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1.
不同纤维素与淀粉比率等氮纯化日粮瘤胃发酵挥发性脂肪酸产生量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文采用持续动态瘤胃模拟装置 (RSI)研究了 6种不同纤维素和淀粉比率 (C S) ;0 .14、0 .4 4、0 .94、1.92、4 .75、15 .76等氮纯化日粮养分瘤胃发酵率及挥发性脂肪酸净产生量。结果显示 :随着日粮中C S的升高 ,72小时发酵后 ,纤维素发酵率由 75 .2 1%下降至 5 0 .2 9% ;对纯化日粮而言 ,有机物发酵率 (FOM OM ,% )在C S为 0 .4 4～ 4 .75时可以保持较高 (6 8%～ 72 % ) ;纯化日粮 72小时发酵后 ,净挥发性脂肪酸产生量 (VFA FOM ,mol g)与日粮可发酵纤维素和可发酵淀粉比率 (FC FS)间呈乘幂负相关 (VFA FOM ,mol g =4 .2 7) (FC FS) - 0 .1 41 6 ,r=- 0 .94 2 7) ,并在 3.4 0～ 5 .5 2之间浮动。表明 ,纯化日粮体外发酵养分发酵率及VFA产生量与日粮结构性碳水化合物与非结构性碳水化合物比率密切相关。 相似文献
2.
《中国兽医学报》2020,(2)
以纯碳水化合物为体外发酵底物,旨在探讨奶牛瘤胃中奇链支链脂肪酸含量与微生物菌群相对丰度的相关关系。试验选取3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,以不同比例的纤维素(F)和淀粉(S)为培养底物(F∶S=0∶100,25∶75,50∶50,75∶25,100∶0)进行体外发酵。于体外发酵6,12,18,24 h采集发酵液并测定奇数和支链脂肪酸含量和微生物菌群相对丰度。结果显示:瘤胃液中奇数直链脂肪酸占总OBCFA的比例最大,且C15及其异构体所占的比例大于C17及其异构体的比例;F∶S对iso C15、anteiso C15、C15、iso C16、iso C17、anteiso C17和C17含量均有显著影响(P<0.05)。白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌和牛链球菌相对丰度受F∶S影响(P<0.05)。此外,白色瘤胃球菌和黄色瘤胃球菌的种群数量与iso C15和C15含量正相关(r=0.25～0.70,P<0.05),与iso C16和anteiso C17负相关(r=-0.28～-0.38,P<0.05);而嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌与iso C15和C15含量负相关(r=-0.26～-0.43,P<0.05),与iso C16和anteiso C17正相关(r=-0.26～0.35,P<0.05);溶纤维丁酸弧菌的种群数量与iso C15、anteiso C15、iso C16、iso C17、anteiso C17和C17呈负相关(r=-0.35～-0.57,P<0.05);而牛链球菌与iso C15、anteiso C15、iso C16、iso C17、anteiso C17和C17呈正相关(r=0.34～0.43,P<0.05);反刍兽新月单胞菌与C15含量正相关(r=0.31,P<0.05),与anteiso C17负相关(r=-0.26,P<0.05)。由此可见,碳水化合物结构能显著影响瘤胃奇链支链脂肪酸的含量,以及纤维分解菌和淀粉分解菌的菌群丰度,并且奇链支链脂肪酸与瘤胃微生物存在相关性,因而可以间接反映细菌种群变化情况。 相似文献
3.
日粮碳水化合物结构对山羊瘤胃内环境参数及微生物组成的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
试验以3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的山羊为试验动物,以纯淀粉和纤维素为底物,利用人工瘤胃体外培养法,通过产气量、纤维素的降解率、瘤胃液氨氮浓度,瘤胃液pH值,微生物蛋白含量这5个指标的测定,评价日粮碳水化合物结构(NSC/SC,淀粉∶纤维素)为100∶0、70∶30、50∶50、30∶70、0∶100的5种组合对瘤胃发酵及微生物蛋白产量的影响。结果表明:随着体外培养时间的延长,培养底物中的碳水化合物随着NSC水平的降低,累积产气量不断降低,瘤胃液pH值不断提高,原虫占瘤胃微生物的比重不断升高。在NSC/SC值为30∶70时,纤维素的降解率和微生物蛋白产量达最高。瘤胃液氨氮浓度随着底物中NSC水平的降低变化不显著,但在培养后2h各组的氨氮浓度都达到最大值,随后便随着培养时间的延长而逐渐降低。 相似文献
4.
5.
本试验旨在研究哈萨克羊育肥羊在以低质粗饲料条件下,增加饲粮瘤胃降解蛋白质(RDP)水平对瘤胃微生物氮(MN)合成量和氮沉积量的影响。选取体重为(30.0±2.8)kg的哈萨克羊育肥羊公羔3只作为试验动物,分别饲喂RDP水平为7.94%(TMR1)、9.02%(TMR2)、10.10%(TM R3)的3种饲粮。按照3×3拉丁方试验设计进行试验,共3期,每期预试期10 d,正试期5 d。全部收集粪尿,测定尿中嘌呤衍生物(PD)排出量、瘤胃MN合成量和转化效率。结果表明:3种饲粮的干物质及有机物的采食量及表观消化率均无显著性差异(P0.05),但TM R3的氮沉积量、尿中PD排出量及瘤胃M N的合成量均显著高于TM R1和TM R2(P0.05)。饲粮RDP水平与MN合成量/瘤胃表观可消化有机物(RADOM)采食量之间存在显著的正相关(R2=0.999 4,P=0.010 9)。M CP的转化效率不受饲粮RDP水平影响(P0.05)。结果提示,低质粗饲料条件下,将饲粮RDP水平由7.94%提高至10.10%,能够提高哈萨克育肥羊氮沉积量,促进瘤胃MCP的合成,但未能显著提高MCP的转化效率。 相似文献
6.
将5只2.5岁龄装置了永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的新疆美利奴羯羊,采用5×5拉丁方设计,分别按0、2、4、6或8 g/d.kg体重添喂纯玉米淀粉,以研究添喂淀粉对饲喂玉米秸秆绵羊瘤胃消化代谢的影响。结果表明,给饲喂玉米秸秆为主的绵羊添喂淀粉,可使瘤胃液氨态氮浓度降低、挥发性脂肪酸浓度升高。玉米秸秆型日粮中含有适量的淀粉(8.5%~16.9%)可提高纤维素、半纤维素的消化率,增加到达小肠的瘤胃微生物蛋白量。但如果淀粉含量过高,则造成纤维素、半纤维素的消化率降低,到达小肠的瘤胃微生物蛋白、饲料蛋白质和总粗蛋白质量减少。 相似文献
7.
本研究旨在通过产气量法研究绵羊适应硝酸盐前后硝态氮(NO3--N)在瘤胃中的代谢途径.试验采用单因素完全随机设计,6只饲喂硝态氮日粮(试验组)和尿素氮日粮(对照组)的绵羊作为瘤胃液的供体.硝态氮在发酵底物中的含量为2％(干物质基础).结果表明,硝态氮经来自于尿素氮日粮的微生物发酵(24 h),NO3--N、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、氨态氮(NH3-N)和微生物氮(MN)分别占发酵底物总氮的0.2％、0％、80％和15％；硝态氮经来自于硝态氮日粮的微生物发酵(24 h),NO3--N、NO2-N、NH3-N和MN分别占发酵底物总氮的0％、0％、32.8％和52.2％,对照组和试验组硝态氮的主要还原产物均为NH3-N和MN,其中未检测到一氧化二氮(N2O),仅检测到有少量氮气(N2)产生,表明对照组和试验组的瘤胃微生物对硝态氮的代谢均以异化还原为主,并可能存在一定的反硝化作用. 相似文献
8.
体外培养不同淀粉与纤维素比例底物对瘤胃发酵微生物影响的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以3只装有瘘管的山羊作为瘤胃液供体,用体外培养法研究不同淀粉与纤维素比例对瘤胃微生物的影响。底物使用可溶性淀粉与纯纤维素、可溶性淀粉与滤纸纤维,底物比例设计为100∶0、70∶30、50∶50、30∶70、0∶100。结果表明:不同底物以30∶70的比例组的36小时纤维素降解率和微生物产量最高;同一底物的不同比例组则随时间点的推移,分别在8,16,24,24,24小时出现最大微生物产量,而后逐渐下降;另外,不同底物引起了微生物的区系及微生物体内的N素分配的变化;微生物真蛋白产量(因变量)与个数(自变量)有如下线性回归关系:细菌Y=0.05 0.104X(R=0.837);原虫Y=0.008 0.389X(R=0.988)。微生物真蛋白(因变量)与底物的NSC/SC比值(自变量)的回归关系:细菌Y=0.241 0 0.085 5X-0.037 1X2 0.002 9X3(R=0.739 7);原虫Y=0.227 6 0.085 3X-0.038 0X2 0.003 0X3(R=0.737 0)。 相似文献
9.
不同有机物进食量和外流速度对瘤胃发酵及微生物蛋白合成效率的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用2×2 随机因子试验设计研究持续动态瘤胃模拟装置(RST—Ⅱ) 不同有机物进食量(0MI)(27-67 g、36-74 g、46-00 g) 和瘤胃外流速度(0-02/h ,0-035/h,0-05/h) 对稻草—玉米—豆粕型日粮瘤胃发酵及微生物蛋白合成效率的影响。结果表明,RSI内pH 不受有机物进食量和外流速度影响;在低外流速度下各OMI组瘤胃内0 ～72h 干物质、有机物、粗蛋白、NDF、ADF降解率均高于高外流速度(P< 0-05)。随着0MI的增加,同一外流速度下日粮可发酵有机物产生VFA 量(TVFA/FOM,mmol/g)逐渐下降(P< 0-05);相同0MI组饲料降解氮转化为微生物氮的效率在外流速度为0-02/h 时显著高于高外流速度(P<0-05) 。 相似文献
10.
本试验旨在探讨牦牛尿中嘌呤衍生物(PD)排出量对饲粮氮水平的响应规律,并基于此估测了瘤胃微生物氮(MN)产量,以期为高寒牧区牦牛的科学饲养提供参考。选取4头体重[(192±12)kg]相近、年龄(3岁)相同的去势公牦牛,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计将牦牛分为4组,各组饲粮氮水平分别是1.03%、1.95%、2.85%和3.76%,每组1头;试验分为4期,每期21 d,包含15 d的预试期和6 d的正试期。结果表明,牦牛尿中PD主要由尿囊素和尿酸组成,尿囊素/PD和尿酸/PD分别为0.69~0.76、0.23~0.30,黄嘌呤与次黄嘌呤的含量极少。当饲粮氮水平升高时,尿中PD、尿囊素、尿酸以及马尿酸排出量均线性增加(P0.05),而尿酸/PD和嘌呤氮指数(PNI)均线性降低(P0.05)。瘤胃细菌嘌呤碱基(RNA当量)含量、瘤胃细菌氮含量以及瘤胃MN产量都随着饲粮氮水平升高而线性增加(P0.05),但饲粮氮用于合成MN的效率[即瘤胃MN/食入氮(NI)]却线性降低(P0.05)。基于尿中PD排出量(mmol/d)和瘤胃MN产量(g/d)与NI(g/d)之间良好的线性关系,构建了如下数学模型:PD=0.58NI+18.28,MN=0.18NI+22.18。综合得出,当牦牛饲粮氮水平为2.85%时,牦牛瘤胃M N产量最大,为42.60 g/d,而PNI以及饲粮氮用于合成M N的效率却在低氮(1.03%)条件下达到最高,这一结果揭示了牦牛对低氮饲粮中氮素营养高效利用的特点,解释了牦牛对青藏高原饲料营养匮乏的适应性的营养机理。 相似文献
11.
为了解塔里木马鹿对低质粗饲料的适应机理,试验探讨了RDN/DOM对其瘤胃发酵指标的影响,旨在科学有效地利用粗饲料,提高塔里木马鹿养殖经济效益。试验根据以瘤胃尼龙袋法对饲料原料降解特性（有机物和粗蛋白质的有效降解率）研究的结果,在相同营养水平下,设计了8个等距离能氮释放梯度不同（RDN/DOM为15~29）的试验日粮作为发酵底物,利用体外消化试验,检测各组发酵液pH、氨态氮（NH3-N）浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）含量和微生物蛋白质（MCP）含量。结果表明,以RDN/DOM=19的配合饲料作为培养底物进行体外产气试验时,12 h时,MCP含量显著高于其他时间点（P<0.05）,因此最终培养时间确定为12 h;RDN/DOM=23时,体外培养液NH3-N浓度最低（8.34 mg/dL）,MCP合成量（11.76 mg/dL）、TVFA含量（71.24 mmol/dL）和乙酸/丙酸（2.79）均最高。综上,在本试验条件下,塔里木马鹿最适宜RDN/DOM为23,这对后续研究塔里木马鹿日粮能氮释放同步性指数（SI）提供了重要依据,为进一步研究塔里木马鹿氮代谢规律提供了数据支撑。 相似文献
12.
不同能氮同步化释放日粮对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵和微生物蛋白合成的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
试验以3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,试验设计以不同RDN(g)/FOM(kg)比值日粮为底物,利用人工瘤胃体外培养法,通过瘤胃液pH值、瘤胃液氨氮浓度、挥发性脂肪酸含量、微生物蛋白含量这四个指标的测定,评价日粮RDN(g)/FOM(kg)比值分别为20、25、30、35的4种不同能氮同步化释放日粮对瘤胃发酵及微生物蛋白含量的影响。结果表明:随着体外培养时间的延长,瘤胃液pH值不断降低,pH均值以RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=25组为最高,RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=30组最低,差异不显著(P0.05)。NH3-N浓度随着RDN(g)/FOM(kg)水平的增加而增加,当RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=35时,NH3-N浓度均值最高。当RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=20时,细菌蛋白含量和原虫蛋白含量均最高。对于VFA当RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=30时,乙酸含量最高;当RDN(g)/FOM(kg)比值为20时,丙酸含量、丁酸含量最高;TVFA含量以RDN(g)/FOM(kg)=30时最高,乙酸、丙酸比值以RDN(g)/FOM(kg)比值为25时最高。 相似文献
13.
日粮精粗比对瘤胃微生物合成效率的影响 总被引：29，自引：2，他引：27
本文用瘤胃持续模拟装置研究了精粗比为７：３、１：１和３：７时对日粮有机物、中洗纤维和酸洗纤维的降解、蛋白质的转化和微生物合成效率的影响。结果表明，精粗比不影响瘤胃微生物对可发酵能的利用效率（Ｐ〉０．０５），但是显著影响瘤胃微生物对可降解氮的利用效率（Ｐ〈０．０５）；最后探讨了瘤胃内可降解氮和可发酵能与微生物氮合成量之间的定量模型。 相似文献
14.
Six double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls (initial weight: 345 +/- 16 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in two juxtaposed 3 x 3 Latin squares to study the effect of a lack of synchronization between energy and N in the rumen on microbial protein synthesis and N metabolism by giving the same diet according to three different feeding patterns. The feed ingredients of the diet were separated into two groups supplying the same amount of fermentable OM (FOM), but characterized by different levels of ruminally degradable N (RDN). The first group primarily provided energy for the ruminal microbes (14.6 g of RDN/kg of FOM), and the second provided N (33.3 g of RDN/kg of FOM). These two groups were fed to the bulls simultaneously or alternately with the aim of creating three different time periods of imbalance (0, 12, or 24 h) between energy and N supplies in the rumen. The introduction of imbalance affected neither microbial-N flow at the duodenum (P = 0.65) nor efficiency of growth (P = 0.69), but decreased (P = 0.016) the NDF degradation in the rumen 12.2% for a 12-h period of imbalance. N retention was not affected by imbalance (P = 0.53) and reached 57.8, 58.5, and 54.7 g/d, respectively, for 0-, 12- and 24-h imbalance. It seems that the introduction of an imbalance of 12 or 24 h between energy and N supplies for the ruminal microbes by altering the feeding pattern of the same diet does not negatively influence microbial protein synthesis or N retention by the animal. Nitrogen recycling in the rumen plays a major role in regulating the amount ofruminally available N and allows for continuous synchronization of N- and energy-yielding substrates for the microorganisms in the rumen. Therefore, a lack of synchronization in the diet between the energy and N supplies for the ruminal microbes is not detrimental to their growth or for the animal as long as the nutrient supply is balanced on a 48-h basis. Thus, these dietary feeding patterns may be used under practical feeding conditions with minimal effect on the performance of ruminant animals. 相似文献
15.
Seven double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls (initial BW: 341 +/- 21 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in an incomplete replicated Latin square. The study examined the effect of imbalance between energy and N in the rumen on microbial protein synthesis and N metabolism by giving the same diet according to 3 different feeding patterns. The feed ingredients of the diet were separated into 2 groups supplying the same amount of fermentable OM (FOM) but characterized by different levels of ruminally degradable N (RDN). The first group primarily provided energy for the ruminal microbes (12.5 g of RDN/kg of FOM), whereas the second provided greater N (33.3 g of RDN/kg of FOM). These 2 groups were fed to the bulls in different combinations with the aim of creating 3 levels of imbalance (0, 20, and 40 g/ kg of DM) between energy and N supplies in the rumen. Imbalance was measured by the variation of the degradable protein balance (OEB value in the Dutch system) of the diet between the 2 meals each a day. Diurnal variations in ruminal NH3-N concentrations and plasma urea concentrations were greatly influenced by the feeding patterns of the diet. Introduction of imbalance affected neither microbial N flow at the duodenum (P = 0.97) nor efficiency of growth (P = 0.54). The feeding patterns of the diet had no negative impact on NDF degradation in the rumen (P = 0.33). Nitrogen retention was not affected by imbalance (P = 0.74) and reached 49.7, 52.0, and 51.3 g/d, respectively for 0, 20, and 40 g of OEB/kg of DM imbalance. It seems that introduction of an imbalance between energy and N supplies for the ruminal microbes by altering the feeding pattern of the same diet does not negatively influence the microbial activity in the rumen nor N retention of the animal. Nitrogen recycling in the rumen plays a major role in regulating the amount of ruminally available N and allows a continuous synchronization of N and energy-yielding substrates for the microorganisms in the rumen. Therefore, imbalance between dietary energy and N created over a 24-h interval was not detrimental to rumen microbial growth for the animal as long as the level of imbalance did not exceed 40 g of OEB/kg of DM. Thus, these feeding patterns of the diet can be used under practical feeding conditions with minimal impact on the performance of ruminant animals for meat production. 相似文献
16.
Preliminary observations on the relationship between gas production and microbial protein synthesis in vitro 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The relationship between gas production and microbial protein synthesis was studied in vitro using the method of MENKE et al. (1979). 150 mg starch or cellulose or a mixture of 10% glucose, 40% starch and 50% cellulose was used as the carbohydrate source. The microbial protein synthesis and gas production occurring during 2 hrs after the 5th, 10th, and 23rd hr of incubation were studied. Total and net microbial synthesis were estimated using 32P as a microbial marker and by the net disappearance of NH3-N respectively. The data indicate that the type of carbohydrate and the rate of carbohydrate fermentation influence microbial protein synthesis per unit volume of gas produced. However, the relationship between total synthesis and cumulative gas production (up to 8 hrs incubation) with carbohydrate mixture as the substrate was linear. With reference to these observations, the possibilities and difficulties in using cumulative gas production as an index of microbial growth potential of the feedstuffs are discussed. 相似文献
17.
18.
Evaluation of condensed molasses fermentation solubles as a nonprotein nitrogen source for ruminants 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Condensed molasses fermentation solubles (CMS), an effluent from the production of lysine, was evaluated as a nonprotein nitrogen supplement for ruminants by measuring the availability of its nitrogen to rumen microorganisms grown in batch cultures and by comparing CMS to urea as a source of supplemental nitrogen for growing cattle. In vitro dry matter digestion studies showed that, with 1 ml or less of rumen inoculum, microbial digestion was enhanced more (P less than .05) by the addition of CMS than by the addition of urea to 100 mg of cellulose. These stimulatory effects of CMS were absent when either the amount of inoculum (5.0 ml) or cellulose (250 mg) was increased and when wheat straw or alfalfa replaced cellulose as the substrate. Growth rate and feed intake for cattle fed a high-cob/cracked-corn diet containing 2.5 or 5.0% CMS were lower (P less than .05) than for cattle fed the control diet containing urea. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were reduced (P less than .05) by the addition of CMS. Addition of CMS also decreased feed utilization, although the differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the nitrogen in CMS was available to rumen microorganisms growth in batch culture; however, CMS was not satisfactory as a substitute for all the urea in a diet for growing cattle containing over 45% of dietary N from the supplemental N source. 相似文献
19.
本试验旨在研究饲粮碘含量对牦牛体外瘤胃发酵的影响。以碘化钾作为添加形式,以牦牛饲粮为底物进行体外发酵,底物碘含量分别为0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9 mg/kg,共发酵48 h。发酵结束测定总产气量、瘤胃发酵特性指标及消化酶活力。结果表明:当底物碘含量为0.3 mg/kg时,发酵液微生物蛋白质(M CP)、乙酸(C2)、丙酸(C3)、丁酸(C4)、异戊酸(i-C5)、戊酸(C5)、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度以及淀粉酶(AMS)、脂肪酶(LPS)、胰蛋白酶(TYS)活力均达到最大值,分别为3.694 g/L、56.286 mmol/L、28.906 mmol/L、9.507 mmol/L、1.552 mmol/L、0.919 mmol/L、97.769 mmol/L、1.567 U/mL、0.453 U/mL、60.787 U/mL;当碘含量为0.5 mg/kg时,干物质消化率(DMD)达到最大值,为69.39%,显著高于其他处理(P0.05);在碘含量为0.7 mg/kg时,发酵液纤维素酶(CLS)活力达到最大值,为79.956 U/mL,发酵液乙酸/丙酸最低,为1.636。综合各项指标得出,在体外条件下,在底物碘含量为0.3~0.7 mg/kg时,牦牛体外瘤胃发酵处较高水平。 相似文献