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1.
D. COUPLAND 《Weed Research》1987,27(5):329-336
The performance of sethoxydim on Elymus repens (L.) Gould was studied under contrasting levels of humidity, light intensity, temperature, soil moisture and simulated rainfall using controlled environment chambers. Over a 24-h post-spraying period, increases in humidity and temperature markedly enhanced herbicide performance, while effects of light intensity were less pronounced. Soil moisture deficit significantly reduced herbicide performance, but there were no adverse effects of wet soil conditions (twice field capacity) on activity. The effects of simulated rain depended upon herbicide dosage, time interval between spraying and the onset of rain, and rain intensity. A low rain intensity of 0.5 mm h?1 did not reduce herbicide performance even when applied 10 min after spraying. The longer term studies, over 4 weeks, showed increases in herbicide activity with higher temperatures but lower light intensities. 相似文献
2.
Absorption, translocation and distribution of 14C-glyphosate were examined in Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. plants growing under field conditions in the autumn. Glyphosate absorption did not increase beyond 3 days after application, whereas translocation to the rhizomes continued up to 7 days after application. The translocated glyphosate accumulated more in new rhizomes than in older parts of the rhizomes. Ten per cent of the glyphosate translocated out of the treated shoot was recovered in younger shoots 7 days after application. Plants harvested the following spring contained less than 20% of the glyphosate originally applied. Although a growth cabinet experiment indicated that 34% of the glyphosate in the rhizomes of treated plants could be remobi-lized into new aerial shoots, considerably less was recovered in new, aerial shoots in the spring in the field-grown plants. Freezing experiments showed that glyphosate translocation to the rhizomes was only prevented when cold treatment caused visible damage to A. repens foliage. 相似文献
3.
D. COUPLAND 《Weed Research》1989,29(4):289-297
The performance of fluazifop-butyl against Elymus repens (L.) Gould was significantly influenced by the environmental conditions in which the plants had grown prior to treatment as follows: soil moisture deficit (greatest reduction of herbicide performance) > cool temperatures > low light intensity. The level of control under conditions in which none of these factors was reduced (so-called ‘standard’ conditions) was similar to that observed for‘low light’regime plants. Significant effects of environment on spray retention, foliar uptake and amounts of herbicide translocated to the roots and rhizomes were observed. The lowest rates of herbicide uptake were found with plants grown under cool conditions, the greatest amount of basipetal herbicide translocation being associated with low light intensities. Rates of herbicide de-esterification were much lower in plants grown under low light intensities, cool temperatures, or soil moisture deficits than in those plants grown under the ‘standard’ conditions. This result was confirmed by studies of herbicide deesterification using cell-free leaf homogenates. 相似文献
4.
In this series of glasshouse experiments, several factors influencing the foliar activity of fluazifop-butyl, butyl-2-[4-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridylox-y)phenoxy] propionate, against Elymus repens (L.) Gould (=Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.) were investigated. The growth stage of the weed even up to about 16 weeks of age was not found to be a major factor affecting the performance, if a dose of 1.0 kg ai ha?1 is used. The activity of fluazifop-butyl was affected by low temperature, low humidity and water stress, all of which reduced the herbicide performance to varying extents. High post-treatment temperature or humidity favoured the activity of the herbicide, as measured from the regrowth ability of treated plants. Moderate water stress did not affect the activity significantly, but severe stress led to the plants becoming more tolerant of the herbicide. The effect of light/shade on foliar activity was not clear, bin showed a tendency of decreasing with increasing shade. Adverse effects of rain, probably due to wash-off of the retained spray droplets, reduced the performance of fluazifop-butyl, if rain fell within 6 h of spraying. Certains facteurs qui touchent à la performance du fluazifop-butyle contre Elymus repens (L.)Gould. (= Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) Cette expérimentation en serre a porté sur plusieurs facteurs qui influent sur l'activité foliaire du fluazifop-butyle, butyle-2–4-(5-trifluorométhyl-2-pyridyloxy)phénoxy proprionate, contre Elymus repens (L.) Gould (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.). Il en résulte que, même jusqu'à l'âge de 16 semaines, le stade végétal de l'adventice ne paraît pas jouer un rôle important dans la performance de l'herbicide à une dose de 1,0 kg ma ha?1. L'activité du fluazifop-butyle se trouve altérée en conséquence de température faibles, d'une faible humidité et de carence d'eau; tous ces facteurs ont amené une réduction plus ou moins grande dans la performance de l'herbicide. A en juger part la croissance nouvelle des plantes traitées, une température élevée, de même qu'une forte humidité suivant l'application, favorisent l'activité herbicide. La carence d'eau n'a exercé une influence significative sur l'activité herbicide que lorsqu'elle est devenue sévère; alors les plantes ont fait preuve d'une moindre tolérance. L'influence de la lumière sur l'activité foliaire est restée imprécise mais celle-ci a eu tendance à dimineur à mesure qu'augmentait l'ombre. Les effets néfastes de la pluie, grâce sans doute au lessivage des gouttelettes retenues sur les feuilles, ont diminué l'efficacité du fluazifop-butyle lors d'une précipitation moins de 6 heures après la pulvérisation. Einflüsse auf die Wirkung von Fluazifop-butyl auf Elymus repens (L.)Gould. (= Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) Verschiedene Einflüsse auf die Blattwirkung von Fluazifop-butyl Butyl-2-[4-(5-trifluormethyl-2-pyridiloxy)phenoxy]propionate auf die Gemeine Quecke wurden in einer Reihe von Versuchen im Gewächshaus untersucht. Das Entwicklungsstadium des Unkrauts war auch bei bis zu 16 Wochen alten Pflanzen ohne Einfluss auf die Wirkung, solange 1,0 kgAS ha?1 angewandt wurden. Niedrige Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit sowie Wassermangel setzen die Wirkung des Herbizids, die am Wiederaustrieb gemessen wurde, herab. Hohe Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit nach der Behandlung begünstigten die Wirkung. Schwacher Wassermangel beeinflusste die Wirkung nicht signifikant, aber bei starkem Wassermangel waren die Pflanzen widerstandsfähiger. Die Wirkung einer Beschattung der Pflanzen auf die Wirksamkeit des Herbizids war undeutlich, aber tendenziell zeigte sich eine Abnahme der Wirkung mit Zunahme der Beschattung. Regen innerhalb 6 Stunden nach der Behandlung verminderte die Wirkung von Ftuazifop-butyl, vermutlich wegen des Abwaschens des Spritzbelags von den Blättern. 相似文献
5.
Pre-harvest application of glyphosate in barley at 1·44 and 0·72 kg ha?1 was compared with post-harvest application at 1·44 kg ha?1 at six sites in south-east Scotland, three sprayed in 1980 and three in 1981. Both levels of pre-harvest application gave consistent 95–99% control of A. repens compared with 0–76% control from post-harvest application. Yields of crops grown in 1981 were significantly increased after all the 1980 pre-harvest treatments and after one post-harvest treatment. No significant depressions in grain germination were recorded from the lower rate of pre-harvest application but one significant depression was recorded from the higher rate. Combine harvesting throughput at a given grain loss level was significantly improved by pre-harvest application and moisture content of grain at harvest was significantly reduced by up to 2·5%. Wheeling losses from pre-harvest spraying ranged from 1 to 5%. Crop yield increases in the year after spraying compensated for herbicide and application costs plus any yield losses through tractor wheelings. 相似文献
6.
The effect of site of application was studied on the performance of barban, benzoylprop-ethyl and difenzoquat agaínst Avena fatual, and of glyphosate against Agropyron repens (L,) Beauv. In all cases, performance was increased when the herbicide was applied towards the leaf or plant base. In general, treating the youngest, fully expanded leaf gave the best performance. Thus for plants at growth stages 12, 13 and 14 (Zadoks, Chang & Konzak, 1974) a greater reduction in foliage weight was obtained when the first, the first or second, and the third leaves were treated respectively. Lengthening the drying time of the herbicide solution also helped to increase the efficacy of difenzoquat. The amount of epicuticular wax varied considerably between different areas on the leaf and it is suggested that this could be an important factor in determining herbicide performance. Influence du site d'application sur l'efficaeité du glyphosate contre Agropyron repens ainsi que du barbane, du benzoylprop-éthyle et du difenzoquat contre Avena fatua. L'influence du site d'application sur l'efficacité a étéétudié pour le barbane, le benzoylpropéthyle et le difenzoquat contre Avena fatua (L.) ainsi que pour le glyphosate contre Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Dans tous les cas, l'efficacité a été accrue quand l'herbicide a ésé appliqué vers la base de la feuille ou de la plante. En géneral le traitement de la plus jeune feuille complétement développée a donné le meilleur résultat. Ainsi, pour des plantes aux stades de croissance 12, 13 et 14 (Zadoks, Changet Konzak, 1974). une réduction plus importante du feuillage a été obtenue lorsque, respectivement, la première, la première ou la seconde. et la troisième feuille ont été traitées. L'augmentation de la durée du séehage de la solution herbicide a aussi aidéà accroïtre l'efficacité du ilifenzoquat. La quantité de cire épicuticulaire variant considérablement selon les différentes régions de la feuille, il est suggéré que ceci pourrait ètre un facteur important susceptible de modifier l'efficacité de l'herbicide. Der Einfluss des Applikationsortes auf die Wirkung von Glyphosat gegen Agropyron repens und von Barban, Benzoylprop-äthly und Difenzoquat gegen Avena fatua Es wurde der Einfluss des Applikationsortes auf die Wirtung von Barban. Benzoylprop-äthyl und Difenzoquat gegen Avena fatua (L.) und von Glyphosat gegen Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv, untersucht. In allen Fällen war die Wirkung verbessert, wenn das Herbizid in die Nähe des Blattgrundes oder der Pflanzen-basis apptiziert wurde. Im allgemeinen wurde die beste Wirkung durch Behandlung des jüngsten, voll entwickelten Blattes erzielt. Daher wurde bei Pflanzen im Entwicklungsstadiurn 12, 13 und 14 (Zadoks, Chang und Konzak, 1974) eine stärkere Erniedrigung des Blattgewichts erreicht, wenn das erste, das erste oder zweite, bzw, das dritte Blatte behandelt wurde. Durch Verlängerung der Antrocknungszeit der Herbizidlösung wurde ausserdem die Wtrksamkeit von Difenzoquat verbessert. Die Menge an epikutikulärem Wachs war zwischen den versthiedenen Blattbezirken recht verschieden und es wird angenommen, dass diese Tatsache ein wichtiger Faktor ist, der die Herbizidwirkung bestimmt. 相似文献
7.
The activity of imazapyr and glyphosate against Imperata cylindrica was studied in field and glasshouse experiments using two methods of direct contact application; a rope-wick wiper and a cloth soaked in herbicide solution. The effect of concentration and position of application on herbicide uptake and translocation was also measured. At the lowest dose of imazapyr (5 mg acid equivalent (a.e.) per plant), phytotoxicity was greater from applications by a rope-wick wiper than by a cloth. However, when the dose of imazapyr was increased, the cloth applicator was more effective than the rope-wick wiper. At all doses of glyphosate, rope-wick application was more effective than wiping with a cloth. Herbicide performance in the glasshouse was similar to that in the field. Radiotracer studies showed that increasing the concentration of imazapyr, while keeping herbicide dose constant, decreased uptake and translocation of radiolabel. In contrast, the rate of uptake of 14C-glyphosate increased with increasing herbicide concentration. Position of application did not significantly affect the amount of uptake and translocation of radiolabel to the rhizomes. It is concluded that rope-wick wipers are more effective than wiping with a cloth for applying imazapyr and glyphosate to I. cylindrica, provided that the concentration of imazapyr does not exceed 10 g a.e. l?1. 相似文献
8.
Absorption and translocation of glyphosate in Spermacoce verticillata and alternative herbicide control 
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下载免费PDF全文 D A Fadin V L Tornisielo A A M Barroso S Ramos F C Dos Reis P A Monquero 《Weed Research》2018,58(5):389-396
Glyphosate has been associated with control failures for Spermacoce verticillata in some Brazilian States. The objective of this work was to evaluate and determine the possible causes of this and propose alternative herbicides to use. Glyphosate was applied at three plant stages of development (2–4 leaves, 4–6 leaves and full bloom) where foliar absorption and translocation of glyphosate to various plants parts and time were analysed using the 14C technique. Data were submitted to nonlinear regressions and analysis of variance, where means were compared by a Tukey test at 5% probability. Plant control by the application of different herbicides (19) in the same three stages of development of weed was evaluated. Twenty‐one days after herbicide application, control was visually evaluated and data analysed and means were compared. Due to absorption and/or translocation problems, S. verticillata plants were not controlled by glyphosate. Plants with 4–6 leaves showed lower absorption and translocation of the herbicide to the leaf/root regions compared with plants at the beginning of their development. Plants at full bloom showed lower translocation of the herbicide to the root. In addition to the application of glyphosate at early stages of development, the application of paraquat, flumioxazin and mixtures of glyphosate with flumioxazin or cloransulam is recommended. Late applications could result in poor control, principally if glyphosate is used. Therefore, early applications are strongly recommended for control of this species. 相似文献
9.
Structure-concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean (Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled-environment conditions. Candidate surfactants had mean molar ethylene oxide (EO) contents ranging from 5 to 20 and were added at concentrations varying from 0·2 to 10 g litre?-1 to [14C]glyphosate formulations in acetone–water. Rates and total amounts of herbicide uptake from c. 0·2–μl droplet applications of formulations to leaves were influenced by surfactant EO content, surfactant hydrophobe composition, surfactant concentration, glyphosate concentration and plant species, in a complex manner. Surfactant effects were most pronounced at 0·5 g acid equivalent (a.e.) glyphosate litre?-1 where, for both target species, surfactants of high EO content (15–20) were most effective at enhancing herbicide uptake: surfactants of lower EO content (5–10) frequently reduced, or failed to improve, glyphosate absorption. Whereas, at optimal EO content, AM surfactants caused greatest uptake enhancement on wheat, A surfactants gave the best overall performance on field bean; NP surfactants were generally the least efficient class of adjuvants on both species. Threshold concentrations of surfactants needed to increase glyphosate uptake were much higher in field bean than wheat (c. 2 g litre?-1 and < 1 g litre?-1, respectively); less herbicide was taken up by both species at high AM surfactant concentrations. At 5 and 10 g a.e. glyphosate litre?-1, there were substantial increases in herbicide absorption and surfactant addition could cause effects on uptake that were different from those observed at lower herbicide doses. In particular, the influence of EO content on glyphosate uptake was now much less marked in both species, especially with AM surfactants. The fundamental importance of glyphosate concentration for its uptake was further emphasised by experiments using formulations with constant a.i./surfactant weight ratios. Any increased foliar penetration resulting from inclusion of surfactants in 0·5 g litre?-1 [14C]glyphosate formulations gave concomitant increases in the amounts of radiolabel that were translocated away from the site of application. At these low herbicide doses, translocation of absorbed [14C]glyphosate in wheat was c. twice that in field bean; surfactant addition to the formulation did not increase the proportion transported in wheat but substantially enhanced it in field bean. 相似文献
10.
Juciléia I. Santos Carita L. Amaral Pedro Luis C.A. Alves Eduardo C. Gasparino 《Weed Biology and Management》2016,16(1):3-15
Plant susceptibility to herbicides is related to several factors, including the environmental conditions under which the plants develop. Two experiments were carried out using Synedrellopsis grisebachii plants in two different developmental stages (vegetative and reproductive), with the goal of studying plant susceptibility to the herbicide, glyphosate, and the dependence of this susceptibility on light intensity (full sunlight and 70% shading), correlated with leaf anatomy. The experimental design for both experiments was completely randomized, with a 2 × 7 factorial scheme, with two light intensities and seven different doses of glyphosate (0D, 1/4D, 1/2D, D, 2D, 4D and 6D, where D is the recommended dose of 1800 g ae ha?1) as the factors and four replicates per treatment. The leaf anatomy was characterized with optical and scanning electron microscopy. The plants that were grown in full sunlight were more tolerant of glyphosate because of thickening of the adaxial epidermis, parenchyma and main vein structures, which required higher glyphosate doses for effective weed control. The plants that were in the reproductive stage were more tolerant of glyphosate, probably because of lower glyphosate absorption and translocation to the reproductive organs. 相似文献
11.
A. M. BLAIR 《Weed Research》1975,15(2):83-88
A series of experiments using N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) for controlling Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. is described. Glyphosate, applied to undisturbed stubble in 1971 and 1972 controlled A. repens well. Rotary cultivation 5 weeks (1971) or 8 weeks (1972) prior to treatment, or 8 days after treatment (1972) did not affect the subsequent control. In two out of three experiments control of this weed resulted in significant increases in barley yield. This increase especially in one experiment was partly due to the inability to produce a good seedbed on the untreated control plots because of the vegetation. On the site where no increase in yield was measured, the population of A. repens was much less. Lutte contre l'Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. dans les chaumes, avec le glyphosate Une série d'essais utilisant la N-(phosphonométhyl) glycine (glyphosate) pour lutter contre l'Agropyron repens (L) Beauv. sont décrits. Le glyphosate appliqué sur des chaumes non retournés en 1971 et 1972 a fait preuve d'une bonne efficacité contre A. repens. Une façon culturale rotative exécutée 5 semaines (1971) ou 8 semaines (1972) avant le traitement, ou 8 jours après le traitement (1972) n'a pas affecté Fefficacité ultérieure. Dans deux des essais sur trois, l'efficacité contre cette mauvaise herbe s'est traduite par une augmentation significative du rendement de l'orge. Cette augmentation, en particulier dans un essai, a été provoquée en partie par l'impossibilité d'obtenir un bon lit de semence dans les parcelles non traitées, en raison de la végétation. Dans les emplacements où il n'a pas élé constaté d'accroissement de rendement, la population d'A. repensétait beaucoup plus faible. Die Bekämpfung von Agropyron repens (i.) Beauv. auf der Stoppel mit Glyphosate Es wird eine Reihe von Versuchen beschrieben, in denen N-(Phosphonomethyl)glycin (Glyphosate) zur Bekämpfung von Agropyron repens (L) Beauv. eingesetzt wurde. Die Anwendung von Glyphosate in unbearbeiteter Stoppel in den Jahren 1971 und 1972, führte zu einer guten Bekämpfung von A. repens. Fräsen 5 Wochen (1971) bzw. 8 Wochen (1972) vor der Behandlung, oder 8 Tage nach der Behandlung (1972), beeinträchtigte den Bekämpfungserfolg nicht. In zwei von drei Versuchen bewirkte die Queckenbekämpfung einen gesicherten Mehrertrag bei Gerste. Besonders in einem Versuch war dieser Mehrertrag auf die starke Verqueckung in Unbehandelt zurückzuführen, wo eine optimale Bereitung des Saatbetts nicht möglich war. Dort, wo kein Ertragszuwachs festgestellet werden konnte, war die Verseu-chung mit A. repens viel schwächer. 相似文献
12.
David Coupland 《Pest management science》1984,15(3):226-234
The effect of temperature on the activity and metabolism of glyphosate, as its mono(isopropylammonium) salt, in single-node rhizome fragments of Elymus repens was investigated in controlled environment cabinets. Post-treatment temperatures of 26/16° (day/night) reduced the activity of the herbicide compared with that at 10/6°, respectively. Under both temperature regimes and using [14C]glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium), more [14C]glyphosate accumulated in the node tissues and buds than in the internodes, but at teh higher temperature the rate of glyphosate metabolism was greater, and more 14C was lost as [14C]carbon dioxide. Evidence is presented to indicate that plant extracts contained at least two components which yielded glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid after both acid or base treatment, but not on incubation with β-glucosidase. It is therefore tentatively suggested that these metabolites are not β-glycosides but perhaps are conjugates with other natural plant constituents involving the phosphonyl and/or amino groups of the herbicide. 相似文献
13.
A. M. BLAIR 《Weed Research》1975,15(2):101-105
N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) at 0·5-1·0 kg a.i./ha controlled Agropyron repens grown in specially established 1-m2 field plots in three out of four experiments. The addition of butyl acid phosphate or ammonium sulphate to the spray liquid improved the level of control given by glyphosate alone, where there was scope for such improvement: the addition of ammonium nitrate had no effect. When ammonium sulphate was added to either dalapon or asulam there was also no increased control of A. repens. However, when added to activated aminotriazole at 2·0 kg a.i./ha, ammonium sulphate significantly increased the level of control of A. repens in one experiment. Addition de sets d'ammonium ou d'un ester phosphorique à des herbicides en vue de la destruction de l'Agropyron repens (L) Beauv. La N- (phosphonométhyl) glycine (glyphosate) à al dose de 0.5–1.0 kg m.a./ha a été efficace contre l'Agropyron repens poussant au champ dans des parcelles spécialement établies de 1-m2 dans trois essais sur quatre. L'addition de phosphate acide de butyle ou de sulfate d'ammonium au liquide pulvérisé a augments le niveau d'efflcacité obtenu avec le glyphosate seul, là oú il y avait possibilité de réaliser cette amélioration; l'addition de nitrate d'ammonium fut sans effet. Lorsque le sufate d'ammonium fut ajouté soit au dalapon, soit à l'asulame, il n'y eut pas non plus augmentation de l'efficacité contre A. repens. Toutefois, lorsque fut ajouté de l'aminotriazole activéà raison de 2 kg m.a./ha, le sulfate d'ammonium dans un essai accrut significativement le niveau d'efficacité contre A. repens. Der Zusatz von Ammoniumsalzen oder eines Phosphatesters zu Herbiziden zur Bekämpfung von Agropyron repens (L) Beauv. In drei von vier Versuchen wurde Agropyron repens in 1 m2 grossen Feldparzellen durch 0.5–1.0 kg A.S./ha von N-(Phosphonomethyl)glycin (Glyphosate) bekämpft. Die Zugabe von Phosphorsäure-dibutylester oder von Ammoniumsulfat zur Spritzbrühe erhöhte die Wirkung, verglichen mit Glyphosate alleine. Der Zusatz von Ammoniumnitrat brachte keine Verbesserung. Auch wenn Ammoniumsulfat zu Dalapon oder zu Asulam zugesetzt wurde, wurde die Bekämpfung von A. repens nicht verbessert. Wenn aber zu ‘aktiviertem’ Aminotrizol (Aminotriazol+Ammonium-rhodanid) bei 2,0 kg A.S./ha Ammoniumsulfat zugegeben wurde, wurde in einem Versuch die Bekämpfung von A. repens deutlich verbessert. 相似文献
14.
The effects of several formulations on foliar uptake of glyphosate, and on the morphology of glyphosate deposits on leaves, were examined in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.). [14C]glyphosate, in the form of the free acid or the isopropylamine salt (IPAS), was applied to foliage alone or with various adjuvants. Uptake of all glyphosate IPAS formulations was greater than that of the corresponding acid formulation. Addition of ‘Tween 20’ enhanced the uptake of glyphosate IPAS compared to glyphosate alone, but had no effect on the uptake of glyphosate acid. Ammonium sulfate and the ‘Roundup’ formulation blank increased the uptake of glyphosate acid and IPAS to 2-3 times that of herbicide alone. Surface deposits, as observed by scanning electron microscopy, varied with the formulation of the herbicide, although there were no differences between the acid and IPAS formulations. Glyphosate alone initially formed a deposit with both crystalline and smooth, amorphous areas. Later in the treatment period (48 and 72 h after application), the deposit was almost entirely crystalline. The addition of ‘Tween 20’ or of formulation blank resulted in the formation of a more amorphous, non-crystalline deposit. Herbicide solutions containing ammonium sulfate dried to form a highly crystalline deposit. However, crystals similar to those of glyphosate alone were not visible in these deposits. The ability of these adjuvants to prevent or delay crystal formation may play a role in their enhancement of herbicide uptake. 相似文献
15.
Uptake, translocation, metabolism and selectivity of glyphosate in Canada thistle and leafy spurge 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The uptake, translocation and metabolism of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] by Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) (susceptible) and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula (L.)) (resistant) were examined in an attempt to elucidate the nature of the differential sensitivity. The pattern of uptake and translocation was similar in both species. Glyphosate moved readily in the apoplast and the symplast. High humidity and/or surfactant greatly increased the amount of 14C-glyphosate absorbed and translocated over that in low humidity and/or without surfactant. No 14Cmetabolites were detected in either species 1 week after treatment with 14C-glyphosate. More of a glyphosate spray solution containing a fluorescent dye was received and retained on Canada thistle by virtue of its growth habit than on leafy spurge. More glyphosate should therefore be available for uptake by Canada thistle and this may account for the differential sensitivity of these two species. 相似文献
16.
Summary. Herbicide combinations containing paraquat were synergistic and provided control of established Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. (quackgrass) sods for the entire growing season. Paraquat applied at 0–5 lb/ac with simazine or diuron at 4–0 lb/ac was more phytotoxic than either herbicide applied singly and the enhanced activity was more than additive. This synergism was not due to increased absorption or translocation of either herbicide in aerial portions of the plant. Paraquat applied to the shoot increased the susceptibility of quackgrass to simazine action through the soil. Pre-treatment of quackgrass with aminotriazole or amitrole-T at 10 lb/ac 7 days before paraquat application at 0–5 lb/ac provided increased toxicity over that obtained when the two herbicides were applied together or singly. Subsequent studies indicated that aminotriazole applications prior to shoot destruction by either paraquat or clipping resulted in more chronic aminotriazole toxicity. Using methyl-14C-paraquat it was found that aminotriazole pre-loading also increased the movement of paraquat in and out of the treated leaf. This increase was even more pronounced with amitrole-T. When the two herbicides were applied together, antagonism in absorption and translocation occurred. Action synergique de combinaisons d'herbicides comprenant du paraquat sur Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. 相似文献
17.
The uptake and translocation of [14C]asulam (methyl 4-aminophenyl-sulphonylcarbamate), [14C]aminotriazole (1-H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylamine) and [14C]glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) were assessed in Equisetum arvense L. (field horsetail), a weed of mainly horticultural situations. Under controlled-environment conditions, 21°C day/18°C night and 70% r. h., the test herbicides were applied to 2-month-old and 2-year-old plants. Seven days following the application of 0.07-0.09 °Ci (1.14mg) of the test herbicides to young E. arvense, the accumulation of 14C-label (as percentage of applied radioactivity) in the treated shoots, untreated apical and basal shoots was as follows: [14C]asulam, 13.2, 0.18 and 1.02%; [14C] aminotriazole, 67.2, 3.65 and 1-91%; [14C]glyphosate, 35.9, 0.06 and 0.11%. The equivalent mean values for the accumulation of 14C-label in 2-year-old E. arvense were [14C]asulam, 12.0, 1-15 and 1.74%; [14C]aminotriazole, 58.6, 9.44 and 4.12%; [14C]glyphosate, 33.1, 0.79 and 2.32%. In the latter experiment, test plants received 0.25-0.30 °Ci (4mg) of herbicide, they were assessed after a 14-day period and the experiment was carried out at 3-week intervals between 2 June and 25 August on outdoor-grown plants. Irrespective of test herbicide or time of application, very low levels of 14C-label accumulated in the rhizome system. Only 0.2% of the applied radioactivity was recovered in 2-year-old plants and 0.4% in 2-month-old plants. In the young plants [14C]asulam accumulated greater amounts and concentrations of 14C-label in the rhizome apices and nodes than [14C]aminotriazole or [14C]glyphosate treatments. Inadequate control of E. arvense under field conditions may be due to limited basipetal translocation and accumulation of the test herbicides in the rhizome apices and nodes. 相似文献
18.
The broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk) susceptibility to glyphosate applied on faba-bean (Vicia faba L.) as affected by the parasite growth stages at the time of application was studied under field conditions. Glyphosate treatments delayed O. crenata emergence. Single glyphosate application to faba-bean infected with O. crenata predominantly at the stage (a) (small nodule) and (b) (nodules with initial vestigial roots) resulted in a moderate to low control. When the stages (c) (shoot bud already visible) or (d) (shoot and vestigial roots well developed) were the predominant stages, an excellent control was achieved with a single glyphosate application at 60 g ha?1. Increased development stages, with the shoot emerged from the shoot bud, decreased its susceptibility to glyphosate. La lutte contre Orobanche crenata en culture de férerole avec le glyphosate; influence des doses d'herbicide et du stade de développement du parasite 相似文献
19.
Buthidazole (3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3.4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-l-methyl-2-imidazolidinone) at concentrations of 10?6-10?4M did not affect germination of corn (Zea mays L.,‘Pioneer 3780’), redroot pigweed (Amaranlhus retroflexus L.), alfalfa (Medicago saliva L., ‘Vernal’), and quackgrass (Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.) seeds. Stressing the seeds obtained from mature corn plants treated either pre-emergence or pre- plant incorporated with buthidazole at several rates by accelerated ageing and cold treatments further indicated that this herbicide did not affect germination. Total photosynthesis and dark respiration of corn plants 12 days after pre-emergence application and of redroot pigweed, alfalfa, and quackgrass plants after postemergence application of buthidazole at several rates were measured with an infrared CO2 analyser. The results suggested that buthidazole was a rapid inhibitor of photosynthesis of the sensitive redroot pigweed and quackgrass plants, with less effect on corn and alfalfa. Buthidazole did not affect respiration of the examined species except for a transitory increase in corn and alfalfa 12 days after pre-emergence or 4 h after postemergence treatment with buthidazole at 0.56 or 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha, respectively. A long-term inhibition of quackgrass respiration 96 h after treatment with buthidazole at 1.12 and 224 kg/ha was also evident. 相似文献
20.
Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) control under drought stress with 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and glyphosate 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) is a common and troublesome weed in cropping systems throughout the United States. With the potential for future periods of low rainfall or drought, the need for improved weed control under drought stress is necessary. Drought stress typically reduces herbicide efficacy by reducing the foliar uptake of herbicides and their translocation. The objectives of this research were to determine the efficacy of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and glyphosate, applied alone or when tank‐mixed, on waterhemp under varying levels of drought stress, the effect of the timing of drought stress in relation to herbicide application and the absorption and translocation of each herbicide in drought‐stressed waterhemp. At reduced herbicide rates, 2,4‐D had a greater level of control of waterhemp under drought stress, compared to glyphosate. The level of herbicide efficacy was lower when the amount of water that was applied to the plants was reduced. The level of waterhemp control was greatest when drought stress occurred before the herbicide application and when the plants were watered to saturation after the application, compared to when drought stress occurred after the herbicide application or restricted watering levels occurred throughout the entire study. Glyphosate absorption and translocation were reduced in the drought‐stressed plants, but 2,4‐D absorption and translocation were not altered. The absence of a reduction in 2,4‐D translocation in the drought‐stressed weeds has not been previously reported. Applying herbicides prior to a rainfall event could increase the weed control level, even if the weed is stressed. Determining how and why 2,4‐D absorption and translocation levels, compared to those of glyphosate, are unaffected by drought stress in waterhemp can aid in improving the control of drought‐stressed weeds with other postemergence herbicides. 相似文献