Isle of Gotland (n=119, four occasions). Cattle, sheep and goat samples were analysed with indirect ELISA and moose samples with complement fixation test. For the sheep, goat, and parts of the cattle survey, samples were run in parallel by ELISAs based on antigens from infected ruminants and ticks. Bulk milk samples from the regional cattle survey and vaginal swabs from a subset of the sheep herds (n=80) were analysed for the agent by polymerase chain reaction. Spatial clustering was investigated in the national cattle survey.

Results

The prevalence of antibodies in dairy herds was 8.2% with large regional differences. High risk clusters were identified in the southern regions. The prevalence among dairy herds on the Isle of Gotland varied from 55.9% to 64.6% and 46.4% to 58.9.0% for antibodies and agent, respectively, overall agreement between agent and antibodies was 85.2%. The prevalence of antibodies in sheep was 0.6%, the agent was not detected the vaginal swabs. Antibodies were not detected in goats or moose, although parts of the moose samples were collected in an area with high prevalence in cattle. The overall agreement between the two ELISAs was 90.4%.

Conclusions

The prevalence of antibodies against C. burnetii in dairy cattle in Sweden shows large regional differences. The results suggest that C. burnetii is a rare pathogen among Swedish moose, dairy goat and sheep. ELISAs based on ruminant and tick antigen performed in a similar manner under Swedish conditions.  相似文献   

11.
The objective of the study was to investigate reservoirs and transmission of S. aureus in ewes and lambs in 3 meat sheep flocks. Repeated sampling of milk, teat skin, nasal- and vaginal mucous membranes was performed and samples were analysed for S. aureus. For comparison, samples were also collected from cows and young heifers in 3 dairy cattle herds. Selected isolates were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). S. aureus was detected in 8 (1.5%) of 520 milk samples from ewes and in 38 (6.4%) of 588 milk samples from cows. From body site swabs, S. aureus was found in 394 (32.6%) of 1208 samples from sheep and in 67 (16.0%) of 420 samples from cattle. The proportion of S. aureus-positive nasal swabs from ewes and cows were 56.7% and 13.9%, respectively. From lambs, 58.2% of the nasal swabs were S. aureus-positive. In each flock, one S. aureus pulsotype predominated. Identical S. aureus pulsotypes were found in milk and from body sites. Paired S. aureus isolates from the nasal cavity of (i) ewes and their lambs, (ii) twins and (iii) from repeated swabs of individual ewes were compared by PFGE, and in the majority of cases the two isolates were identical. The results contribute new knowledge indicating frequent transmission of S. aureus between the dam and her lambs and within animals in a flock. In contrast to cattle, S. aureus is frequently present in the nose of sheep which may represent the primary reservoir of S. aureus in sheep flocks.  相似文献   

12.
A commercially available ELISA for detecting antibodies to liver fluke was evaluated for use in Australia. Milk and serum samples from cattle and sheep in which infection with Fasciola hepatica was confirmed by detection of eggs in faeces were used to estimate sensitivity. Similar samples collected from cattle and sheep outside the F. hepatica-endemic area were used to estimate specificity. The ELISA was also evaluated for detecting antibodies to F. hepatica in milk from sheep and antibodies to Fasciola gigantica in sera from cattle and buffaloes, but with small numbers of samples. In cattle, the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA were 98.2% and 98.3% using serum and 97.7% and 99.3% using milk. In infected herds, 41.4% and 41.5% of animals were positive in the serum and milk ELISAs, respectively, whereas F. hepatica eggs were found in faecal samples from 26.5% of animals. In sheep, the sensitivity of the ELISA was 96.9% and the specificity was 99.4%. In infected flocks, 60.2% of animals were positive in the serum ELISA and F. hepatica eggs were found in faecal samples 52.2% of animals. There was perfect agreement in the ELISA between paired serum and milk samples collected from ewes. The assay detected antibodies in sera from cattle and buffaloes with natural and experimental F. gigantica infections. In the experimentally infected animals, antibodies were detected 2 weeks post-infection. We conclude that the ELISA will be a valuable tool for diagnosing F. hepatica infections in cattle and sheep. The assay may also be useful for diagnosing F. gigantica infections but further studies are required to establish sensitivity and specificity.  相似文献   

13.
Forty sheep and 40 heifers were dosed with an intraruminal slow release capsule (IRSRC) constructed to deliver albendazole (ABZ) at a low daily dosage for three months. Blood samples were collected at standardised intervals for 110 days and analysed by high performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of the two main metabolites sulphoxide (SO.ABZ) and sulphone (SO2ABZ). The plasma profiles show sustained concentrations of the active metabolite SO.ABZ for 105 days in sheep (m = 0.06 +/- 0.032 micrograms ml-1) and 85 days in cattle (m = 0.10 +/- 0.019 micrograms ml-1). In both species, the proportions of the metabolites were inverted compared to that observed after a single dosage. The bioavailability of ABZ after the administration of the IRSRC compared with a drench was reduced in sheep but increased in cattle. The IRSRC exhibited a preventive and therapeutic effect for at least three months.  相似文献   

14.
Rumen ciliate species and composition were surveyed on the native sheep, Friesian-cattle and dromedary (one-humped) camels kept in Libya. As a result of survey, 5 genera including 14 species with 5 formae in native sheep, 9 genera including 27 species with 6 formae in Friesian-cattle and 6 genera including 13 species and 7 formae in dromedary camels were identified. All of the ciliate species and their percentage composition detected from the Libyan sheep and cattle in this examination were similar to those found from corresponding animals in the other countries. Libyan camels lacked some peculiar ciliate species found from camels in the other countries, but had many cosmopolitan species common with those in the domestic ruminants, suggesting that ciliate faunae of camel are easily affected by the other domestic ruminants kept together. The ciliate density was estimated as 105/ml in every host species.  相似文献   

15.
Serum samples from 1,133 dairy cows (187 herds), 3,712 ewes (103 flocks) and 1,317 adult pigs (877 herds), were tested for neutralizing antibodies against the NADL strain of bovine virus diarrhoea virus. The prevalence rate of seropositive animals was 18.5% in cattle, 4.5% in sheep and 2.2% in pigs, such seroreactors being found in 28% of the cattle herds and 18% of the sheep flocks. In all three species the rate showed considerable herd and geographical variation. In cattle the seroreactor rate was similar in herds with normal reproduction and in 62 herds with problems of repeat breeding. Of 31 pig sera containing antibodies against the NADL strain, 27 were also positive in a neutralization test for antibodies against swine fever virus (Baker strain). However, all sera showed a higher titre of antibodies against the bovine strain than against the swine fever virus. It was concluded that the immune response of the pigs had been induced by ruminant pestivirus, and not by swine fever virus.  相似文献   

16.
多重PCR检测圈养牛、猪和羊源魏氏梭菌   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
采用多重PCR对圈养源魏氏梭菌的α，β，ε，ι毒素基因进行了检测，结果证实该方法具有很高的特异性。通过对山东德州、枣庄、泰安、蒙阴曾经流行过魏氏梭菌病的猪场、牛场和羊场的162个粪便样品进行检测，检出率为19．1％，均为A型。应用该方法鉴别魏氏梭菌血清型快速、简便，结果对于预防治疗均具有重要的指导作用。  相似文献   

17.
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by hydatid cysts, is a widespread and hazardous disease in humans and animals worldwide. The aim of the current study was to investigate the genetic characteristics of sheep and cattle isolates of Echinococcus granulosus obtained from eastern Turkey using Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and conventional PCR method. A total of 54 isolates collected from Erzurum and Elazig provinces of east-Turkey were examined. The 31 of these were obtained from liver of sheep while 23 cattle isolates (12 of liver and 11 of lung) were tested. After the total genomic DNA isolation 12S rRNA gene of all isolates were examined by PCR for the aim of genetic characterization by conventional PCR and mitochondrial CO1 gene for SSCP analysis. The 12S rRNA-PCR yielded 254 bp of amplification product with all samples analyzed. Thus, these samples were identified as G1-G3 cluster (E. granulosus sensu stricto). At least two major single stranded bands were resolved for G1-G3 cluster and G5 in SSCP analysis. While the resolution of more than two additional single stranded bands in SSCP indicated the existence of G7 genotype. The SSCP analysis was identified the G5 and G7 while failed to G1 and G3. The present SSCP analysis classified all 54 cyst isolates from sheep and cattle as E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3 cluster). However, some sequenced samples for G1 and G3 showed the same band patterns by SSCP.  相似文献   

18.
The experiment was conducted to determine the seasonal effects on the availability, chemical composition and digestibility of a grazing dry-land lucerne pasture, as measured on samples either collected by hand or with oesophageally fistulated (OF) sheep. The pasture was monitored monthly for a period of thirteen months. An overall mean amount of 647 kg DM ha?1 of material was monitored during the experimental period. Lucerne, as a percentage of the total DM availability was relatively low (approximately 19%), probably due to the preference of sheep to select lucerne in spite of the other available material. Both the crude protein (CP) content and the organic matter (OM) digestibility of the samples showed a seasonal tendency with higher values during the winter and lower values during the summer. Mean OM, CP, organic matter digestibility (OMD), acid detergentfibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) contents of 91.7%, 10.7%, 57.5%, 47.1% and 74.0%, respectively, were obtained with hand-clipped samples, while the corresponding composition of samples collected by OF sheep was 83.1%, 21.0%, 64.7%, 38.2% and 58.4%, respectively. The sheep were able to select forage samples with a higher CP content than those collected by hand throughout the year. This was, however, not the case with the organic matter digestibility of the samples during the growing season July to October. The CP content of fistula extrusion samples (f) could be predicted from hand-clipped samples (h) from the linear relationship, CPf = 10.51 + 0.97CPh (r = 0.59). The study provided figures on the chemical composition and digestibility of dryland lucerne pasture at grazing in a Mediterranean environment.  相似文献   

19.
Antigen B (AgB) is a major protein produced by the metacestode cyst of Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of cystic hydatid disease. E. granulosus AgB is a gene family of at least five gene loci (B1-B5), each one consisting of several minor variants. We used PCR-SSCP followed by DNA sequencing to evaluate sequence variation and polymorphism of AgB1 in 99 isolates which the 43 were from cattle, 25 of sheep and 31 of human. All samples were analyzed with 12S rRNA-PCR for the strain detection and all of were identified as G1-G3 cluster (E. granulosus sensu stricto). The 16 human, 35 cattle and 25 sheep isolates were yielded the 102 bp band by PCR and these samples were tested by SSCP. As results of the SSCP, different band profiles were detected one each of cattle and human isolates while the other 74 isolates showed same band patterns. The DNA sequence analysis was performed for these two isolates and the other selected 4 isolates and polymorphism was confirmed.  相似文献   

20.
This study was designed to obtain information on the residual influence of dietary monensin on ruminant fermentation, methanogenesis and bacterial population. Three ruminally cannulated crossbreed heifers (14 months old, 363 ± 11 kg) were fed Italian ryegrass straw and concentrate supplemented with monensin for 21 days before sampling. Rumen fluid samples were collected for analysis of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles, monensin concentration, methanogens and rumen bacterial density. Post‐feeding rumen fluid was also collected to determine in vitro gas production. Monensin was eliminated from the rumen fluid within 3 days. The composition of SCFA varied after elimination of monensin, while total production of SCFA was 1.78 times higher than on the first day. Methane production increased 7 days after monensin administration ceased, whereas hydrogen production decreased. The methanogens and rumen bacterial copy numbers were unaffected by the withdrawal of monensin.  相似文献   

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