共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
William B. Ainslie 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1994,77(3-4):433-444
Section 404 of the dean Water Act (CWA) regulates the discharge of dredged or fill material, which is defined as a pollutant, into waters of the United States by requiring potential dischargers to obtain a permit for such activities. The Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines provide the substantive environmental criteria by which all dredge and fill permit applications are reviewed. The Guidelines consist of 4 basic steps: 1) evaluation of practicable alternatives; 2) evaluation of relation of discharge to other environmental standards; 3) assessment of significant degradation to waters of the U.S.; and 4) assessment of appropriate steps to minimize impacts. Wetland functional assessment is important in steps 1, 3, and 4. The use of wetland functional assessment techniques has typically been hindered by lack of time and resources, among other technical concerns, by the resource agencies implementing the Section 404 program. Functional assessment is critical to the Section 404 program since most decisions revolve around an assessment of wetland functions. The Hydrogeomorphic Classification for Wetlands (Brinson, 1993) and the developing functional assessment procedure shows potential for being rapid and inexpensive, scientifically-based and replicable. It is based upon functional indicators which can be recognized in the field and can form the basis for functional indices. The utility of the HGM procedure is illustrated using an example from West Kentucky. 相似文献
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M. M. Davis 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1994,77(3-4):497-511
As wetland functions are being more clearly evaluated, demand is increasing for the ability to mitigate for specific wetland functions that have been degraded. When wetland restoration project goals specify functions, success of the project depends heavily on proper guidance for project siting, design, implementation, and monitoring. A decision sequence is presented for wetland restoration projects to help achieve functional replacement. This methodology incorporates site selection and design features for specified wetland functions into three phases of a project planning decision sequence. The first phase, site selection, situates a wetland where there is the potential to perform a function. Phases two and three, the incorporation of functional design features into design criteria and project plan development, focus on the optimization of the functional capacity of a site. An example is given of how a wetland restoration project planning team can consider enhancing vegetation diversity during the project plan development phase to achieve a goal of improved wildlife habitat. 相似文献
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若尔盖高寒湿地蓄水能力评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]评估若尔盖3种不同类型湿地的土壤蓄水能力,为湿地生态系统水文功能价值的评估提供科学依据。[方法]通过对若尔盖高寒湿地三种湿地类型的土壤采样分析,测量其土壤物理特性和土壤最大滞留贮水能力,进而对其土壤蓄水能力进行评估。[结果](1)在0—60cm深度范围内,3种湿地类型的土壤容重基本上随着深度的加深呈升高趋势,但草本沼泽在80—100cm处、沼泽化草甸和洪泛湿地在60—80cm处呈现出减小趋势。(2)在0—100cm深度范围内,沼泽化草甸的毛管孔隙度随深度增加呈减小趋势,而草本沼泽和洪泛湿地变化不明显。(3)在0—100cm深度范围内,3种湿地类型土壤容重的平均值大小表现为草本沼泽(0.46g/cm~3)沼泽化草甸(1.08g/cm~3)洪泛湿地(1.25g/cm~3)。3种湿地类型土壤最大滞留贮水能力的平均值大小表现为草本沼泽(239.40t/hm~2)沼泽化草甸(171.18t/hm~2)洪泛湿地(148.51t/hm~2)。[结论]草本沼泽贮水能力最强。因此在若尔盖区域实施湿地保护与恢复措施时,应将保护区外的草本沼泽分布的区域纳入重点计划。 相似文献
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黄土区大型露天煤矿区生态承载力评价研究--以平朔安太堡露天煤矿为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
露天矿生态承载力的变化与矿区的污染控制、土地复垦与生态重建措施密切相关。本文根据矿区生态承载力内涵及层次特点,从生态系统弹性力、资源环境承载力及生态系统压力度3个方面提出对其进行量化的研究方法。结合高吉喜提出的生态承载力评价方法,构建了较完整的评价指标体系,利用AHP法求得各指标权重值,对矿区生态承载力状况进行静态和动态评价。研究结果表明:平朔安太堡矿区2007年的生态系统弹性力为46.836,中等稳定;资源环境承载力47.127,中等承载;生态系统压力度为1.396,承载超负荷。从动态变化趋势看,平朔安太堡矿区生态系统弹性力波动较强烈,说明矿区生态系统稳定性差,具有明显的脆弱特性;生态系统压力指数的变化说明,1999年前生态系统的压力对矿区生态系统弹性力和资源环境承载力影响较大,而1999年后影响逐渐减弱,矿区1987~2007年生态系统弹性力和资源环境承载力变化趋势相同;1997年后生态弹性力开始上升,资源环境承载力在1999年后也处于明显上升趋势。 相似文献
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Floristic survey data from spring wetlands in the Great Artesian Basin of Australia were assessed to generate a ranked list of significant flora values. A system was designed to score endemic species and remote populations of plants, using an extensive herbarium database to set the spring flora in context. The sum of these indices for individual wetland complexes yielded a ranked score. The high priority wetland complexes (scoring five or greater) adequately represent their floristic composition, capture all endemic plant species and 76% of the flora. Although data are limited, many of the high value spring wetlands have endemic fauna of which the snails have been most thoroughly surveyed. The procedure provides direction for an efficient conservation program that if implemented should provide security against a range of threatening processes. 相似文献
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Antioxidants are released during the NaOH extraction of soils, and this also releases phenolic compounds from plant and soil material. We hypothesized that phenolics would be important contributors to the antioxidant capacity (AOC) of soils. The concentrations of 12 phenolic compounds and the AOCs in 4 m ‐NaOH extracts of a range of UK soil types were measured. Samples of both surface and subsurface horizons were taken from 24 sites representing the major soil types (brown soils, gleys, podzols, peats and lithomorphic soils). The land use/vegetation varied from deciduous woodland through heather moorland to agricultural crops. The internal standards method was used to quantify the phenolics, which were detected by gas chromatography. The AOCs of the extracts and of standards of the individual phenolic compounds were measured using the TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) method. There were differences in the phenolic distributions extracted from soils with different land uses/plant inputs, as well as differences between surface and subsurface samples. A statistically significant linear relationship was found between the AOCs of the extracts and the sum of the phenolic compounds, as both these variables were positively correlated with the organic matter content of the soils. The AOCs of the individual phenols were used to calculate their contribution to the overall AOC of the extracts, and this was found to be small (approximately 1% of the total AOC). We concluded that the measured phenolic compounds were not important contributors to the AOCs of the soil extracts, and therefore that other unidentified antioxidant compounds were probably present. 相似文献
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湿地土壤NH4+吸附解吸对冻融循环的响应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
YU Xiao-Fei ZHANG Yu-Xi ZOU Yuan-Chun ZHAO Hong-Mei LU Xian-Guo WANG Guo-Ping 《土壤圈》2011,21(2):251-258
Nitrogen (N) cycling in boreal peatland ecosystems may be influenced in important ways by freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs).Adsorption and desorption of ammonium ions (NH + 4) were examined in a controlled laboratory experiment for soils sampled from palustrine wetland,riverine wetland,and farmland reclaimed from natural wetland in response to the number of FTCs.The results indicate that freeze-thaw significantly increased the adsorption capacity of NH + 4 and reduced the desorption potential of NH + 4 in the wetland soils.There were significant differences in the NH + 4 adsorption amount between the soils with and without freeze-thaw treatment.The adsorption amount of NH + 4 increased with increasing FTCs.The palustrine wetland soil had a greater adsorption capacity and a weaker desorption potential of NH + 4 than the riverine wetland soil because of the significantly higher clay content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the riverine wetland soil.Because of the altered soil physical and chemical properties and hydroperiods,the adsorption capacity of NH + 4 was smaller in the farmland soil than in the wetland soils,while the desorption potential of the farmland soil was higher than that of the wetland soils.Thus,wetland reclamation would decrease adsorption capacity and increase desorption potential of NH + 4,which could result in N loss from the farmland soil.FTCs might mitigate N loss from soils and reduce the risk of water pollution in downstream ecosystems. 相似文献
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河口湿地沉积物中腐殖酸含量对外源重金属分布的影响研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过向不同腐殖酸含量的河口湿地沉积物添加人工配制的重金属污染海水,测定污染后沉积物的重金属总量与形态分布,以研究不同腐殖酸含量条件下外源重金属在水-沉积物系统中的转化。结果表明,腐殖酸含量对重金属在沉积物中的吸收量和形态组成有较大的影响,尤其对酸可提取态与可还原态。但是不同重金属之间有一定差别,腐殖酸含量对Cu,Pb的作用较明显,而对Zn,Cd的影响较小。此外,由于河口湿地沉积物处于较高盐度的环境,海水中的离子浓度影响有机质与金属的络合反应,因此与土壤相比,河口湿地沉积物中腐殖酸含量对重金属的生物有效性的影响有所不同。 相似文献
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基于SEBAL模型的盘锦湿地日蒸散估算及其分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了验证SEBAL模型对湿地蒸散量估算的准确性,本研究基于Landsat 8卫星数据和SEBAL模型,以盘锦湿地生态系统野外观测站的涡动相关实测数据为检验,估算盘锦湿地2013-2015年典型晴天卫星过境时刻的瞬时蒸散量,并利用正弦函数法将遥感反演订正后的蒸散瞬时值转换为日尺度的蒸散值,分析芦苇和稻田湿地的日蒸散量分布特征.结果表明:SEBAL模型反演的盘锦湿地瞬时蒸散量比实测值偏高,平均相对误差为31.6％,但相关系数达0.79,为了提高反演精度,利用线性方程进行订正,订正后的遥感估算值与实测值平均相对误差为6.4％,提高了25.2％;芦苇湿地日蒸散量集中在3.4～4.0 mm/d之间,占总面积的64.7％～82.4％;稻田湿地日蒸散量集中在3.6～4.1mm/d之间,占总面积的67.4％ ～86.6％;稻田湿地日蒸散量普遍比芦苇湿地高0.1 ～0.2mm/d.应用订正后的SEBAL模型反演湿地蒸散量,可为湿地区域蒸散估算及湿地水资源管理提供依据. 相似文献
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[目的]分析植被退化对青藏高原东部尕海湿地枯落物分解的影响,为湿地生源要素生物地球化学循环过程研究提供基础依据。[方法]采用分解袋法,研究尕海泥炭沼泽和沼泽化草甸不同植被退化梯度湿地枯落物分解特征及其影响因素。[结果]各植被退化阶段湿地枯落物分解过程存在显著差异,植被退化总体抑制了枯落物分解,但不同湿地类型枯落物分解对植被退化响应有所不同;在生长季内(5—9月),沼泽泥炭植被未退化枯落物分解速率显著高于退化(p0.05);沼泽化草甸平均分解速率排序为:未退化(0.028 9g/d)中度退化(0.028 7g/d)轻度退化(0.028 0g/d);各植被退化阶段湿地的枯落物分解过程具有明显的年际变化特征,总体表现为2014年分解较快,2015,2016年相对较慢;温度和降雨对各退化阶段枯落物分解速率具有促进作用,但作用不显著。[结论]尕海湿地植被退化过程中枯落物分解动态受到枯落物自身性质、气候条件、土壤营养状况等自然环境条件的共同影响,相比而言,受枯落物性质的影响更大。 相似文献
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为明确赤水河上游主要树种根际土壤调控水分能力,通过野外采样和室内分析方法,从容重、含水率和孔隙度等方面入手研究水文生态功能,并划分调控水分功能群。结果表明:32个树种0—60 cm的最大持水量为212.00～357.94 mm、有效贮水量为11.07～85.15 mm,是一个蓄水库;其持水速率大于失水速率,且二者与时间的关系均符合幂函数模型。采用RDA排序时,可将该区的树种划分为5类功能群:功能群Ⅰ包括杨梅、丝栗栲、茶、白栎、马尾松、慈竹;功能群Ⅱ包括杨树、杉木、构树、荚蒾、撑绿竹、枫香、火棘、山胡椒、乌桕、楝树、马桑;功能群Ⅲ包括枇杷、南天竹、李、柏木、梧桐、香椿;功能群Ⅳ包括檵木、黄荆、油桐、毛桐、南酸枣;功能群Ⅴ包括盐肤木、黄连木、柑橘、油茶。土壤容重、含水率、孔隙度等物理特征和持水过程是影响土壤水分调控能力的主因。研究结果可为赤水河上游水源涵养林树种的选择和配置提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Soil available water capacity interpolation and spatial uncertainty modelling at multiple geographical extents 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Assessment of the spatial distribution of environmental variables and of the associated uncertainty is a key issue in environmental modelling. The water content of soil plays an important role in many ecological and hydrological processes for land suitability evaluation. In this study we present a flexible procedure to interpolate soil-related variables that uses covariates to estimate the spatial trend of the variables and quantifies the uncertainty dealing with non-linear relationships. The procedure further extends approaches based on generalized additive models. The use of Gaussian simulations of the error allows the assessment of spatial uncertainty. The method was applied to available soil water capacity for three different nested extents: national, regional, and catchment. The models fitted have different significant covariates and different estimated values according to the region considered. The results suggest that the estimates from the model fitted at the appropriate extent are the most accurate. Taking into account the uncertainty of the trend, the results provided a realistic estimation of the variability and they are spatially consistent with the geomorphological patterns. Estimating the variability with the proposed procedure is useful for further environmental and land use modelling and it can be integrated with uncertainty from other variables, such as those derived from climate models. 相似文献
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C. C. Trettin W. M. Aust M. M. Davis A. S. Weakley J. Wisniewski 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1994,77(3-4):199-205
The wetland resources in the southern United States are diverse, being characterized by bottomland hardwoods, forested riparian zones, swamps, marshes, bogs, and fens. Recognizing the importance of the wetland resource, the need to develop information on the diversity of wetland types, and the evolving public debate regarding the protection and management of wetlands, this conference was organized to (1) provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of current research and information on wetland ecosystems, (2) to develop a basis on which to improve wetland conservation and management, (3) to provide a forum to encourage collaboration in the study and management of wetland resources, and (4) to suggest actions that would benefit wetland conservation and management. Twenty-three invited technical papers and three working group sessions addressed topics encompassing the full spectrum of wetland issues, including resource status, ecological and hydrological processes, management and conservation, and restoration and creation. Major findings discussed at the conference included the need to distinguish between functions and values, the development of a hydrogeomorphic classification system for assessing wetland functions, and assessment methodologies for planning and implementing effective wetland restoration projects. Papers summarizing the current understanding of wetland soil and vegetation processes in the region highlighted the important role wetlands play in landscape function, yet the understanding of those processes is incomplete. Insights developed from the study of wetlands in the interior southeastern United States have widespread applicability to other regions because of similarities in hydrogeomorphic setting and vegetation communities, and the management and conservation issues. 相似文献
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基于3S技术的区域性耕地资源变化影响评价模式研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
针对目前尚未形成国内外公认的耕地资源变化影响评价方法,该文提出基于耕地生产能力评价指标体系、耕地质量评价指标体系以及耕地自然等和利用等指标体系的3种区域性耕地资源评价指标体系,确定3种基于3S技术的耕地资源变化影响评价模式.与基于粮食单产划分耕地等级进行评价的传统方法,共同构成了区域性耕地资源变化影响评价的4种方案.还分析了4种评价方案的思想基础、特点及实用性的差异.并以东北地区为案例,利用耕地自然等和利用等指标体系方法,分析了1993～2003年东北耕地变化对粮食生产能力的影响.此外,提出作物种植结构以及作物品种变化对粮食生产能力影响评价的建议.为区域性耕地资源变化影响评价方法体系提供参考和借鉴. 相似文献
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Cynthia L. Murray-Gulde George M. Huddleston III Kristina V. Garber John H. Rodgers Jr. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2005,163(1-4):355-378
Functional roles of Schoenoplectus californicus, giant bulrush, were evaluated in an 3.2 ha (8-acre) constructed wetland treatment system receiving copper-contaminated water. The constructed wetland used in this research was designed to decrease bioavailable copper concentrations in a wastestream and eliminate associated toxicity to downstream biota by exploiting the thermodynamic processes responsible for copper speciation. This was achieved by integrating carbon, sulfur and copper biogeochemical cycles. In this system, S. californicus, which represents an integral part of the carbon cycle, provides a physical, chemical and biological role in removing metals from the aqueous phase. The specific contributions of S. californicus in this system are to provide a sustainable carbon source for removal of copper by (1) provision of an organic ligand for sorption of copper entering the system, (2) production of organic ligands through growth of S. californicus, (3) accretion of organic ligands over time due to decomposition of S. californicus detritus, and (4) use of organic carbon as an energy source for dissimilatory sulfate production. Shoots and roots of viable S. californicus sorbed 0.88% and 5.88%, respectively, of copper entering the system. The half-life of S. californicus detritus in the constructed wetland system was approximately 184 d, indicating that sufficient detritus will accrete over time, providing binding sites for copper and an energy source for bacterial metabolic processes that contribute to copper immobilization in wetland systems. 相似文献
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以整个重庆市域为研究对象,利用回归模型结合地理信息系统空间插值方法进行重庆市各区县的农业气候资源要素数据模拟与采集,两种方法的组合在一定程度上可提高气候资源要素评价数据的精确性,然后利用数学综合评价指数对重庆市各区县农业气候资源优度进行评价。结果表明,重庆市农业气候资源的综合满意度总体水平较高,各区县市间的差异不大,但各单项农业气候资源的匹配性不好。研究结果可为当地合理利用气候资源进行农业生产规划与布局提供参考。 相似文献