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杉木干燥过程中的有机挥发物释放 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用小型干燥机干燥木材,在冰浴中用酸化的2,4-二硝基苯肼溶液和去离子水分别对尾气中醛类和有机酸、醇类采样,用活性炭管对萜烯类采样,采用高效液相色谱仪和气相色谱仪对有机挥发物进行分析.结果表明:杉木干燥释放的主要物质是甲醇、乙酸和甲酸,其次是乙醛、甲醛、丙烯醛/丙酮;萜烯类挥发物主要有α-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯.杉木高温干燥释放的醛类和酸、醇类挥发物远高于常规干燥,高温和常规干燥中挥发物总量分别为91.7 g·m-3和29.9 g·m-3,但萜烯类挥发物总量差异很小.木材干燥终含水率对醛类和有机酸、醇类释放量影响较大,对萜烯类释放量影响较小.甲醛高温干燥时随含水率降低释放速率增大,其他物质在高温和常规干燥时的释放速率随含水率减少呈下降趋势. 相似文献
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以40 mm厚的辐射松(Pinus radiata)和人工林杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolat)锯材为对象,研究高温干燥过程中干燥温度和锯材含水率对萜烯类产物释放浓度的影响,并与辐射松常规干燥中的萜烯类释放浓度作比较。高温和常规干燥过程中采抽气样次数均为5次,抽气速度为1.0 L/min,采样时间为30 min,采用Tenax管收集干燥过程中萜烯类产物,用气相色谱仪分析其成分及浓度。结果表明:高温干燥辐射松萜烯类释放浓度高于常规干燥辐射松与高温干燥人工林杉木,但萜烯类挥发物的组分有所差别。常规干燥辐射松锯材萜烯类释放浓度对环境是安全的,然而在高温干燥过程中,尤其在干燥中后期,当萜烯类挥发物浓度大于1.5 mg/m3时,对辐射松和人工林杉木释放萜烯类挥发物应采取回收措施,以确保对环境的安全。 相似文献
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对华南地区的竹节树（Carallia brachiata）、木荷（Schima superba）和尾巨桉（Eucalyptus urophylla × E．grandis）3个树种的枝、叶的含水率、粗灰分、粗脂肪质量分数、石油醚抽提物质量分数、热值、挥发性物质6项抗火防火指标进行分析。结果表明：竹节树枝条和叶的含水率在3个树种中最高,叶片挥发物含量最少而枝条不含挥发物,叶片和枝条的粗脂肪含量和热值在3个树种中分别列最高和第二。竹节树与防火树种木荷的综合防火性能接近,远优于易燃树种尾巨桉,可作为优良的抗火树种推广应用。 相似文献
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采用辊筒式单板干燥机对尾巨桉、柳叶桉、巨桉、大花序桉、邓恩桉、粗皮桉6种桉木单板进行干燥试验研究,结果表明,树种对单板干燥质量具有极显著影响。从单板终含水率及均匀性看,粗皮桉、尾巨桉和大花序桉较好,邓恩桉干燥速率低,终含水率未达到单板干燥质量要求;从干燥后单板的开裂数量及延长度看,树种间差异不显著;从干燥后单板的翘曲程度看,柳叶桉、粗皮桉和邓恩桉质量较好;从单板干燥过程中节子脱落造成的孔洞增加数看,尾巨桉、邓恩桉和柳叶桉质量较好。总体来看,粗皮桉、尾巨桉、大花序桉和柳叶桉的单板干燥质量较好,可以满足胶合板生产质量要求,邓恩桉和巨桉单板干燥需要进一步研究。 相似文献
5.
4种木材常温下醛和萜烯挥发物的释放 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
利用高效液相色谱仪和气相色谱仪分析4种木材(杉木、杨木、马尾松和尾叶桉)中有机挥发物的成分及含量,结果表明:4种木材生材常温均可释放多种醛和萜烯挥发物,其中乙醛的释放量最高;杉木和杨木释放的醛类明显高于马尾松和尾叶桉;杉木释放的萜烯类明显高于其他3种木材;温度由20 ℃上升到40 ℃,杉木醛类和萜烯类释放量显著增加. 相似文献
6.
为提高桉树人工林小径桉木的干燥效率和质量,在对桉木干燥加工企业进行调研的基础上,对巨尾桉(Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla)锯材的堆积方式和干燥基准进行分析,制定优化干燥工艺.结果表明,采用优化后的干燥工艺,小径巨尾桉锯材从初含水率47.30％干燥至终含水率9.14％,共耗时178 h,平均干燥速率0.21％/h,比企业干燥工艺的干燥速率高出23.53％;干燥质量指标均满足GB/T 6491-2012对二级锯材的技术要求.该工艺可进行推广,有利于桉木锯材干燥生产的提质增效及节能减排. 相似文献
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桉树生理特征与生物量的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文论述了粤西地区8种主要按树:柠檬桉:(E.citriodora)、班皮桉(E.maculata)、刚果12号桉(E.12ABL)、窿缘桉(E.exserta)、雷林1号桉(E.Leizhou No.1)、尾叶桉(E.urophylla)、赤桉(E.camaldulensis)和细叶桉(E.tereticornis)等五年生人工林的光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、叶面积指数和生物量的关系。研究结果说明所有树种7月时的光合速率最高,而赤桉在8种桉树中光合速率最高;桉树是高蒸腾速率的树种,如12月白天消耗水分639克/小时/平方米叶面,3月份的水分利用效率最高,为11.31mgCO_2/g.H_2O,消耗同样水分,3月比12月多生成7倍的干物质。地上部分的生物量尾叶桉最大;为16.8kg/m~2,且蓄积量最大,为5.7475m~3/亩;叶面积指数尾叶桉最大,为5.72;8个树种的平均含水率树干是47.9%,枝桠51.1%,叶子52.4%。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献