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1.
The efficacy of ivermectin against natural infection of the mange mite Sarcoptes scabiei var canis in foxes was evaluated. The investigations consisted of two field studies and one controlled study. In experiment 1, ivermectin was given as a single subcutaneous dose at 200 micrograms/kg in six foxes. In experiment 2, was one group, consisting of five animals, administered 200 micrograms ivermectin/kg s.c. twice with an interval of 35 days. Group two, consisting of four animals, was given one subcutaneous injection of 400 micrograms ivermectin/kg. In experiment 3, ten foxes were given 1 ml 0.2% Eqvalen s.c. (i.e. 340-440 micrograms ivermectin/kg). A control group of ten animals was not medicated. Before and after treatment a clinical evaluation and skin scraping for microscopic examination was carried out in all three experiments. The results indicated that ivermectin was a good alternative in the therapy of the Sarcoptes mange in foxes by moderate mite infection. A progressive clinical improvement of the mange lesions was evident in the treated foxes. Mites were not detected in skinscraping, except in one animal in experiment 3. It was concluded that ivermectin should be administered, in an initial dose of 400 micrograms/kg and a repeated dose of 200 micrograms/kg 2-3 weeks after the first treatment. 相似文献
2.
Ten stanchioned heifers, heavily infested with Psoroptes ovis (Hering), were each given a single subcutaneous injection of 200 micrograms of ivermectin/kg. Another 10 heavily infested heifers (stanchioned) were injected subcutaneously with the solvent system (vehicle) used to formulate the ivermectin. Treatment with the vehicle did not reduce mite populations or total egg counts. The 10 heifers treated with ivermectin had an immediate reduction in live mite and egg counts (an increase in the percentage of mortality of mites) and were completely free of psoroptic mites by 20 days after treatment. Ivermectin was equally effective against adult and immature psoroptic mites. 相似文献
3.
Efficacy of an in-feed ivermectin formulation against gastrointestinal helminths, lungworms, and sarcoptic mites in swine 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R Alva-Valdes D H Wallace A G Foster G F Ericsson J W Wooden 《American journal of veterinary research》1989,50(8):1392-1395
The efficacy of ivermectin as an in-feed formulation was evaluated against naturally acquired gastrointestinal helminths, lungworms, and sarcoptic mites (experiment 1; n = 24) and against induced infection with intestinal nematodes (experiment 2; n = 24) in pigs. Treatments consisted of ivermectin administered in feed at concentrations calculated to provide 100 or 200 micrograms/kg of body weight/d for 7 days or of nonmedicated feed (controls) for 7 days. At concentration of 100 micrograms of ivermectin/kg/d, efficacy against naturally acquired infections was 97.7% for Ascaris suum, 97.8% for Metastrongylus spp, greater than 99% for Oesophagostomum spp, 100% for Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, and 89.7% for Ascarops strongylina. Against induced infections (fourth-stage larvae), efficacy was 100% for A suum and 96.9% for Oesophagostomum spp. At concentration of 200 micrograms of ivermectin/kg/d, efficacy against naturally acquired infections was 100% for A suum, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Metastrongylus spp, and Ascarops strongylina; greater than 99% for Oesophagostomum spp; and 85.9% for Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus. Against induced infections (fourth-stage larvae), efficacy was 100% for A suum and 95% for Oesophagostomum spp. At concentrations of 100 and 200 micrograms of ivermectin/kg/d, efficacy against Sarcoptes scabiei var suis was evidenced by elimination of the mite by posttreatment day 14. 相似文献
4.
Clinical observations in collies given ivermectin orally 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
A J Paul W J Tranquilli R L Seward K S Todd J A DiPietro 《American journal of veterinary research》1987,48(4):684-685
An oral liquid form of ivermectin was administered to 14 purebred Collies (12 rough coated, 2 smooth coated). All Collies were given ivermectin at dosages of 100 and then 200 micrograms/kg of body weight. Three of the dogs developed mild clinical signs of toxicosis (salivation, vomiting, confusion, ataxia, and tremors) with the 100 micrograms/kg dosage. After the 200 micrograms/kg dosage, 7 dogs (including 1 smooth-coated Collie) developed severe toxicosis (seizure-like activity, recumbency, nonresponsiveness, and coma). Because dogs that developed severe toxicosis were not retreated, only the 7 remaining dogs were given ivermectin at 600 micrograms/kg. Severe toxic signs were not observed in the dogs given the 600 micrograms/kg dosage, and only 1 of these 7 dogs developed severe toxicosis when given ivermectin at 2,500 micrograms/kg. Dogs that developed severe toxicosis were given supportive care while in the comatose state. All dogs recovered completely. The results indicated that Collies (including the smooth-coated Collies) have a wide range of sensitivity to ivermectin-induced toxicosis. 相似文献
5.
V S Pandey 《The British veterinary journal》1989,145(1):54-56
Rabbits, naturally infected with ear mange mite, Psoroptes cuniculi, were injected subcutaneously with a single dose of ivermectin at 200 micrograms or 400 micrograms/kg of body weight. The effect of the drug was evaluated clinically and parasitologically over 4 weeks. The animals in both groups became negative for mites 6 days after treatment and remained so until the end of trial. The ear lesions disappeared in both groups. However, the regression of lesions was faster in rabbits administered 400 micrograms/kg of ivermectin. 相似文献
6.
A study was conducted in cattle experimentally infested with Psoroptes ovis to compare the prophylactic control against P. ovis provided by a long-acting injectable formulation of ivermectin to that of a commercially available injectable formulation of doramectin. Thirty Holstein steers were used. Animals were allocated by restricted randomization based on Day 0 body weight, forming six replicates of five animals each. Within each replicate, one animal was randomly allocated to one of the following treatment groups, with ivermectin and doramectin administered subcutaneously where indicated: (1) untreated controls; (2) ivermectin long-acting injectable (LAI) 630 mcg/kg, 56 days before challenge; (3) ivermectin LAI 630 mcg/kg, 42 days before challenge; (4) ivermectin LAI 630 mcg/kg, 35 days before challenge; or (5) doramectin 200 mcg/kg, 35 days before challenge. Animals were housed in individual pens 1 week prior to treatment. All animals were experimentally infested with P. ovis mites in the area between the shoulders, on the same day. Live mites were counted in scrapings from mange lesions at 2 sites on each animal 14, 21 and 28 days after challenge. Live mites were found in 33, 67 and 83% of the untreated controls on each respective evaluation. No P. ovis mites were found in steers treated with ivermectin LAI. Those animals showed lower (P < 0.05) mite counts than untreated controls on evaluations conducted 21 and 28 days after challenge. These results indicate that the ivermectin long-acting injectable formulation prevents induced infestations by P. ovis for at least 56 days after treatment. Doramectin injectable formulation, used at 200 mcg/kg, did not have a prophylactic effect 35 days after treatment. 相似文献
7.
The efficacy of multiple subcutaneous injections (200 micrograms/kg) of ivermectin in the control of naturally occurring tick infestations on traditionally managed Tonga-IIa (Sanga type) calves and yearlings was assessed in two field trials. In the first trial Boophilus decoloratus infestations were decreased following treatments at monthly intervals. In the second trial, with weekly and two weekly treatment intervals, infestations of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus were controlled less effectively than infestations of Amblyomma variegatum or Hyalomma truncatum. However, no engorging females of any of the tick species were found on treated animals. In treated cattle, significantly greater liveweight gain occurred than can be attributed to the control of tick infestations alone. 相似文献
8.
Effect of ivermectin on the control of ear mites (Psoroptes cuniculi) in naturally infested rabbits.
We examined the efficacy of ivermectin in the control of ear mites (Psoroptes cuniculi) in rabbits. The study involved 40 female and 35 male rabbits that were known to be naturally infested with ear mites. After a period of acclimation to the animal care facilities, the rabbits were ranked on the visual appearance of any ear lesion and the number of mites on glycerin-dipped ear swabs. The rabbits were then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups; vehicle only (group 1), 50 micrograms of ivermectin/kg of body weight (group 2), 100 micrograms of ivermectin/kg (group 3) and 200 micrograms of ivermectin/kg (group 4). The rabbits were treated by SC injections on day 0 and day 14 of the trial; thus, the total dose of ivermectin given to groups 1 through 4, was 0, 100, 200, or 400 micrograms/kg, respectively. The study ended 2 weeks after the last treatment. Ear lesions of the treated rabbits improved significantly (P less than 0.001). By 28 days after the first treatment, the mean number of mites on the ear swabs (both ears) was 57.5 for untreated rabbits and 9.1, 0.5, and 2.5, respectively, for rabbits in groups 2, 3, and 4. The mean number of mites recovered from the ears of the untreated rabbits at necropsy was 24,297. For groups 2, 3, and 4, the mean number of mites recovered from the ears was 5,352, 96, and 96, respectively. The efficacy of treatment with a total dose of 100 micrograms/kg was 77.96%, with 200 micrograms/kg was 99.61%, and for 400 micrograms/kg was 99.61%. 相似文献
9.
M D Soll I H Carmichael S J Gross 《The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research》1987,54(1):17-20
The efficacy of ivermectin, administered in a sustained release formulation by intraruminal pumps at approximate daily dose rates of 20, 40 and 60 micrograms/kg, was evaluated in 16 cattle against induced infestations of 3 strains of adult Amblyomma hebraeum. Engorged female ticks were mass-measured and incubated, and reproductive data recorded. There was an increase in mortality of male and female ticks compared to that of controls with increasing daily dose of ivermectin, and a decrease in the number of ticks engorging. Ticks fed on ivermectin-treated cattle had a smaller mass when engorged and laid smaller egg masses, both absolutely and as a proportion of engorged mass. Index of reproduction was reduced 100% at 60 micrograms/kg/day, greater than 99% at 40 micrograms/kg/day and 96% at 20 micrograms/kg/day. Differences occurred between the 3 strains of A. hebraeum used in the study, especially with regard to engorged mass and reproductive variables. Practical implications of the application of sustained release ivermectin for the control of A. hebraeum, specifically with reference to heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium), are discussed. 相似文献
10.
When 400 micrograms ivermectin/kg was administered subcutaneously to rabbits infected with the ear mite Psoroptes cuniculi it significantly reduced the clinical score, and when 500 micrograms ivermectin/kg was administered subcutaneously to guinea pigs with mange due to Trixacaurus caviae it resulted in a clinical cure. In rabbits a subcutaneous dose of 400 micrograms/kg produced high and sustained concentrations of ivermectin in the tissues and body fluids for at least 13 days and its rate of depletion from tissues was similar to that observed in sheep and rats. The mean (+/- sem) maximum concentration in plasma was 42.0 +/- 9.7 ng/ml 37.2 +/- 5.0 hours after administration and the area under the concentration-time curve was 3543 +/- 580 ng/ml hours. After the administration of 500 micrograms ivermectin/kg to guinea pigs orally, subcutaneously or topically the drug could be detected in the plasma only after subcutaneous administration. The mean concentration 72 hours after its administration to four guinea pigs was 0.7 +/- 0.3 ng/ml. 相似文献
11.
Eighteen calves about 3 months old were inoculated with 3,000 Dictyocaulus viviparus infective larvae. Three groups of 6 calves each were formed. Thirteen days after inoculations, 3 of the 6 group 1 control calves were given vehicle subcutaneously (SC) and the group 2 calves were given ivermectin at the dose rate of 200 micrograms/kg, SC. Thirty-five days after inoculation, the remaining 3 calves in group 1 were given vehicle SC and the group 3 calves were given ivermectin at the dose rate of 200 micrograms/kg, SC. Necropsies were performed 42 days after inoculations. A total of 474 D viviparus was recovered from the group 1 control calves, whereas none was recovered from the calves treated when the nematodes were in the 4th stage of development (group 2) or adult stage (group 3). 相似文献
12.
A J Paul K S Todd K E Acre R E Plue D H Wallace R A French M A Wallig 《American journal of veterinary research》1991,52(11):1922-1923
One hundred four heartworm-free Beagles less than 1 year old were studied to determine the efficacy of ivermectin chewable tablets and of 2 other ivermectin tablet formulations against heartworm larvae. At 30 days after SC inoculation of dogs with infective Dirofilaria immitis larvae, all ivermectin formulations were given orally at dosage of 6 micrograms/kg of body weight. The ivermectin chewable tablets also were given orally at dosage of 2 and 6 micrograms/kg at 30 and 45 days, respectively, after injection of larvae. Replicates of 6 or 8 dogs in each study were formed on the basis of gender and body weight and, within replicates, were randomly allocated to treatment groups. At 30 days after injection of larvae, the additional dogs (in replicates of 8) were assigned to the control group and to the group given ivermectin chewable tablets at dosage of 6 micrograms/kg. All dogs were housed individually. Necropsy was performed approximately 5 or 6 months after larvae were administered. In both trials, all control dogs had heartworms at necropsy (University of Illinois--geometric mean, 35.0; Florida--geometric mean, 26.1). In both trials, the ivermectin chewable tablet (6 micrograms/kg) and both tablet formulations (6 micrograms/kg) given at 30 days after larval injection, and the chewable formulation (6 micrograms/kg) given at 45 days after larval injection were 100% effective (P less than 0.01) in preventing development of induced infection with D immitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
13.
J O Slocombe B M McCraw P W Pennock J Vasey 《American journal of veterinary research》1982,43(9):1525-1529
Twelve pony foals were reared worm-free and inoculated with Strongylus vulgaris. Approximately 8 weeks after they were inoculated, 6 foals were given ivermectin IM at a dosage rate of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight and 6 were given a placebo. All foals were necropsied 35 days after treatment. Ivermectin was 98.9% effective in eliminating later 4th-stage S vulgaris larvae located near the origin of major intestinal arteries and in reducing clinical signs and permitting resolution of lesions associated with verminous arteritis. One pony foal reared on pasture and with evidence of arteritis of the cranial mesenteric and ileocolic arteries on arteriography was treated with ivermectin at a dosage rate of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight. On arteriographs taken subsequently, there was evidence of regression of the lesion, and at necropsy 9 weeks after treatment, there was no arteritis or larvae in those arteries. 相似文献
14.
A M Zajac C D Thatcher D Notter J W Hansen S Umberger 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1992,201(3):449-453
Haemonchus contortus is the most serious parasitic problem encountered by sheep producers in southwestern Virginia. Four anthelmintic control programs for grazing lambs were tested. Group TR received monthly SC injections of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight). Group SI received the same dose of ivermectin at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after the start of the grazing season. Group SL was given levamisole (8 mg/kg, PO) 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after the start of the grazing season, and group TA received ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) 0, 8, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after the beginning of grazing. None of the 4 programs provided satisfactory control of parasites as indicated by fecal egg counts and serum pepsinogen concentrations, although group-TR lambs gained significantly more weight than lambs in groups SI and TA. Group-TA lambs developed clinical haemonchosis in early August and required additional treatment at that time. These findings suggest that reliance on anthelmintics alone may not provide the most effective and economic control of parasitic infection. 相似文献
15.
J. P. SPRADBERY R. S. TOZER N. DREWETT M. J. LINDSEY† 《Australian veterinary journal》1985,62(9):311-314
An in vitro technique for screening systemic insecticides against larvae of the screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana is described. Susceptibilities of screw-worm larvae of different ages to ivermectin (MK-933) were determined. Based on 24 h larval mortality, the LD50 of 1-,2-,3-,4- and 5-day larvae was 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.2 and 0.4 ppm of ivermectin. LD50 based on adult emergence following treatment of 4- and 5-day larvae was 0.02 and 0.05 ppm. The LD99.9 for 4-day larvae based on 24 h larval mortality and adult emergence was 11.0 and 0.15 ppm respectively and for 5-day larvae, was 44.3 and 0.4 ppm respectively. Pen and field trials with cattle infested with screw-worm fly demonstrated the potential of ivermectin as a systemic insecticide. Dosages of 50, 100 and 200 micrograms/kg, of ivermectin administered subcutaneously to experimentally infested cattle gave complete control for 6, 12 and 14 days respectively. Ivermectin at 200 micrograms/kg caused 100% mortality of screw-worm larvae up to 2 days old at the time of treatment with 70, 64 and 21% mortality of 3-, 4- and 5-day old larvae at the time of treatment. The residual protection from a single dose of 200 micrograms/kg was 16 to 20 days. When bull calves were treated with ivermectin at a dose of 200 micrograms/kg at the time of castration and branding, none of the 77 treated animals sustained a screw-worm strike in the scrotal area compared with 47 strikes (44%) in the 106 control cattle. 相似文献
16.
The pharmacodynamics of ivermectin in sheep and cattle 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
THE LATE''J. A. BOGAN Q. A. McKELLAR 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1988,11(3):260-268
The concentrations of ivermectin in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep and cattle were determined after subcutaneous administration of ivermectin. Ivermectin was not detected (limit of detection 1 ng/ml) in abomasal and ruminal fluids either after a normal therapeutic dose of 200 micrograms/kg or even at an increased dose of 2000 micrograms/kg. It was also not detected in abomasal and ruminal fluids of a sheep infected with the abomasal parasite Ostertagia circumcincta. However, ivermectin was detectable at similar concentrations in abomasal mucus and in small intestinal mucus. Excretion of ivermectin was high in bile but the concentrations in small intestinal mucus, distal and proximal to the bile duct opening, were similar. It is hypothesized that the low efficacy of ivermectin against small intestinal nematodes compared with abomasal nematodes is not due to differences in ivermectin concentrations in the predilection sites but is probably due to tachyphylaxis in the nematodes allowing the small intestinal nematodes to re-establish before they have left their predilection site. Ivermectin was excreted in the milk of ewes at concentrations similar to those in plasma. Lambs suckling ivermectin-treated ewes received about 4% of a normal therapeutic dose (200 micrograms/kg) via the milk. 相似文献
17.
Eighteen calves aged approximately three months were each infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae at a rate of 30/kg bodyweight. Seven days later they were randomly allocated to three groups of six animals. Calves of group 1 were controls. Calves of group 2 were given levamisole at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg and calves of group 3 were given ivermectin at a dose rate of 200 micrograms/kg. The anthelmintic activity of these two drugs was compared using clinical, functional, parasitological and pathological parameters. The results showed that the efficacy of ivermectin, given at a therapeutic dose, against immature D viviparus was higher than that of levamisole, given at double the recommended dose. 相似文献
18.
K S Todd M E Mansfield J A DiPietro B L Blagburn 《American journal of veterinary research》1985,46(11):2354-2355
Twenty-four lambs of mixed breeding with mixed experimental infections of Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, and T colubriformis were allotted to 4 groups. One group (control) was given the vehicle propylene glycol, and the others were given 100, 200, or 300 micrograms of ivermectin/kg of body weight by mouth. Twelve days after treatment, the sheep were necropsied. The compound was greater than 99% effective against immature stages of 4 nematode species at all dosages, except at the 100 micrograms/kg dosage, where efficacy was 96% against H contortus. 相似文献
19.
R Alva-Valdes D H Wallace J E Holste J R Egerton J L Cox J W Wooden R A Barrick 《American journal of veterinary research》1986,47(11):2389-2392
Efficacy of ivermectin in a topical formulation was evaluated in cattle against adult gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections (experiment 1, n = 24), the 2nd- and 3rd-stage larvae of Hypoderma spp (experiment 2, n = 12), and the biting louse Damalinia bovis (experiment 3, n = 12). Nematode infections were induced and grubs and lice were naturally acquired. Treatments consisted of a single dose of ivermectin in a topical formulation of 200, 500, or 1,000 micrograms/kg of body weight in experiment 1 or 500 micrograms/kg in experiments 2 and 3. At 1,000 micrograms/kg, ivermectin was 100% effective against Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Nematodirus helvetianus, Haemonchus placei, and Dictyocaulus viviparus and was greater than 99% effective against Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, and T axei. At 500 micrograms/kg, the efficacy was 100% against C oncophora, C punctata, O ostertagi, T axei, Oes radiatum, N helvetianus, Haem placei, and Dict viviparus and greater than 99% against T colubriformis. At 200 micrograms/kg, the efficacy was 100% against Oes radiatum, Haem placei, and Dict viviparus, greater than 99% for O ostertagi, 96% for C oncophora, 86% for C punctata, 90% for T axei, 85% for T colubriformis, and 71% for N helvetianus. At 500 micrograms/kg, ivermectin was highly effective against the grubs Hypoderma bovis and H lineatum and eliminated the louse Damalinia bovis. 相似文献
20.
Comparative efficacy of injection routes and doses of ivermectin against Psoroptes in rabbits 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Rabbits infested with Psoroptes ovis (Hering) or with P cuniculi (Delafond) were injected IM or subcutaneously with ivermectin or with vehicle. A single injection of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) either IM or subcutaneously was inadequate to eliminate all mites in the ears of the rabbits. However, a single injection of ivermectin at 400 micrograms/kg, regardless of the route of injection, eliminated all P cuniculi mites, but eliminated P ovis mites in only 50% of the rabbits. Ivermectin was more effective against P cuniculi than against P ovis at both doses tested, regardless of the route of injection. 相似文献