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1.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):460-467
Abstract

Delayed stem senescence (DSS) after pod maturation in soybean (Glycine max) lowers the quality of products in the mechanized harvest. The effects of drought and excess wet soil conditions on the occurrence of DSS were studied with special reference to remobilization of vegetative nitrogen and supply of cytokinin via xylem. Excess wet soil treatment was applied throughout the reproductive period to field-grown soybean in 2003 (Exp.1) and short-term drought stress treatment was applied during the reproductive period to pot-grown soybean plants in 2004 (Exp.2). The degree of DSS at pod maturing was evaluated by the DSS score from “1” for severe DSS to “5” for completely synchronous senescence of pods and vegetative parts. The DSS score in Exp.1 varied from 2.2 to 2.5 and that in Exp.2 from 2.8 to 3.7. Excess wet soil treatment in Exp.1 promoted the occurrence of DSS, while drought stress treatments during the periods of flowering to pod elongation, later seed-filling and seed maturing decreased it. The soybean plants that showed distinct DSS had lower ratios of seed number to vegetative dry weight at seed maturity and a lower rate of nitrogen remobilization from vegetative organs to seeds during the latter half of the reproductive period. The trans-zeatin riboside (t-ZR) level in xylem exudate tended to be higher in soybeans with severer DSS than in those normally matured in both experiments showing increased t-ZR concentration and/or higher exudation rate. These results suggest that DSS can be caused by a wet soil water condition, which lowers pod/seed number and increases vegetative organs mediated by the increased supply of cytokinin through xylem during seed-filling.  相似文献   

2.
Demographic and biomass allocation patterns of Agropyron cristatum were measured on steppe and dune sites in the Hunshandake desert of North China in 2001 and 2002. Total plant population, reproductive shoot densities and its differentiation rates were significantly higher in the steppe sites in both years. Plant heights for both vegetative and reproductive shoots were greater in the year with the higher rainfall. The dune sites had a higher biomass allocation to vegetative shoots and roots, while the steppe sites had a higher biomass allocation to reproductive shoots and seed production. It is suggested that the population demography and biomass allocation of the species responded to the differences in the soil variables in the steppe and dune sites.  相似文献   

3.
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a deep-rooted crop which can tolerate water stress and can be grown in rotation with other crop species. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for the growth and development of safflower; however, the effect of N level on dry matter, accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation has not been extensively studied. A 2-year field study was therefore conducted with the objective to determine the effect of N fertilization on crop phenology, dry matter, N accumulation, partitioning and retranslocation of safflower grown under rain-fed conditions. Three rates of N were used (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha−1) and two hybrids (CW9048 and CW9050) of safflower were selected. The experiment was conducted during the 2003–2004 (2004) and 2004–2005 (2005) growing seasons on a calcareous sandy loam (Entisols, Orthents, Typic Xerorthent) at the experimental farm of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, in Northern Greece. During 2004 spring was quite mild with significant rainfall whereas during 2005 spring was hotter with lower rainfall. Our study found that N fertilization increased biomass at anthesis by an average of 24% and at maturity by an average of 25% compared with the control. Total above ground biomass increased after anthesis in both years, in both hybrids and for all fertilizer treatments. N fertilization increased the dry matter partitioning in leaves + stems and heads at anthesis and also in leaves + stems, seeds, and head vegetative components at maturity. Dry matter translocation was not affected by N fertilization but lower values were found during the second year. N content was affected by the fertilization treatments and increased in those plants treated with fertilizer compared with the controls. In addition, N fertilization increased N retranslocation from the vegetative parts of the plant to the seed, but it did not affect N gain. During the second year, which was drier, there were significant N losses but also greater N translocation efficiency and higher contribution of pre-anthesis N to seed. Seed yield was correlated with the dry matter and N translocation indices, and was higher for the fertilized plants, compared with the control. The present study indicates that N fertilization promoted the growth of safflower and increased the dry matter yield, N accumulation, translocation and seed yield under rain-fed conditions.  相似文献   

4.
The variation in the content and composition of Origanum majorana L. essential oil has been studied. Plant material has been harvested at four phenological stages (early vegetative, late vegetative, budding and full-flowering). Essential oil yield varied from 0.04 to 0.09% reached during the full-flowering stage. Analysis of the essential oils by GC and GC/MS revealed the presence of 38 components represented mainly by oxygenated monoterpenes (64.01–71.4%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (21.73–29.92%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1.47–4.05%). The main components were terpinen-4-ol (29.13–32.57%), cis-sabinene hydrate (19.9–29.27%), trans-sabinene hydrate (3.5–11.61%), γ-terpinene (2.11–8.20%), bornyl acetate (1.52–2.94%) and linalool (1.05–1.39%). On the other hand, phenolic contents varied from 2.706 to 6.834 mg/g of dry weight obtained during the later vegetative stage. RP-HPLC analysis of the methanolic extract of O. majorana L. dried aerial parts showed the predominance of phenolic acids during the early vegetative stage whereas flavonoids predominate during the other stages of growth. The main phenolic acids identified were trans-2-hydroxycinnamic, rosmarinic, vanillic, chlorogenic, gallic and cinnamic whereas the main flavonoids were amentoflavone, apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, coumarin and rutin. Results obtained showed that later vegetative stage is characterized by the highest contents of bioactive compounds and therefore it could be considered as the best stage for harvesting marjoram plants.  相似文献   

5.
为了了解一种国外沉香中的2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物,采用多种色谱分离技术从该沉香的乙醇提取物中分离得到6个化合物,通过波谱学方法分别鉴定为：6-羟基-8-氯-2-[2-(4°-羟基苯基)乙基]色酮（1）,6-羟基-2-[2-(3°-甲氧基-4°-羟基苯基)乙基]色酮（2）,6-羟基-7-甲氧基-2-[2-(4°-羟基苯基)乙基]色酮（3）,沉香四醇（4）,5α,6β,7β,8α-四羟基-2-[2-(4°-甲氧基苯基)乙基]-5,6,7,8-四氢色酮（5）和6-羟基-2-[2-(3°-甲氧基-4°-羟基苯基)乙烯基]色酮（6）。化合物1为新的2-(2-苯乙基)色酮。对化合物2~6的细胞毒活性测试结果表明,化合物6对5株人体肿瘤细胞均表现出一定活性,其中对人慢性髓原白血病细胞K562和人肝癌细胞BEL-7402具有显著抑制活性,半数抑制浓度（IC50）为2.87和 4.75 μg/mL,化合物2、3、5对5株人体肿瘤细胞表现出中等活性,IC50范围为9.91~45.38 μg/mL。  相似文献   

6.
以半年生降香黄檀苗木为研究对象,利用普罗丹水溶性复合肥(N-P2O5-K2O:20-20-20),按照施肥量(按N用量计算)0、400、800、1200、1600 mg/株设置5个施肥量处理开展指数施肥盆栽试验,探讨施肥量对降香黄檀苗木生长以及叶片养分含量的影响,运用临界浓度法确定降香黄檀苗木的适宜施肥量,为规模化培育...  相似文献   

7.
Summary Pot and field experiments were carried out to test fertilizer treatments on the behaviour of potato tubers stores at 4°C and ≥90% relative humidity for 6 months. Weight losses (separated into water and dry matter) were enhanced after N and K fertilization and decreased by increasing P supply. Glucose and fructose contents were reduced at harvest by high N-fertilizer rates compared to no or low fertilization, but throughout storage reducing sugar accumulation was increased, sucrose reduction was decreased and ascorbic acid was increased. K fertilization affected the chemical composition of the tubers somewhat similar to that of nitrogen fertilization. High initial nitrate content of the tubers seemed to be increased and low nitrate values were decreased during storage. The tubers from pot experiments showed similar changes but of greater magnitude.  相似文献   

8.
微喷灌水肥一体化对河北夏玉米生长及产量的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
设置漫灌常规施肥(CK)、微喷灌常规施肥(MC)以及微喷灌减肥20%(MR)3个处理,研究3种不同水肥处理对华北地区夏玉米营养生长和生殖生长以及最终产量的影响。结果表明,常规施肥量情况下,微喷灌能够促进玉米灌浆期生物量的积累,MC处理比CK处理显著提高9.58%,成熟期没有显著性差异;微喷灌减肥20%没有造成生物量积累的减少。常规施肥量情况下,微喷灌能够显著促进玉米子粒的灌浆速率,达最大灌浆速率时的天数比CK处理高1 d,灌浆速率最大时的生长量Wmax比CK高9.99%,灌浆活跃期比CK高7.20%;微喷灌减肥20%处理,与CK处理相比达最大灌浆速率时的天数比CK处理高1.60 d,灌浆速率最大时的生长量Wmax比CK高10.59%,灌浆活跃期比CK高14.83%,最大灌浆速率低于CK处理。MC处理玉米产量最高,分别比CK处理与MR处理提高6.70%与5.68%(P0.05);MR处理与CK处理没有显著性差异。  相似文献   

9.
Management decisions should facilitate the dominance of C3 perennial grasses over annuals. This study examined the effects of defoliation frequencies and nitrogen fertilization on the productivity and potential for persistence of Dactylis glomerata L. (DG cocksfoot, perennial) in multispecies swards. Treatments were randomly applied to 24 mini‐swards of DG + Bromus willdenowii Kunth (BW prairie grass, annual/biennial) in a factorial design of four defoliation frequencies, based on number of leaves per tiller, by two nitrogen winter fertilization levels (N? or N+). Regardless of fertilization, very frequent and repeated defoliations were related to decreases of about 43% of aboveground biomass and frequent defoliations with decreases of about 44% of vegetative tillers associated with horizontal space occupation and potential for persistence. Nevertheless, differences in DG aerial productivity or reserves were not detected between frequent and optimal defoliation frequencies. Combined effects of N+ and optimal frequency were related to root biomass increment of about 200%, compared with frequent defoliation, associated with competitiveness and survival of DG. Optimal defoliation frequency would have ecological but not production advantages, compared with frequent defoliations. The results are discussed in terms of more objective decision‐making in the management of multispecies swards.  相似文献   

10.
《Field Crops Research》1996,49(1):39-50
Sugarcane was grown under full irrigation in Australia, South Africa and Hawaii. N fertiliser was supplied at a high rate and was non-limiting to biomass accumulation in all but one dataset, where zero and high nitrogen (N) supply regimes were imposed. Crops were sampled for biomass, sucrose, glucose and fructose content of stalks. In one study, the biomass and sugar content of all green crop components were also determined. The objective was to compare the accumulation of reducing sugars, glucose and fructose, with sucrose, and how this responds to agronomic manipulations of crop duration, cultivar and nitrogen supply. Such knowledge can be used to assess the scope for maximising, by agronomic or genetic means, the partitioning of biomass to the economic product, sucrose and maximising the purity of juice for efficient sucrose extraction at the mill. At 12 months growth, 30–50% of reducing sugars was present in the stalk component, but at earlier stages was higher at 50–80%. Stalk yields of reducing sugars for 12 month crops were less than 100 g m−2, which was less than 5% of total sugars in the stalk. There were strong effects of N supply and cultivar on the amounts and concentration of reducing sugars in the stalk at low yields, but little effect when stalk biomass exceeded about 4000 g m−2 suggesting that, agronomic or genetic manipulation of levels of reducing sugars will only be effective early in the season. For a given level of stalk biomass, cultivar effects on partitioning to reducing sugars were due either to differences in partitioning of stalk biomass to total sugars, or differences in the partitioning between sucrose and reducing sugars. On the other hand, variation in N supply only altered the partitioning between sucrose and reducing sugars. Calculations suggested that high concentrations of reducing sugars in stalks harvested at a young age or from high N supply treatments, were not expected to lower the polarimetric estimate of sucrose concentration in the juice by more than 6%. This study provides a framework to assess the impact of cultivar, crop duration, and N supply on the accumulation of reducing sugars in different production systems.  相似文献   

11.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):156-167
Abstract

We tested the hypothesis that elevated CO2 concentration [CO2]-induced enhancement of biomass production of soybean is greater in a genotype that has a higher nitrogen (N) fixation capacity. Furthermore, we analyzed theinteractive effects of N fertilization, temperature and [CO2] on biomass production. Three genetically related genotypes: Enrei (normally-nodulating genotype), Kanto 100 (supernodulating genotype), and En1282 (non-nodulating genotype) were grown in pots, with or without N fertilizer for two years (2004, 2005). They were then subjected to two different [CO2] (ambient and elevated (ambient + 200 ?mol mol-1)) × two temperature regimes (low,high (low + 4~5ºC)). Top dry weight at maturity was the greatest in the elevated [CO2] × high temperature regime, irrespective of genotype and N fertilization. The [CO2] elevation generally enhanced N acquisition and dry matter production during the vegetative growth stage, and the enhancement was more pronounced in the nodulating genotypes (Enrei and Kanto 100) than in the non-nodulating genotype (En1282), indicating that N supply through N fixation contributes to elevated [CO2]-induced biomass production in soybean. However, the relative responsiveness ofbiomass production to elevated [CO2] was not necessarily higher in the supernodulating genotype than the normally-nodulating genotype. The N utilization efficiency to produce biomass was inferior in the supernodulating genotype than in the normally-nodulating and non-nodulating genotypes. These results did not fully verify the hypothesis that elevated [CO2]-induced enhancement of biomass production of soybean is greater in a genotype with a higher N fixation capacity.  相似文献   

12.
The effect of nutrient concentration on the reproductive development and seed yield of Poa annua was examined in a sand culture experiment. The nutrient concentration during the initial vegetative stage did not affect the time taken for double ridge formation by the main shoot but did influence the subsequent development of the inflorescence as did the post-initiation level of nutrients. At low nutrient levels flowering was inhibited in some individuals but at the higher concentrations inflorescence emergence was hastened, inflorescence size was increased and, in particular, the number of spikelets and hence the number of seeds per inflorescence was greatly increased. The mean weight of 100 seeds was unaffected by the nutrient concentration. The number of reproductive tillers per plant was increased by high nutrient supply but the proportion of dry weight allocated to root development was reduced.  相似文献   

13.
研究9个不同施肥处理对枳及柠檬容器苗生长的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理对枳容器苗的苗高、地径、分枝高度及嫁接后柠檬苗的发芽率、株高、茎粗、分枝数及生物量都存在显著差异;不同施肥处理对枳及柠檬容器苗综合表现最好的为T4(撒施柠檬专用肥1.6 g)处理,其次是T2(撒施尿素0.6 g)、T3(撒施柠檬专用肥0.8 g)处理,表现最差的是T8(浇施5%柠檬专用肥)和T7(浇施3%柠檬专用肥)处理。在一定施肥浓度范围内,施肥对嫁接后柠檬容器苗的生物量积累有明显促进作用。柠檬容器苗培育时建议采用在基质中撒施柠檬专用肥1.6 g。  相似文献   

14.
干旱胁迫下氮素对不同基因型小麦根系活力和生长的调控   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为了探讨不同水氮耦合处理对小麦根系活力和吸收氮素能力的影响,以多穗型小麦品种西农979和大穗型小麦品系2036为材料进行营养液培养试验,设置正常水分供应、轻度和重度水分胁迫及低氮、中氮和高氮处理,研究了不同水氮耦合对小麦根系形态、根系吸收面积、根系活力、植株氮素积累量的影响。结果表明,水分与氮素存在着明显的互作效应,重度水分胁迫和低氮处理都会降低小麦的生物量、根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积和活力、氮含量和植株的氮素积累量,低氮处理增加了根长和根冠比。高氮处理的西农979根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积和活力较低,中氮处理显著提高,且分别比2036高11%、14%、27%。西农979在中氮和高氮处理之间的氮素积累量无显著性差异。中氮处理下西农979的植株氮素积累量比2036高13%~62%。相关分析表明,小麦的活跃吸收面积、根系活力与植株氮素积累量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),和根冠比呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。在轻度水分胁迫下,增加氮素供给能有效提高西农979的根系吸收面积和根系活力;过高的氮素不利于2036根系的生长,表明不同基因型小麦的根系活力和生长对不同水氮耦合的响应不同。通过适宜的水氮耦合调控,有利于创造良好的小麦根系形态,提高根系活力及对水分和养分的吸收能力。  相似文献   

15.
Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, namely Jimai22 (JM22) and Zhouyuan9369 (ZY9369), were used to study the effects of a new irrigation policy, supplemental irrigation (SI) based on soil moisture levels, photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, and remobilization from 2009 to 2011 in Northern China. Two SI treatments were designed based on relative soil moisture contents in the 0–140 cm soil layer: (1) the target soil relative water contents were 75% of field capacity (FC) at jointing and 65% of FC at anthesis (W1), 75% and 70% (W2) in 2009–2010, and (2) the target soil relative water contents were 75% at jointing and 75% at anthesis (W1′), 75% and 80% (W2′) in 2010–2011. Rain-fed treatment (W0) was used as control. Results showed that SI significantly improved the biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of both wheat cultivars. The biomass and grain yield of W1 and W1’ treatments were higher than those of others. The net photosynthetic rate, the actual photochemical efficiency of flag leaf, the accumulation of dry matter, and its remobilization from the vegetative parts to the grains after anthesis in W1 and W1’ treatments were significantly higher than in the other treatments. By contrast, the WUE and irrigation efficiency of W2 and W2’ were significantly lower than those of W1 and W1’. Under the experimental conditions, ‘JM22’ showed higher photosynthetic rate in the last stage of grain filling, more spike number per ha, more kernels per spike, higher 1000-kernels weight and eventually higher WUE than ‘ZY9369’.  相似文献   

16.
The increasing cost of commercial fertilizers and environmental problems associated with improper fertilization management have prompted the need to re‐examine commercial N sources that can effectively supply N to pastures while minimizing N losses. This 3‐year study evaluated the effects of selected N sources on bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) responses, soil properties and N losses. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of 6 N sources [(i) ammonium nitrate (AN), (ii) ammonium sulphate (AS), (iii) urea (U), (iv) urea treated with Agrotain (U + Agrotain), (v) SuperU and (vi) ammonium sulphate nitrate] and 3 N levels (0, 60 or 120 kg ha?1 year?1), replicated three times. Bahiagrass dry‐matter yield (DMY), crude protein (CP) concentration, N uptake and recovery were not affected by N source, with the exception of AN that resulted in reduced DMY in 2010 compared with the other sources. Bahiagrass DMY, CP concentration, N uptake and recovery increased linearly as N levels increased. Nitrogen fertilization showed no effect on soil pH or soil N accumulation. Soil pore‐water N concentrations from treatments fertilized with N were similar to the control plots indicating no threat to the environment. At the N levels evaluated in this study, selection of N source should be based on the fertilizer cost.  相似文献   

17.
The possibility of use of two technological types of Linum usitatissimum L., namely flax (grown for fibre) and linseed (grown for seed), for phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd) from Cd-contaminated soil was studied. A four-year field-simulated experiment was carried out with 6 flax and 4 linseed cultivars in order to study organ accumulation of Cd by flax and linseed plants at artificial concentration range 10-1000 mg Cd kg−1 soil. The most Cd was accumulated by roots, followed by shoots, while reproductive parts (capsules and seeds) played comparably smaller role. The increasing soil Cd concentration resulted in increasing Cd accumulation by roots, while transport to above-ground plant parts was progresivelly inhibited. Even high soil Cd concentrations (1000 mg Cd kg−1 soil) had not dramatic negative effect on plant growth and development. Cultivar differences as well as the differences between both technological Linum types have been found in Cd accumulation (flax being better Cd accumulator than linseed). Nevertheless, the recorded variation between technological types and within cultivars is in multiples of Cd values (units of mg Cd kg−1 DW), not in orders of magnitude as needed for practical phytoextraction. A significant year-to-year effect on plant growth/development resulting in high variation in Cd accumulation was observed. Flax cv. Jitka exhibited good transport of Cd from roots to above-ground parts, while flax cv. Merkur showed high retention of Cd in roots. Further, the contrasting cultivars in total Cd accumulation (high accumulating flax cv. Jitka versus low accumulating linseed cv. Jupiter) were selected for future experiments. The uptake of Cd by flax/ linseed from ha per season was calculated and the strategy for flax/linseed growing on heavy metal polluted soils with subsequent utilization of heavy metal-contaminated biomass is discussed.  相似文献   

18.
为了解碳氮供给与小麦粒重、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu等微量元素以及蛋白质含量的关系,在离体穗培养条件下研究了灌浆初期和灌浆中期不同浓度C(蔗糖)、N(硝酸铵)供给对小麦粒重、微量元素(Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu)和蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,随着培养基糖浓度的增大,粒重和Fe、Mn含量都表现为先升高后降低的趋势,在4%糖浓度时,均达到最高值;籽粒Zn、Cu和蛋白质含量表现为随糖浓度增大而持续降低.随着培养基N浓度的增加,粒重和Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu含量多表现为先升高后降低的趋势,且多在N浓度为0.07%时达到最高值,尤以灌浆中期开始的培养表现明显;籽粒蛋白质含量表现为随N浓度增大而持续增加.由此可见,外源C、N供给对粒重、微量元素和蛋白质含量有明显的调控效应.一定的糖供给可同时提高粒重和Fe、Mn含量,一定的N供给可同时提高粒重及微量元素和蛋白质含量.  相似文献   

19.
为明确不同氮素供应对油菜苗期碳氮积累及其在地上与地下部分配的影响,开展营养液水培试验,蒸馏水育苗移植后即开始全量营养培养。试验设置6个氮素培养浓度,分别为0. 01、0. 05、0. 1、0. 5、1. 0和6. 0mmol/L,每7d取样,动态监测培养35d内的油菜地上和地下部的干物质及碳氮积累动态。结果表明,随氮素营养供应增加,单株叶面积、地上部干物质、各部位氮含量及氮积累量显著增加;根系干物质及碳氮积累量先增加后降低,各部位碳含量不受影响。分别在培养后第7～21d,各处理间以0. 1、0. 5和1. 0mmol/L处理根系物质积累量较高,第28d后根系物质积累随氮素供应增加而增加。增加氮素供应显著降低植株根冠比(R/S)。单位面积叶片碳积累速率和单位质量根系氮吸收速率在氮素缺乏条件下,随氮素含量增加而增加。综上可知,氮素供应不足时,碳氮向根系的分配增加,植株碳氮积累速率显著降低,地上部受氮素缺乏影响更大。  相似文献   

20.
This study was conducted to measure the biomass, organic carbon and mineral matter contents of abaca at different stages of growth as baseline information for material cycling of the plant. These were attained through destructive sampling of the identified sample plants. Different parameters such as moisture content, dry matter, organic carbon and mineral matter contents were determined. Regression and correlation analyses were also conducted to find out possible relationship between growth parameters and plant biomass.Biomass contents ranged from 11 to 21% regardless of the growth stages of abaca. Based on the weight of partitioned components, biomass, organic carbon and mineral matter contents (g/plant) of all tissues increased as the growth of abaca plant progressed. Pseudostem tissue showed the highest percent moisture content but it also showed the highest biomass (dry weight per plant) during the vegetative and flagleaf stages of growth. The pseudostem biomass accounted nearly two-thirds of the above-ground biomass at harvesting stage in the production system. Cumulative effect could be disadvantageous and would most likely result to nutrient imbalance in the system due to crop removal and nutrient mining. A strong relationship was found between biomass and pseudostem length (r = 0.997).  相似文献   

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