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1.
方斑瓢虫是新疆农田常见的天敌昆虫之一,具有重要的控害潜能和应用前景。本文利用生命表技术探讨了棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜对方斑瓢虫生长发育、存活率、繁殖力、寿命和种群数量增长趋势的影响。结果表明,与饲喂豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫种群相比,饲喂棉蚜和桃蚜的种群幼虫发育历期和平均世代周期更短,存活率、雌虫产卵量、卵孵化率、成虫寿命、内禀增长率、周限增长率和种群趋势指数更高。饲喂棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫幼虫存活率分别为85.83%、88.33%和50.83%,单雌产卵量分别为516.71、439.95粒和209.00粒,以棉蚜和桃蚜为食的幼虫存活率和雌虫产卵量均显著高于以豌豆修尾蚜为食的种群;取食棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫种群内禀增长率分别为0.216 9、0.212 5和0.044 3,种群趋势指数分别为164.10、130.93和20.98,以棉蚜和桃蚜为食的方斑瓢虫种群增长趋势均显著高于饲喂豌豆修尾蚜的种群。综合以上各项参数,棉蚜和桃蚜是方斑瓢虫的适宜天然猎物。其中,桃蚜规模饲养更为便捷,成本较低,是方斑瓢虫规模化扩繁的优选猎物。研究结果对方斑瓢虫的规模化人工饲养及释放应用具有重要的... 相似文献
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The influence of allosamidin and its diastereoisomer isoallosamidin on chitinase activity from an insect cell line of Chironomus tentans, the crustacean Artemia salina and the bacterium Streptomyces griseus was studied. The rank order of susceptibility of chitinase activity to both inhibitors was found to be: insects »crustaceans« fungi, although isoallosamidin is about 600-fold (insect) or 400-fold (crustacea) less active than allosamidin and does not inhibit chitinase from Streptomyces at all. The complete and exclusive inhibition of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase by an acetylgluconolactone-derivative and chitinase activity by allosamidin indicates that both enzymes can be determined separately in crude extracts, (containing both enzymes), with the substrates 4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetylglucosaminide or 4-methylumbelliferyl-chitoriose, respectively. 相似文献
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Michael Londershausen Andreas Turberg Barbara Bieseler Marco Lennartz Martin G. Peter 《Pest management science》1996,48(4):305-314
The molecular weight pattern and the stage-specific activities of chitinases from the blowfly Lucilia cuprina, the tick Boophilus microplus and the intestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus were examined. Chitinolytic enzymes could be detected in all parasite species tested, but the activity was different between the stages. Highest chitinolytic titers were found in blowfly pupae (83 kDa, 118 kDa), hatching larvae of ticks (58 kDa, 94 kDa) and nematode eggs (43 kDa). Leaves from ethylene-treated bean plants Phaseolus vulgaris expressed two basic Class I chitinases (Ia, Ib) of 34 kDa, differing in their amino acid sequences at residue 33 and 34 (Ia: glycine, proline; Ib: lysine, aspartic acid). Inhibitor studies with blowfly pupae revealed that allosamidin (IC50=0·32 (±0·02) μM ) was by far the best inhibitor when compared with various amino sugar derivatives. This compound also inhibited chitinases from tick larvae (IC50=0·69(±0·10) μM ) and nematode eggs (IC50=0·048(±0·0045) μM ) specifically. Whereas Class Ia chitinase from bean leaves was inhibited only up to 18% by 10 μM allosamidin, it had an IC50 of 1(±0·14) μM for the Ib type, which is the first plant chitinase described to be highly sensitive to allosamidin. 相似文献
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Regine Blattner Philippa J. Gerard Margarethe Spindler-Barth 《Pest management science》1997,50(4):312-318
The chitinase inhibitor/insect ecdysis inhibitor allosamidin and eight allosamidin analogues have been synthesised from simple carbohydrate starting materials. Allosamidin was assayed against Tineola bisselliella (Hummel) larvae and all nine compounds were examined for their effects on the development of larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann). High larval mortality compared to controls resulted when T. bisselliella and L. cuprina larva were exposed to allosami-din. The (1→3) linked regioisomer, the dimeric analogue and the gluco-configurated dimeric analogue of allosamidin all showed high activity against L. cuprina larvae. The regioisomer, the (1→3) linked isomer and its dimeric analogue, as well as the monomer allosamizoline and its regioisomer, were inactive. These new in-vivo results are consistent with known in-vitro insect chitinase inhibition data, in that greatest larval mortality was exhibited by the best inhibitors. © 1997 SCI 相似文献
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Development, survival, reproduction rate, and population growth parameters of the mealy plum aphidHyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (Hom.: Aphididae) were evaluated on four different apricot cultivars (Tyrinte, Sakıt, Colomer, and Bebeco) under
field conditions in the Van region of Turkey. Experiments were carried out on exterior leaves of trees, 1.5–2 m above the
ground. Plexiglas clip-cells (25×6 mm) with the upper side covered by muslin were used in the experiments. The mealy plum
aphid performed better on Tyrinte than on the other cultivars tested. The fastest development time (first instar to adult;
9.4 days), highest daily reproduction rate (2.6 offspring/aphid/day), and highest total fecundity (48.1 offspring/aphid) were
obtained on Tyrinte. The intrinsic rate of increase — a good indicator of the growth potential of a population — of individuals
fed on Tyrinte was significantly greater than that of individuals fed on cvs. Colomer and Bebeco. While mean generation times
(T
o
) of populations on different cultivars were close to each other, the net reproductive rate was the highest (29.45 offspring/aphid/generation)
on Tyrinte and the population doubling time on Tyrinte was 18.7%, 25.2% and 26.3% faster than those of individuals on other
cultivars tested. The results obtained in this study indicated that Tyrinte appeared to be the most susceptible to the mealy
plum aphid among the cultivars tested.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org. posting Nov. 23, 2004. 相似文献
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Response of economically important aphids to components of Hemizygia petiolata essential oil 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Bruce TJ Birkett MA Blande J Hooper AM Martin JL Khambay B Prosser I Smart LE Wadhams LJ 《Pest management science》2005,61(11):1115-1121
The essential oil of Hemizygia petiolata Ashby (Lamiaceae) contains high levels (>70%) of the sesquiterpene (E)-beta-farnesene, the alarm pheromone for many economically important aphid species. In order to test the suitability of H. petiolata oil as a source of (E)-beta-farnesene for use in new integrated aphid control strategies, behavioural responses of pest aphid species were studied in laboratory and field experiments. In alarm pheromone assays the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer, and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr), showed a lower level of response to the oil than expected given the high levels of (E)-beta-farnesene. It was shown that minor components in the oil, (+)-bicyclogermacrene and (-)-germacrene D, caused inhibition of the alarm response for M. persicae and A. pisum respectively. Nevertheless, in olfactometer studies the oil was directly repellent to A. pisum and the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae F. Sitobion avenae was not only repelled by (E)-beta-farnesene but also by (-)-germacrene D. Furthermore, although it was not directly repellent to M. persicae, the oil interfered with its attraction to host plant stimuli. In field plot experiments, numbers of A. pisum were significantly reduced in plots treated with a slow release formulation of the oil, when compared with control plots. 相似文献
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Twenty-one clones of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), carrying various combinations of known mechanisms of insecticide resistance were assessed for their response to the new pyridine azomethine compound, pymetrozine, in leaf-dip bioassays. Pymetrozine was also applied as a foliar spray to populations of four different UK M persicae clones on potato plants in field-simulator chambers. Neither study showed any evidence of cross-resistance to this compound. Pymetrozine, used in conjunction with other effective aphicides, such as pirimicarb and imidacloprid, can therefore play an important role in insecticide resistance-management strategies for M persicae. 相似文献
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Experiments were done on commercial potato crops in the UK to investigate the effect of different insecticide sequences on the control and insecticide resistance status of Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The work was done to provide field validation of similar laboratory studies done in 'field simulators'. To ensure adequate aphid populations and to influence the initial resistance status of the aphid population, cultured M. persicae from a clone of known resistance status (esterase R1, kdr heterozygote, non-MACE (modified acetylcholinesterase)) were inoculated into both experiments. Two-spray programmes starting with lambda-cyhalothrin (a pyrethroid insecticide) gave poor control in comparison with programmes starting with pirimicarb (a carbamate insecticide) or pirimicarb-containing mixtures. This concurred closely with the results obtained from single applications in field simulator studies. Treatment sequences containing pymetrozine (a pyridine azomethine insecticide) were also effective, though slower-acting. This again concurs with field simulator studies. The proportions of aphids carrying different resistance mechanisms were largely unaffected by treatment in these experiments. The implications of these results for field control strategies are discussed. 相似文献
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在室内用桃蚜、蔷无网蚜、桃粉大尾蚜、菊花蚜虫4种蚜虫饲养大灰食蚜蝇幼虫取得比较满意的结果,幼虫成活率76～80％,蛹羽化率92～94％,子代卵孵化率84～91％。用豌豆修尾蚜饲养,幼虫成活率仅48％,蛹羽化率50％,子代卵孵化率无明显差异。在大灰食蚜蝇幼虫发育期中,前期用桃蚜饲养,后期改用修尾蚜饲养,对幼虫成活率及蛹羽化率仍有影响.食物(蚜虫)充足时,幼虫自残程度低,可以集体饲养。以1:10的益害比释放大灰食蚜蝇3日龄幼虫,防治非洲菊上的蚜虫,3天后蚜虫下降85.9％,效果显著。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Laboratory studies were conducted on the characteristics of beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) transmission to sugar beets by the bean aphid, Aphis fabae. The relative transmission efficiency and the retention, acquisition, and inoculation thresholds were evaluated using clonal aphid colonies. Transmission efficiency was studied between different apterous aphid species (A. fabae and Myzus persicae ), between alate and apterous morphs of A. fabae and M. persicae, and among five clonal aphid colonies of A. fabae. Results indicated, on average, that apterous M. persicae transmitted twice as efficiently as apterous A. fabae (60 and 34%, respectively), apterous forms of A. fabae were equally efficient in transmitting BYV as compared with alate A. fabae (28 and 29%, respectively), and the five clonal colonies of A. fabae ranged from 28 to 40% transmission efficiency with an average of 34%. The maximum retention time recorded for BYV by A. fabae was between 24 and 48 h. After a 1-h acquisition access, a transmission efficiency of 10% was obtained, with maximum transmission efficiency (the highest average percent transmission that is statistically different from all other previous averages) of 39% reached after 6 h of acquisition access. Inoculation thresholds occurred within 1 h, with maximum transmission efficiency (42%) reached after a 6-h inoculation access. Using an electronic monitoring system, a range of 9 to 38 min (20.5 mean) was recorded for the stylets of A. fabae to reach the phloem sieve elements. This was consistent with our threshold of a 20-min acquisition access recorded through direct observation. 相似文献
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A survey of aphid species which colonize or reproduce on wild and cultivated plants in the Arava Valley of Israel was carried
out at the end of winter 1986. Thirty-three aphid species were collected on wild plants and 23 in green tile or yellow traps
exposed in cultivated plots. Aphids were recorded from 77 plant species in 22 botanical families.Myzus persicae, Aphis craccivora, Brachyunguis harmalae, Acyrthosiphon gossypii andAphis gossypii were present on plants in 19 botanical families. M. persicae was the most frequently trapped aphid species in both green
tile and yellow traps. The possible origin of the aphid species found in the desert was considered in view of the ecology
and geography of the region. The role of aphid species trapped in the Arava Valley, in the epidemiology of potato virus Y
(PVY) and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), is discussed.
Publication of the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2305-E, 1988 series. 相似文献
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Analysis of insecticide-resistant Myzus persicae (Sulzer) populations collected in Italian peach orchards 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Several populations of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were collected in the most important Italian peach-growing areas. In these populations, collected as primary colonies or as secondary ones, total esterase content and acetylcholinesterase sensitivity towards pirimicarb was assessed using biochemical assays. Most of the individuals analysed generally exhibited an elevated esterase content, and in some cases acetylcholinesterase insensitivity. The implications of resistance levels and distribution on M persicae control strategies are discussed. 相似文献
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BACKGROUND: Although there are still no confirmed reports of strong resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in aphids, the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) shows variation in response, with some clones exhibiting up to tenfold resistance to imidacloprid. Five clones varying in response to imidacloprid were tested with four other neonicotinoid molecules to investigate the extent of cross-resistance.RESULTS: All four compounds-thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, clothianidin and dinotefuran-were cross-resisted, with ED(50) values ranked in the same order as for imidacloprid. Resistance factors ranged up to 11 for imidacloprid, 18 for thiamethoxam, 13 for thiacloprid, 100 for clothianidin and 6 for dinotefuran.CONCLUSION: This variation in response does not appear to be sufficient to compromise the field performance of neonicotinoids aimed at controlling aphids. However, it highlights the need for careful vigilance and stewardship in all M. persicae populations, and a need to consider neonicotinoids as a single cross-resisted group for management purposes. 相似文献
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Advances in understanding insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), at the genotypic, biochemical and molecular levels have led to rapid and precise methods for the detection of several resistance mechanisms (elevated carboxylesterase, modified acetylcholinesterase or MACE, and knockdown resistance or kdr) in individual insects, and for monitoring their frequencies over space and time. This paper summarises the results of two long-term surveys of resistance dynamics in M persicae in England, based on samples collected directly from field and glasshouse crops or from four 12.2-m suction traps. The study showed marked fluctuations in resistance frequencies that probably reflect the counteracting forces of selection imposed by insecticides for aphids possessing more copies of esterase resistance genes, and selection against these forms when insecticide use is relaxed. There is growing evidence that several different resistance mechanisms in M persicae have associated fitness costs. In the case of esterase and MACE, these costs are apparently strong enough to effect a decline in resistance frequency over winter, and a more prolonged decline over successive cropping seasons when aphid numbers are insufficient to trigger intensive chemical applications. Changes in the overall frequency of resistance genotypes may also be influenced by the predominance of year-round parthenogenesis in M persicae in the UK, leading to non-random associations between mechanisms and selection operating on clonal lineages rather than individual genotypes. 相似文献
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Jian-Qun Chen Begonia Martin Yvan Rahbé Alberto Fereres 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1997,103(6):521-536
The Vat resistance gene (in Cucumis melo L.) inhibits the transmission of non-persistent viruses by Aphis gossypii Glover, but does not affect transmission by Myzus persicae (Sulz.). To see whether this difference was behaviourally determined, we investigated the stylet penetration behaviour of these two aphid species by recording EPGs (Electrical Penetration Graphs) of 8 and 20 min on two sets of susceptible and resistant isogenic melon lines. During the 20 min EPG study, inoculation with CMV (Cucumber Mosaic Virus) was also investigated. For both sets of isogenic lines, the two aphid species were able to detect the presence of Vat. The mean duration of individual intracellular punctures on the resistant genotypes was significantly reduced for both M. persicae and A. gossypii (-10% and -8% respectively for duration of pattern ‘pd’ in the 20 min experiment); this reaction appeared faster for M. persicae, a species for which melon was not a suitable host-plant. Therefore, in contrast to Vat's anti-transmission effect, this behavioural effect was not aphid species-specific. Also, the frequency of intracellular punctures on the resistant genotypes was significantly reduced in A. gossypii (but not in M. persicae): on average, this frequency dropped from ≈0.65 pd.min-1 on the susceptible genotypes to ≈0.5 pd.min-1 on the resistant ones. It was concluded that (intracellular?) chemical cues were detected very early by aphids probing on the resistant genotypes carrying the Vat gene. However, a comprehensive analysis of the behavioural traits of both aphids on the two genotypes could not alone account for the complete inhibition of transmission which was found only to occur for A. gossypii on resistant genotypes. None of the differences detected (between aphid species or between plant genotypes) could account for the Vat phenotype, although they may explain quantitative differences in transmission efficiencies between aphid species. It was thus concluded that Vat effect was primarily chemically mediated. Finally, some intracellular punctures bearing typical subphases have been identified in both aphid species and were designated as ‘long potential drops’ (pd-L). For A. gossypii, these were observed early after plant contact and their mean duration was twice that of standard intracellular punctures (≈8.5 s vs ≈4.2 s). Although not necessary for CMV inoculation, the duration of such phases was positively correlated with a high transmission efficiency by A. gossypii on the susceptible genotype. The nature of this pattern and a putative mechanism of action of the Vat gene are discussed. 相似文献
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油菜蚜虫混合种群损失当量与复合防治指标的研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
采用自然开放式大田系统调查,对油菜蚜虫混合种群为害损失进行研究,提出一个新的混合蚜群特征的综合度量指标——“累积蚜量为害指数”。在此基础上建立了油菜蚜虫混合种群损失当量及其模似模型,得三类蚜虫的为害当量。即:①苗期,桃蚜:萝卜蚜=1:0.8834;②苔花期,桃蚜:萝卜蚜:甘蓝蚜=1:1.1282:1.3725;③荚果期,桃蚜:萝卜蚜:甘蓝蚜=1:1.7394:2.5298。并组建了混合种群损失(?)量模型与多元回归模型,制订了油菜蚜虫混合种群的复合防治指标。通过对1991—1992年田间实际应用(?)表明,二模型的决策结果具有很好的一致性,并与田间实际状况相符。 相似文献