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1.
植物体细胞杂交是植物种质资源创制的重要方法。体细胞杂种在原生质体再生的过程中染色体会产生非常多的遗传变异。研究体细胞杂种的染色体行为为马铃薯体细胞杂种的创制和利用提供理论基础。本研究采用rDNA和端粒重复序列作为探针进行原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization),并结合基因组原位杂交(genomic in situ hybridization),对马铃薯和茄子体细胞杂种染色体组成和变异进行了分析。原位杂交结果表明,体细胞杂种中存在马铃薯和茄子融合的染色体和双着丝粒染色体,并发现部分融合染色体是由马铃薯和茄子2号染色体末端对末端融合得到的。重排的双着丝粒染色体的着丝粒一个来源于马铃薯,一个来源于茄子。此外,体细胞杂种中来源于茄子的5S rDNA在体细胞杂种再生及稳定的过程中全部丢失。研究结果表明马铃薯与茄子在进行体细胞杂交的过程中,染色体是不稳定的,容易造成融合后代出现双着丝粒和染色体重排等现象。体细胞杂种的染色体会通过染色体重排、双着丝粒、rDNA均一化等多种形式使其染色体趋于稳定。 相似文献
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T.-H. Park V. G. A. A. Vleeshouwers E. Jacobsen E. van der Vossen R. G. F. Visser 《Plant Breeding》2009,128(2):109-117
Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most devastating diseases in potato cultivation and is mostly controlled by the application of chemicals. However, introduction of combinations of resistance ( R ) genes conferring broad-spectrum resistance from wild Solanum species into cultivated potatoes is considered the most practical and promising approach to achieve durable resistance. This can be realized via classical breeding or genetic modification (GM). Because classical breeding is very time-consuming and is often hampered by linkage drag, a GM approach seems logic in this heterozygous and vegetatively propagated crop. During the last decades, many R genes have been identified in several wild Solanum species. Some have been cloned and more will follow. When these genes are derived from species crossable with cultivated potato (so-called cisgenes), application in resistance breeding using a GM approach is similar to an introgression breeding approach, in that the exploited genes are indigenous to the crop. Pending deregulation or derogation of cisgenesis, the use of cisgenic R genes would be an ideal strategy to accomplish durable resistance in potato. 相似文献
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消费者转基因食品认知情况调查与思考 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
随着生物技术的发展,转基因食品也在不断进入人们的生活,明确了解转基因食品标识现状和消费者对转基因食品的认知情况将有助于转基因食品市场的发展。此文通过对石家庄市城区几家大型超市的实地调查以及对普通消费者的问卷调查,探究石家庄市食品市场上转基因食品标识现状以及消费者对转基因食品认知情况和购买意愿,并由此引发了对消费者知情选择权的思考。结果表明,转基因食品在市场上的标识情况还比较混乱,对玉米、大豆、番茄及马铃薯等相关食品的调查结果显示,15.7%的相关食品标识为转基因,11.4%标识为非转基因,70%以上的相关食品没有“是否转基因”的标识。结果还显示76.0%的被调查者不知道是否有管理转基因农产品的法规,并且67.9%的被调查者表示愿意了解转基因食品的相关知识。该调查结果从一个侧面反映了中国中小城市普通消费者对转基因产品的认知情况,也说明了转基因食品的概念在普通消费者人群还有很多空白,该调查研究可为转基因食品市场规范发展提供依据。 相似文献
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甘薯种质创新技术及其创新材料 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
种质创新作为甘薯育种的基础,对甘薯育种的发展起非常重要的作用.本文对通过有性杂交、体细胞杂交、理化诱变创新甘薯种质进行了总结归纳:对于杂交亲和组合,可通过嫁接诱导及短日照处理诱导开花,同时配合激素处理,加大近缘野生资源利用,提高结实率;对杂交不亲和组合可以通过体细胞杂交、激素处理结合子房、胚珠培养等克服杂交不亲和;遗传转化可打破基因连锁,创新种质;单倍体诱导的适宜期为单核期;自然变异、辐射诱变及化学诱变为有益突变体获得的主要途径;嫁接技术为基因水平转移开辟了一条新的途径;同时对今后甘薯种质创新技术研究的方向进行了展望. 相似文献
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Kazuo Watanabe 《Breeding Science》2015,65(1):53-68
Potato has a variety of reproductive uniquenesses besides its clonal propagation by tubers. These traits are controlled by a different kind of genetic control. The reproductive information has been applied to enable interspecific hybridization to enhance valuable traits, such as disease and pest resistances, from the tuber-bearing Solanum gene pool. While progress has been made in potato breeding, many resources have been invested due to the requirements of large populations and long time frame. This is not only due to the general pitfalls in plant breeding, but also due to the complexity of polyploid genetics. Tetraploid genetics is the most prominent aspect associated with potato breeding. Genetic maps and markers have contributed to potato breeding, and genome information further elucidates questions in potato evolution and supports comprehensive potato breeding. Challenges yet remain on recognizing intellectual property rights to breeding and germplasm, and also on regulatory aspects to incorporate modern biotechnology for increasing genetic variation in potato breeding. 相似文献
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Summary As the exploitation of economic characters in potato is reaching a plateau, use of exotic germplasm offers an ideal opportunity for further improvement. Fifty-five accessions from eleven countries were studied under long and short day conditions. Wide variation was noticed for a number of phenological, morphological and tuber characters. Analysis of variation and correlations has demonstrated possibilities for using this diverse germplasm in various potato improvement programs.Abbreviations APC -
Andean Primitive Cultivars
- AUDPC -
Area Under Disease Progress Curve
- CCBL -
Commerical Cultivars and Breeding Lines
- LD -
Long Days
- SD -
Short Days 相似文献
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摘 要：马铃薯高度杂合的同源四倍体遗传背景使马铃薯新品种选育的预见性较差,但对大量亲本杂交效果及其配合力的评价仍使马铃薯育种工作有一定的规律性可循。在低纬高原条件下杂交15份马铃薯亲本,配制93份杂交组合,授粉花朵1937朵,坐果621朵,平均坐果率32.06%,共计60个杂交组合坐果结实。适合做母本的品种有：‘丽薯6号’、‘高淀2’、‘丽薯7号’、‘米拉’、‘宁蒗A’、‘转心乌’等,‘CIP004’、‘CIP005’、‘阿乌洋芋’、‘高淀1’、‘老鼠洋芋’等则适合做父本;‘高淀2’和‘丽薯7号’做父本完全不结实,‘宁蒗A’做父本的结实率也仅有2%,均属雄性不育类型。在坐果率超过70%的19个组合中,云南地方种和CIP亲本的杂交组合居多。 相似文献
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Summary The past 25 years, 1686 potato accessions, representing 100 species in the genus Solanum L., subgenus Potatoe, section Petota, were evaluated for field resistance to one or more of the following insect pests: green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer); potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas); Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say); potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris (Harris); and potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris). Accessions highly resistant to green peach aphid were identified within 36 species, to potato aphid within 24 species, to Colorado potato beetle within 10 species, to potato flea beetle within 25 species, and to potato leafhopper within 39 species. Resistance levels were characteristic within Solanum species. Insect resistance appears to be a primitive trait in wild potatoes. Susceptibility was most common in the primitive and cultivated Tuberosa. Insect resistance was also characteristic of the most advanced species. The glycoalkaloid tomatine was associated with field resistance to Colorado potato beetle and potato leafhopper. Other glycoalkaloids were not associated with field resistance at the species level. Dense hairs were associated with resistance to green peach aphid, potato flea beetle, and potato leafhopper. Glandular trichomes were associated with field resistance to Colorado potato beetle, potato flea beetle, and potato leafhopper. Significant correlations between insect score and altitude of original collection were observed in six of thirteen species. Species from hot and arid areas were associated with resistance to Colorado potato beetle, potato flea beetle, and potato leafhopper. Species from cool or moist areas tended to be resistant to potato aphid.Abbreviations EBN
Endosperm Balance Number 相似文献
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中国甘薯小象甲的rDNA ITS-1遗传变异及入侵来源研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
甘薯小象甲是国内外重要检疫性害虫,明确中国不同地区甘薯小象甲的遗传多样性可为甘薯小象甲的鉴别检疫提供依据。本文通过对中国6个地区甘薯小象甲种群rDNA ITS-1序列的遗传变异分析探讨了中国6个地区种群的入侵来源。结合世界其他地区已公布35个甘薯小象甲种群序列,经系统发育分析表明,甘薯小象甲起源于印度次大陆,在亚洲地区随甘薯的调运而自东南向西北扩展,构建的系统发育树分为印度地区分支和亚洲东部分支两个大的分支,而亚洲东部分支又进一步划分为东南部和东北部两个亚支,中国的甘薯小象甲种群分别位于东北部分支的两个亚分支上,说明中国6个地区甘薯小象甲种群至少通过两个不同地区侵入中国,并在中国定居。 相似文献
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Although a national strategy for the coexistence of GM and conventional/organic crops in Ireland has been published (McGill et al., 2005), measures pertaining to the coexistence of GM and non-GM oilseed rape (OSR) crops was omitted pending the completion of regional specific research. As the evaluation of gene flow between coexisting OSR varieties cannot be solely studied through field experiments and to assist policy makers in the generation of coexistence guidelines for GM herbicide tolerant (HT) OSR, the present work utilized the gene flow model GeneSys to simulate the influence of management strategies on gene escape from GM OSR across the Irish agri-environment. The model predicted that the incorporation of GMHT OSR into an existing winter wheat-based rotation without a complimentary modification to the cropping regime would rapidly compromise coexistence, recorded as the % harvest impurities in non-GM OSR crops at the silo and the % of non-GM OSR fields whose harvest exceeded the European Union labelling threshold of 0.9% GM content. Enhanced herbicide efficacy, the application of spring weed control, the inclusion of a single spring crop (potato, barley, maize) post-OSR, reduced regional harvest impurities in non-GM OSR crops below the 0.9% threshold. The simulations showed that the establishment of GM zones by clustering of GMHT OSR fields presents for early adopters a viable mechanism to achieve coexistence with neighboring non-GM OSR sites. By incorporating a 50 m non-OSR (GM/non-GM) buffer zone to circumvent each GM cluster, the simulations concluded that regional harvest purity can be assured with up to 6 separate clusters accommodating up to 10% regional GM adoption across the landscape. Significantly, these simulations were completed using GMHT OSR as a break crop in the standard winter wheat rotation, which in previous simulations was deemed to be impractical for coexistence purposes. Organizing cultivation through GM clusters, presents a workable option to those early adopters who will seek to investigate the potential of the technology by (i) concentrating the necessity for intensive volunteer control in a specific, localised area (ii) increasing the potential for allocating machinery via GM/non-GM purposes and (iii) facilitating regulatory requirements in regards to farmer-to-farmer communication. 相似文献
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马铃薯不同品种间气孔密度及叶绿素含量的差异性研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为不同地区马铃薯优质高产栽培选择合适的品种,采用显微照相法和相对叶绿素含量测定仪SPAD-502plus,研究3个品种间马铃薯气孔密度和相对叶绿素含量。结果表明,马铃薯气孔密度随生育期而逐渐变大,在盛花期达到最大值后略有下降;马铃薯相对叶绿素含量（SPAD值）的变化趋势与马铃薯气孔密度基本一致;通过试验研究得出抗旱性高的品种为‘青薯168’,需氮量较高的为‘青薯2号’。 相似文献
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养分专家系统推荐施肥对马铃薯产量及肥料利用率的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为评价马铃薯养分专家系统在内蒙古马铃薯养分管理中的应用效果,在内蒙古马铃薯主产区武川县和乌兰察布市集宁区进行马铃薯养分专家系统推荐施肥定位试验。以农户习惯施肥（FP）和测土配方施肥（ST）为对照,同时设置养分专家系统推荐施肥处理（NE）、不施氮肥处理（NE-N）、不施磷肥处理（NE-P）及不施钾肥处理（NE-K）,研究马铃薯养分专家系统推荐施肥对马铃薯产量、养分利用效率以及经济效益的影响。结果表明,NE处理与FP处理相比,增产幅度可达4.22%~11.98%,与ST处理相比增产幅度为0.34%~10.02%;同时,NE处理氮肥利用效率较FP处理提高17.29%~23.00%,较ST处理提高6.21%~21.26%。本研究初步认为:通过优化推荐施肥量和施肥方法,在内蒙古马铃薯主产区养分专家系统可提高马铃薯产量和肥料利用率,同时有效降低化学肥料对马铃薯农田环境的污染风险。 相似文献
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在甘薯遗传多样性研究中,目前主要采用细胞核基因组的遗传信息。而放任授粉(集团杂交)是甘薯育种的重要手段,但基于叶绿体微卫星(chloroplast simple sequence repeat,cpSSR)标记技术的甘薯的遗传多样性分析和指纹图谱构建的研究报道较少。本研究基于cpSSR标记技术,对16份甘薯品种进行分子鉴别,并建立相对应的指纹图谱。利用在19对cpSSR引物中筛选出的11对特异性引物进行cpSSR扩增,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,结果显示,共扩增出43个条带,其中多态性条带33条,平均每对引物扩增出3个多态性条带,多态性百分率为76.74%。16份甘薯品种的遗传距离变异范围为0.0912-0.5067,平均遗传距离是0.2301。聚类分析表明,cpSSR标记能大致反映出不同品种之间的亲缘关系。该指纹图谱的建立,可为中国甘薯品种数据库的完善、近缘甘薯品种的鉴定、育种亲本的选择和品种保护提供参考依据。 相似文献
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Agus Purwito G. A. Wattimena Muhamad Syukur Sobir Ferdhi I. Nuryana Heri Harti Awang Maharijaya 《Euphytica》2017,213(10):237
Potato is one of the most important crops in the world, including in the tropics. Potato requires low temperatures or cool climate for optimum tuber yield, which in the tropics, can be obtained mostly in high altitude growing areas. The limitation of land availability for potato production in highland areas of some tropical countries has steered the recent development of potato production to medium altitude areas. The objective of our study is to identify potato accessions with promising levels of heat resistance in laboratory and with good adaptation to medium altitude in the field. We used in vitro assay to screen a number of potato clones with possible resistance to heat stress on the basis literature and database of the International Potato Center, supplemented with the collection of Bogor Agricultural University. We then continued with verification of selected clones using field test in high altitude (1300 m above sea level) and medium altitude (700 m above sea level) areas. Our result showed that there is considerable variation of S. tuberosum for their adaptation to medium altitude areas in the tropics that can be exploited in breeding programs. We identified one genotype PKHT 2013-06 that was superior for its ability to produce tubers under extreme conditions. Thus, it might be very suitable to be used in a breeding program to develop tolerant varieties of potato to medium altitude areas in the tropics. 相似文献
19.
Lars Roer 《Euphytica》1967,16(2):283-292
The report deals with experiments in which gamma irradiation was applied to induce somatic mutations in potato clones. The best results are obtained when an irradiation dose of 3200 r is applied.Most of the aberrants recognized were colour mutations or leaf mutations. All these aberrants were inferior to the original clones when tested in yield trials.In the variety Pimpernel occurred a mutant with definitely shorter stolons than the original clone. Unfortunately this character was correlated with a great tendency of the tubers to cracking and the clone will not be released for commercial growing.The possibilities of using artificial induction of mutations in potato breeding are briefly discussed. 相似文献
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北京市甘薯育苗生产与需求现状及发展建议 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对从北京市密云、大兴、房山、延庆、顺义的16个乡镇随机抽取的116户甘薯种植户的薯苗需求情况进行调研,再选取密云、大兴、房山、延庆7个乡镇的41户甘薯育苗户进行育苗生产情况调研,结果发现：北京市甘薯育苗及生产存在甘薯种植面积零散、育苗质量参差不齐、种薯（苗）生产销售非专业化、脱毒种（苗）普及率低、甘薯贮藏损失率高等问题。建议：优化甘薯品种布局、创新甘薯脱毒技术,推广绿色环保高效育苗方式,打造京郊“籽种农业”,辐射京津冀地区,带动甘薯产业协同发展。 相似文献