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1.
Iron deficiency anemia was identified and characterized in three 14 to 29-month-old male llamas (llama Nos. 1-3) from separate herds in Colorado. The identification of iron deficiency anemia was based on hypoferremia (serum iron = 20-60 micrograms/dl), erythrocytic features, and hematologic response to iron therapy. The anemia was moderate and nonregenerative and characterized by erythrocyte hypochromia, microcytosis (mean cell volume = 15-18 fl), and decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (36.0-41.0 g/dl). Morphologic features unique to llamas with iron deficiency anemia included irregular distribution of hypochromia within erythrocytes and increased folded cells and dacryocytes. The cause of iron deficiency was not determined. The llamas were treated with various doses and schedules of parenteral iron dextran. Two of the llamas were monitored for up to 14 months after the start of iron therapy and experienced increases in hematocrit and mean cell volume values. In one llama, progressive replacement of microcytic cells with normal cells was visualized on sequential erythrocyte volume distribution histograms following iron therapy.  相似文献   

2.
Hematologic and serum biochemical values were determined in 174 llamas of all age groups and both sexes from ranches in California and Nevada. Compared with hematologic values for horses and cattle, llama erythrocytes were more numerous (10.1 to 17.3 x 10(6)/microliters), but the PCV was lower (25 to 45%) because the smaller elliptical cells pack tighter. The mean corpuscular volume was half that of horses and cattle (22 to 29.5 fl). The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was higher (38.9 to 46.2 g/dl), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin slightly lower (9.6 to 12.6 pg). Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle and horses, with the exception of triiodothyronine (48 to 468 ng/dl) and thyroxin (9.8 to 30 micrograms/dl), which are up to 10 times higher than values for other domestic species.  相似文献   

3.
Iron status, as determined by hematologic values, serum iron concentration, total iron-binding capacity, and zinc protoporphyrin concentration, was determined in 2 groups of 6 nonpregnant monkeys. Monkeys of groups 1 and 2 had 10 and 5%, respectively, of their blood volume withdrawn per week for up to 10 weeks or until blood hemoglobin concentration was less than or equal to 10 g/dl. A third group of 6 monkeys served as controls. The majority (8/12) of the monkeys became anemic (hemoglobin concentration, less than or equal to 10 g/dl) after approximately 30 to 70% (mean, 49%) of their blood volume was removed. Anemia was accompanied by decrease in serum iron concentration and percentage of transferrin saturation. Microcytosis, hypochromasia, and increased zinc protoporphyrin concentration, all hematologic characteristics of iron deficiency, developed later. The calculated iron stores ranged from 1 to 133 mg, with mean value of 51 mg. Iron-depleted monkeys had mean calculated available iron store of 20.8 mg, whereas iron-replete monkeys had mean available iron store of 114.0 mg. Changes were not observed in monkeys of the control group during the study period. None of the baseline hematologic or biochemical analytes measured were good predictors of iron stores. The diet used at the research center did not provide sufficient iron to prevent iron deficiency in most of the monkeys from which a total amount of 30 to 70% of blood volume at 5 or 10%/week was withdrawn. Studies requiring that much blood may need to be modified to include iron supplementation, reduction of sample volume, or iron replacement after termination of projects.  相似文献   

4.
Blood and serum from normal degus (Octodon degus) that ranged in age from 3 to 48 months were analyzed to determine reference hematologic and serum protein values. Both sexes were evaluated and were similar. The hematologic and serum protein values for males were: erythrocytes, 8.69 +/- 0.19 X 10(6) /microliter; packed cell volume, 42.1% +/- 0.59%; hemoglobin, 12.0 +/- 0.15 g/dl; leukocytes, 8.50 +/- 0.39 X 10(3)/microliter; neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ration, 40:60; and total protein, 5.70 +/- 0.20 g/dl. The hematologic and serum protein values for females were: erythrocytes, 8.94 +/- 0.16 X 10(6)/microliter; packed cell volume, 40.0% +/- 0.61%; hemoglobin, 11.7 +/- 0.17 g/dl; leukocytes, 8.20 +/- 0.36 X 10(3)/microliter; neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, 40:60; and total protein, 5.62 +/- 0.18 g/dl. The hematologic and serum protein values for the degu were similar in some respects to values reported for guinea pigs and rats.  相似文献   

5.
Since the beginning of year 1987, the deer "Rusa" breeding has been developing in New Caledonia. In 1988, during a slaughter operation amidst the herds, nearly ninety blood samples were collected in order to define the blood biological parameters (or constants) of this species. Regarding haematology, the study concerns the following parameters: erythrocyte count (9.32 x 10(12)/l), leucocyte count (4.51 x 10(9)/l), various leucocyte lines and their formula, i.e. (neutrophile polymorphonuclear: 2.08 x 10(9)/l [46.6 p. 100]; lymphocytes: 1.75 x 10(9)/l [38.4 p. 100]; monocytes: 0.33 x 10(9)/l [7.5 p. 100]; eosinophiles polymorphonuclear leucocytes: 0.4 x 10(9)/l [7.46 p. 100]; basophile polymorphonuclear leucocytes: 0.01 x 10(9)/l [0.28 p. 100]), hematocrite (36.8 l/l), hemoglobin ratio (14.1 g/dl), mean corpuscular volume (40.3 dl), mean corpuscular hemoglobin rate (15.3 pg/cell), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (38.7 g/dl). In the course of the study, variations of these parameters were detected according to various physiological criteria and to the sampling conditions as deer is a stress sensitive animal.  相似文献   

6.
Microcytosis is common in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (PSS) and acquired liver disease. The objective of this study was to determine if microcytosis could be induced in normal dogs by surgical creation of PSS, and to characterize the changes in hematology and iron status. Hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, and mean cell hemoglobin concentration decreased linearly from 45.5%. 69.1 fL, 22.8 g/dL and 33.1% to 39.5%. 55.9 fL, 17.8 g/dL and 31.9%. respectively, 18 weeks after creation of PSS. The erythrocyte count did not change, but red cell distribution widths indicated a shift to a heterogenous population with decreased volume. Mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin decreased rapidly after induction of PSS and were significantly ( P < .05) different from presurgery values within 2 weeks. Serum iron and copper concentrations and total iron binding capacity were decreased in dogs with PSS. Liver iron concentration doubled after creation of PSS, with the majority of stainable iron located in Kupffer cells. The changes in erythrocyte indices and measures of iron status in dogs with surgically induced PSS were similar to those in dogs with congenital PSS. Microcytosis developed rapidly in dogs after induction of PSS. These results indicate that iron deficiency was not the cause of microcytosis in these dogs.  相似文献   

7.
Prednisone was give norally(2mg/kg b.i.d.) to seven healthy mixed breed dogs for 3 consecutive days. Serum iron concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 142 +/- 26 micro g/dl (mean +/- SE) before a drug adminis- tration on Day 0 to a maximum of 307 +/- 47 micro g/dl on Day 2, and returned to the Day 0 value by Day 5. Mean total iron binding capacity did not vary more than 25% from the Day 0 value during the 9 day long study. The percent saturation of transferrin with iron increased from 33 +/- 6% on Day 0 to a maximum of 71 +/- 9% on Day 3. This determination had decreased to 34 +/- 3% on Day 5. No statistically significant changes occurred in these parameters studied in six control dogs that were not given the drug. To determine whether serum iron concentration might be correlated with endogenous serum cortisol concentration, these tests were determined in serum collected from nine dogs at 7 a.m., 3 p.m., and 11 p.m. each day for 3 consecutive days. Serum iron concentration was lower at 7 a.m. (147 +/- 9 micro g/dl) than at 3 p.m. (164 +/- 9 micro g/dl) or 11 p.m. (159 +/- 10 micro g/dl). Likewise serum cortisol was lower at 7 a.m. (1.29 +/- 0.18 micro g/dl) than at 3 p.m. (1.49 +/- 0.19 micro g/dl) or 11 p.m. (1.51 +/- 0.22 micro g/dl). There was a significant positive linear correlation between serum iron and serum cortisol concentrations when they were compared using mean values for each dog. From these studies, it appears that exogenously administered glucocorticoids and endogenous increases in serum cortisol concentrations may result in increased serum iron concentrations in dogs.  相似文献   

8.
Twenty-one healthy Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse foals were studied from birth until 1 year of age. Foals had access to an iron-supplemented creep feed before weaning and were fed an iron-supplemented concentrate as part of their diet after weaning at 4 months of age. Initial blood samples were taken before foals were allowed to nurse. Serum iron concentration, total iron-binding capacity, and PCV decreased during the foal's first 24 hours of life. Serum iron concentration decreased rapidly from 446 +/- 16 micrograms/dl (mean +/- SE) at birth to 105 +/- 11 micrograms/dl at 3 days of age. Serum ferritin concentration increased from a mean of 85 +/- 8 ng/ml at birth to 159 +/- 11 ng/ml at 1 day of age. Thereafter, ferritin concentration decreased gradually to a minimum of 61 +/- 6 ng/ml at 3 weeks of age, and then at 6 months increased to values similar to those from reference adult horses. The ferritin concentration in colostrum at birth was 354 +/- 42 ng/ml, compared with 25 +/- 2 ng/ml in milk 1 day later. The decrease and then increase in serum ferritin concentration occurred concomitantly with opposite changes in serum total iron-binding capacity. The mean PCV decreased gradually to a minimum at 3 months of age. This decrease was associated with an increasing number of microcytes, as determined with a cell-size distribution analyzer.  相似文献   

9.
Serum glucose concentrations and percentages of glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) were determined in 16 Japanese macaques and in 19 exotic ruminants (4 markhor, 5 mouflon, 10 aoudad). Mean (+/- SD) serum glucose concentration and GHb percentage in the Japanese macaques were 73 +/- 21.8 mg/dl and 4.7 +/- 0.82%, respectively. Serum glucose concentration was considered within the normal range for this species. The mean GHb percentage was within the normal range for man, indicating that GHb may be a valid indicator of long-term mean serum glucose concentration in the Japanese macaque. Mean serum glucose concentrations in the markhor, mouflon, and aoudad were 110 +/- 23.2, 111.4 +/- 37.1, and 132.5 +/- 38.5 mg/dl, respectively, and were considered within the normal ranges for these species. Mean GHb percentages for each of the 3 ruminant species were 0.425, 1.04, and 0.74%, respectively, which may have been below the range of accuracy for the testing procedure used, probably due to low erythrocyte permeability to glucose rather than to a shortened erythrocyte lifespan.  相似文献   

10.
Hematologic and serum biochemical tests were used to monitor the health of 3 groups of bison in an experimental study of tuberculosis. Bison were randomly assigned to Mycobacterium bovis-infected, M. bovis-sensitized, and uninfected control groups. Hematologic measurements included total and differential leukocyte counts, hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), fibrinogen, and plasma proteins. Biochemical tests included serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, serum calcium, and serum phosphorus. There were no significant differences (P = 0.05) in any test values between groups of bison. The bison data were combined and compared to similar data of cattle. The mean values for PCV and Hb were higher than values (PCV 24-46%, Hb 8-15 g/dl) for cattle. Mycobacterium bovis-infected bison had a slight increase in the number of blood monocytes and lymphocytes when compared to the uninfected bison but were within the normal ranges for bison and cattle. Other hematologic parameters were within normal ranges reported for cattle. Creatinine levels in all bison were above the normal range (1.0-1.5 mg/dl) for cattle. Phosphorus levels for M. bovis-infected and M. bovis-sensitized bison exceeded the normal range (5.6-8.0 mg/dl) reported for cattle. The level for uninfected bison was near the upper limit of normal for cattle. Mean values for other serum biochemical tests were within the normal ranges reported for cattle.  相似文献   

11.
Experimental lead toxicosis in swine   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Thirty pigs, weighing 17 to 24 kg, were exposed to lead or sodium acetate orally or intraperitoneally (IP) 6 days each week for 13 weeks. These pigs were extremely tolerant of lead. Only mild clinical signs of lead toxicosis were observed in orally lead-exposed pigs despite blood lead concentrations of up to 290 micrograms/dl. Four IP lead-exposed pigs died, but eight other IP lead-exposed pigs survived the exposure period despite blood lead concentrations up to 14,300 micrograms/dl. Lead exposure caused marked decreases in blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activities of all pigs and moderate decreases of blood hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit percentages, mean corpuscular volumes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations, and mean corpuscular hemoglobins in IP lead-exposed, but not in orally lead-exposed pigs. Basophilic stippling was observed in erythrocytes of lead-exposed pigs, but not in those of control pigs.  相似文献   

12.
Twenty-eight 4-d-old nursing pigs were used in two trials to evaluate the effects of im injection of iron (Fe) from Fe-dextran upon subsequent serum mineral concentrations. An im injection of 150 mg of Fe from Fe-dextran was given to all pigs (n = 17) in trial 1. Serum Fe concentration increased rapidly from an initial mean of 65 to 3,466 micrograms/dl at 6 h postinjection (PI), 5,712 micrograms/dl at 24 h PI, then fell to 317 micrograms/dl at 4 d PI, 143 micrograms/dl at 7 d PI and remained about 100 micrograms/dl at 14, 21 and 28 d PI. Concentrations of other serum minerals did not appear to be influenced by the Fe-dextran injection. Treatments of Pigs (n = 11) in trial 2 were no injection, injection of dextran only, injection of 100 mg Fe from Fe-dextran and injection of 200 mg Fe from Fe-dextran. Serum Fe concentration increased rapidly after Fe-dextran injection, rising to a peak of 11,028 micrograms/dl at 6 h PI from the 100-mg Fe injection and 17,012 micrograms/dl at 6 h PI from the 200-mg Fe injection. Serum Fe concentration dropped steadily in pigs that were given no injection or injected with dextran only. Seven days after trial 2 started, all pigs that had received no injection or dextran only were injected with 100 mg Fe from Fe-dextran.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

13.
Hematologic abnormalities consistent with iron deficiency anemia were experimentally induced in two healthy llamas by repeated phlebotomy. Hematologic abnormalities included erythrocyte microcytosis and hypochromia, decreased hemoglobin concentration, hypoferremia, and decreased transferrin saturation. Erythrocyte volume distribution histograms were more sensitive than mean corpuscular volume values for detection of microcytosis. Hypochromia, which was often eccentric, was morphologically observed on Wright-Giemsa-stained blood films. Frequent folded erythrocytes and dacryocytes were also noted on the blood films. Hematologic abnormalities resolved rapidly after cessation of blood removal, without parenteral iron supplementation.  相似文献   

14.
Five Bedlington Terriers with inherited copper (Cu) hepatotoxicosis and with hepatic Cu concentrations ranging from 3,000 to 11,000 micrograms/g of dry weight (normal, less than 350 micrograms/g of dry weight) were treated daily for up to 200 days with 2,3,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride. During treatment, no change was made in the dietary Cu intake, which ranged from 12 to 16 micrograms/g of dry diet. Concentrations of hepatic and serum Cu, iron, and zinc were determined before and at the conclusion of the treatment period. In one dog, 24-hour urinary Cu concentration was measured before and during treatment. A liver biopsy specimen obtained after treatment had significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced hepatic Cu concentration (3,282 micrograms/g of dry weight; a 54.9% reduction), compared with the pretreatment value (7,281 micrograms/g of dry weight). After treatment, there was an overall general lessening of the extent of hepatic morphologic damage. Cytochemical examination for Cu in rhodanine-stained biopsy specimens revealed decreased numbers of Cu-laden hepatic lysosomes. The mean daily urinary Cu concentration increased as much as 25-fold during 2,3,2-tetramine treatment. Hepatic iron and zinc concentrations and serum Cu concentrations remained within normal ranges after treatment. Clinical or laboratory evidence of 2,3,2-tetramine toxicosis was not detected during treatment. These findings indicated that in affected Bedlington Terriers, 2,3,2-tetramine was a safe and rapid chelating agent of hepatic Cu.  相似文献   

15.
Eighteen 9- to 10-week old Beagles were fed casein-based diets (4,710 kcal of metabolizable energy/kg of body weight) containing either 12, 80, or 160 mg of iron/kg of diet. Growth and feed consumption were monitored throughout the 47-day study. Hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), RBC numbers, erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) concentration, serum iron concentration, serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and serum ferritin concentration were determined weekly. Growth rate and feed efficiency were not significantly influenced by dietary iron content. At 14 days, Hb concentration, Hct, MCV, MCH, RBC numbers, and serum iron concentration were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in dogs fed the 12 mg/kg diet, and remained significantly low for the remainder of the study. Erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration increased significantly (P less than 0.05) by 14 days in dogs fed the basal diet, and remained significantly high relative to that in dogs of the other dietary groups for the remainder of the study. Serum ferritin concentration decreased in dogs of the group fed the basal diet, with a significant (P less than 0.05) difference beyond day 42. Differences in Hct, MCH, MCV, or hemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin, or EP concentration were not found between groups fed 80 and 160 mg of iron/kg of diet. Liver nonheme iron content was significantly (P less than 0.05) affected by dietary iron content.  相似文献   

16.
The concentration of copper and zinc in the blood and sera of over 300 Thoroughbreds in training was determined by atomic absorption between February 1979 and July 1981. The mean (+/- sd) concentration of copper in the serum of stabled Thoroughbreds (79 +/- 16 micrograms/dl) was significantly (P less than 0.0001) lower than that of those at grass (101 +/- 26 micrograms/dl), whereas the mean serum zinc concentration of stabled Thoroughbreds (170 +/- 54 micrograms/dl) was higher than that of those at grass (111 +/- 45 micrograms/dl). No such differences were observed in whole blood. There were marked differences in the mean serum copper and zinc concentrations in the blood of Thoroughbreds housed in different stables. Significant changes occurred throughout the year in the mean values from individual stables. However, there were no such changes in the mean values of the total population. The observed differences were probably caused by dietary variations. The results emphasise the need to establish reference values related to diet if copper and zinc levels in blood are to be used for interpretative purposes.  相似文献   

17.
Six mares were given 5 IM injections (at 12-hour intervals between doses) of amikacin sulfate at a dosage of 7 mg/kg of body weight. Serum amikacin concentrations were measured serially throughout the study; synovial, peritoneal, endometrial, and urine concentrations were determined after the last injection. Amikacin concentrations of the CSF were measured serially in 3 of the 6 mares; 1 of the 3 mares had septic meningitis. Mean serum amikacin concentrations peaked at 1 to 2 hours after IM injection. The highest mean serum concentration was 19.2 micrograms/ml (1.5 hours after the 5th injection). The highest mean synovial concentration was 10.8 micrograms/ml at 2 hours after the 5th injection; the highest mean peritoneal concentration was 16.2 micrograms/ml at 3 hours after the 5th injection. The mean endometrial amikacin concentration was 2.5 micrograms/g (1.5 hours after the 5th injection). Amikacin reached a CSF concentration of 0.97 micrograms/ml in the mare with meningitis, but amikacin was not detected in CSF of healthy mares. Urine concentrations reached 1,458 micrograms/ml. Pharmacokinetic values were estimated after the 1st injection (elimination rate constant = 0.31/hour; half-life = 2.3 hours; apparent volume of distribution = 0.26 L/kg), and after the 5th injection (elimination rate constant = 0.28/hour; half-life = 2.6 hours; apparent volume of distribution = 0.30 L/kg); significant differences were not observed.  相似文献   

18.
Calves were reared for veal and fed milk replacer either alone or with straw or dry feed of varied iron content. Measurements of haematology and iron biochemistry were made at the start of the rearing period and before slaughter at 16 to 20 weeks of age. When the total dietary iron intake rose to approximately 12,500 mg (an average of 112 mg/dl, approximately 60 mg/kg dry matter) haemoglobin concentration reached a mean value (+/- sd) of 12.4 +/- 1.1 g/dl, similar to control calves. There was no further increase in haemoglobin when more iron was fed, indicating that there was sufficient iron in the diet for normal erythropoiesis. The borderline of iron deficiency anaemia at 16 to 20 weeks of age was defined as a haemoglobin concentration of 9 g/dl and a saturation of total iron binding capacity of 10 per cent. There was evidence of diurnal variation in serum iron concentration in calves fed in a periodic manner. The feeding of straw to veal calves did not prevent iron deficient erythropoiesis.  相似文献   

19.
In 41 veal calves divided into three groups and fed different levels of dietary iron, blood hemoglobin, plasma iron, liver, spleen, and muscle iron, muscle heme pigment, and carcass muscle color at slaughter were studied. At 45 min postmortem, total carcass color was visually evaluated in the 41 carcasses. In different muscles of the carcasses the color was measured instrumentally using an invasive color measurement method at 45 min postmortem (MCDI score) and a surface color measurement method at 20 h postmortem (Minolta L*, a*, b*, and Chroma scores). Among the three groups, differences (P less than .05) in muscle iron concentrations, muscle heme pigment concentrations, and Minolta a*, b*, and Chroma scores were found. Most striking were the differences in mean iron concentrations in the longissimus thoracis muscles between Groups A (29 micrograms/g DM) and B (44 micrograms/g DM) and in the semimembranosus muscles between Groups A (31 micrograms/g DM) and C (45 micrograms/g DM). The correlations found between Minolta L*, a*, or Chroma score and the iron and heme pigment concentrations in the semimembranosus muscles were high in comparison with those found in the longissimus thoracis and rectus abdominis muscles. Compared with the plasma iron concentration, the blood hemoglobin concentration showed higher correlations with muscle iron and muscle heme pigment concentrations. It can be concluded that different iron concentrations in the milk replacer during the first 7 wk of fattening influence, to some extent, muscle iron and muscle heme pigment at slaughter. However, these differences were not measurable in the overall visual color evaluation of the carcass surface muscles.  相似文献   

20.
本试验对43头大通县高原型牦牛的12项血液生理生化指标进行了测定，结果显示：红细胞数为6．45＋0．8710’。个·L-1，血红蛋白为96．81＋23．04g·L-1，红细胞压积容量为0．47＋10．17L·L-1，血清钠为136．39＋11．45mm01．L-1，血清钾为5．86＋0．90mmol·L-1，血清氯为103．42_＋5．23mmol·L-1，血清铁为29．74~6．31Ixmol·i,-1．血清镁为1．41_＋0．51mmol·L-1，血清总蛋白为98．75＋4．56g·L-1，白蛋白为47．58＋6．71g-L-1．球蛋白为51．17＋7．19g·L-1，白蛋白与球蛋白之比（A／G）为0．93＋0．36。，  相似文献   

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