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1.
Prevention and control of lameness in dairy cattle 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The prevention and control of lameness are essential if a dairy herd is to return a profit. Breeding, feeding, housing, and management practices are all involved, and errors or omissions in any of these areas can result in catastrophic lameness. An accurate diagnosis and proper treatment are necessary to minimize losses when lameness occurs. 相似文献
2.
In the preceding pages, the various components of an examination have been described. Each clinician will formulate his own method of utilizing these components. The following are suggested steps in a practical approach to the diagnosis of lameness. Evaluate the conditions under which restraint of the animal is possible (corral, free stall, stanchion barn). Assess the temperament, physical strength, and general amenability of the animal to be examined. If the animal is at liberty, its movements can be studied. If it is standing quietly observe it. If the animal is tied up and it seems feasible to examine the animal while it is walking, observe the animal and take its history while it is still tied up. Aggressive and wild animals should be observed, but little beneficial information will be gained from a regional approach to evaluating movement at this stage. Even if the seat of lameness seems to be in the proximal limb, it is mandatory in every case to examine the hooves and interdigital space at some stage during the evaluation. However, if the probability of proximal lameness is high, the clinician may proceed to make a complete evaluation, which would include studying the quality of movement before checking that the distal extremity is normal in every way. If the clinician decides to proceed with an examination of the digital region and is unable to locate a causative lesion in the extremity, he would then evaluate movement and manipulate and palpate the proximal limb. If no cause of the lameness becomes apparent, the nerve supply to the extremity would then be blocked.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
3.
Where does it hurt? Problems with interpretation of regional and intra‐synovial diagnostic analgesia 
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下载免费PDF全文 Detailed clinical evaluation and diagnostic analgesia are crucial for accurate lameness diagnosis. This review discusses the ways in which local analgesic techniques can cause confusion and highlights how important it is to recognise that the majority of methods are less specific than was formerly thought. Interpretation of responses must be done together with the results of clinical examination and careful assessment of diagnostic images. With the knowledge of false negative and false positive results of local analgesic techniques and the recognition that there may be more than one focus of pain contributing to lameness, it is still possible to reach accurate diagnoses, provided that a logical, thoughtful approach is utilised. 相似文献
4.
K S Schulz 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2001,31(1):85-99, vi
Lameness of the forelimb may be one of the more frustrating problems in small animal orthopedics. It is likely that numerous causes of forelimb lameness are not yet defined or well understood. The common and some less common causes of forelimb lameness are discussed as well as their means of diagnosis. The application of new diagnostic tools including arthroscopy and ultrasound are also discussed. 相似文献
5.
S Dyson 《Equine veterinary journal》1986,18(1):25-28
Methods of investigating horses with suspected shoulder lameness are described and discussed. The gait of shoulder lameness is characterised and compared with that of lower forelimb lameness. If lameness is slight, differentiation may be difficult, but if moderate, upper forelimb lameness usually results in shortening of the cranial phase of the stride and a low limb flight. Clinically, it may not be possible to differentiate between shoulder and elbow lameness without intra-articular anaesthesia. Practical aspects of intra-articular anaesthesia of the shoulder joint are reviewed. Synovial fluid must be retrieved to ensure that the needle is intra-articular. Up to 60 mins may elapse after injection of local anaesthetic before significant improvement occurs. Lameness is often improved rather than eliminated. A technique for standing radiography of the shoulder is described and the limitations of assessing a joint only by lateral projections are highlighted. There may be difficulties in positioning weanling foals and yearlings, resulting in superimposition of the shoulder joint, cervical and thoracic vertebra and ribs. It is concluded that a combination of a thorough clinical examination, faradism, local anaesthesia, synovial fluid analysis and radiography usually enables an accurate diagnosis to be reached. 相似文献
6.
A Desrochers D E Anderson G St-Jean 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2001,17(1):39-51, v-vi
Veterinarians are often asked to examine cattle for lameness. A good history, observation of stance and stride, and physical examination are critical to the diagnosis of lameness in cattle. Methods of examination, including observation of the animal at a distance and during movement, are described. Lameness grading systems and ancillary diagnostic tests are also discussed. 相似文献
7.
The equine fetlock is the joint most commonly associated with lameness. Although the fetlock is regarded as a simple joint, diagnosis of a fetlock disorder can be a challenge and various imaging modalities are routinely used to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. This review describes the principal disorders affecting the soft tissues of the fetlock region and addresses some of the technical aspects involved in taking radiographic and ultrasonographic images of the different soft tissue lesions. A combination of radiography and ultrasonography is still the most commonly used diagnostic approach in clinical practice. 相似文献
8.
J J McDonnell S R Platt L A Clayton 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2001,31(1):17-38
Animals presented with non-weight-bearing lameness are a diagnostic challenge for the veterinarian. It is extremely important to distinguish between orthopedic and neurologic causes of lameness, because the diagnostic and therapeutic plans can be quite different. Myopathies can be confused with orthopedic disease because of gait abnormalities and associated muscle pain. Common myopathies seen in companion animal medicine include polymyositis, muscular dystrophy, endocrine and infectious myopathies, and myasthenia gravis. Lameness caused by disease of the nerve root or nerve is confused with orthopedic disease because of the disturbances of a nerve's sensory distribution (nerve-root signature) or disruption of the motor innervation. The diseases of the nerve root or nerve discussed are lateralized intervertebral disk disease, spinal cord neoplasia, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and traumatic neuropathies. The diagnosis of these diseases requires careful attention to the signalment, a complete history, and a thorough physical examination focusing on the neurologic and orthopedic components. Ancillary testing should be selected based on these results and a minimum database. Electrodiagnostic testing, radiography, and advanced imaging may help to localize the lesion more precisely and sometimes to confirm the diagnosis. Surgical exploration and histopathology often provide the definitive diagnosis. These cases of non-weight-bearing lameness are a diagnostic challenge, but when successful resolution can be reached, it is gratifying to the clinician, client, and patient. 相似文献
9.
Lischer ChJ Bischofberger AS Fürst A Lang J Ueltschi G 《Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde》2006,148(2):86-97
Lameness in horses due to pain originating from the proximal metacarpal/metatarsal region remains a diagnostic challenge. In cases of obvious lameness the pain can be localised to this region by diagnostic anaesthesia. Because a variety of disorders can cause lameness in this region different imaging modalities including radiography, ultrasonography and scintigraphy should be used to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. Even though a precise anatomic-pathologic diagnosis can still be an enigma, because not only bone and joints, but also soft tissue structures including the proximal suspensory ligament, its origin at the proximal metacarpus/ metatarsus, its fascia, the superficial fascia, as well as the intermetacarpal/metatarsal ligaments, the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon and both digital flexor tendons may be involved. Magnet resonance tomography (MRT) shows a high diagnostic sensitivity in imaging soft tissue structures and bone. In horses MRT is still at the beginning. The MRT appearance of the proximal metacarpal/metatarsal region has not yet been evaluated in detail and there are only few anatomic studies of the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses. The first experiences showed, that more gross and histologic examinations are necessary to fully interpret MRT-images and to differentiate pathologic alterations from clinically not relevant variations. 相似文献
10.
Garosi L 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2012,14(1):85-93
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Neurological causes of lameness are infrequently seen in cats but they are an important consideration when an obvious orthopaedic cause cannot be identified. Monoparetic cats are also frequently presented for veterinary investigation with the main complaint being lameness. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Neurological causes of lameness may be difficult to determine without access to advanced imaging modalities, electrodiagnostics or cerebrospinal fluid analysis. AUDIENCE: This review, aimed at all veterinarians who treat cats, sets out to describe the specific approach to cats with lameness that cannot be attributed to an orthopaedic cause. It describes the diagnosis and management of the most common neurological conditions responsible for lameness or monoparesis in cats. 相似文献
11.
Accurate diagnosis of conditions of the equine proximal metacarpus and metatarsus presents a clinical challenge. Diagnostic analgesia of this region is nonspecific, which may lead to incorrect interpretation of blocking patterns, potentiating incorrect diagnoses and treatment. Results of local analgesia should be examined carefully during clinical lameness evaluations due to the possibility of diffusion of local anaesthetic solution and inadvertent intrasynovial injection. Supplementary diagnostic analgesia of surrounding anatomic regions and advanced diagnostic imaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, are recommended for most accurate diagnosis of lameness. Failure in response to therapy in cases where supplementary diagnostic analgesia and advanced diagnostic imaging have not been performed should prompt the clinician to broaden the approach to better characterise the site of pain. 相似文献
12.
K.A. Leach H.R. Whay C.M. Maggs Z.E. Barker E.S. Paul A.K. Bell D.C.J. Main 《Research in veterinary science》2010,89(2):318-323
Reducing lameness in dairy herds requires farmers to adapt or change existing practices or resources. Those who seek to improve animal welfare by influencing the actions of farmers need to understand farmers’ motivations. To investigate why farmers see lameness as a problem and what motivates their efforts to reduce lameness, a questionnaire was carried out with 222 UK dairy farmers. Farmers considered pain and suffering for the cows to be an important outcome of lameness, but reduced performance by lame cows was also seen as a considerable problem. The motivator most commonly given high importance was pride in a healthy herd. Factors incorporating accreditation issues, public image and costs of treatment were generally seen to be of some, but lesser importance. Advisors need to take all these areas into consideration when working to encourage farmers to act to reduce lameness and thereby improve animal welfare. 相似文献
13.
In horses at a trot, the head moves up and down twice in one stride. In horses with unilateral forelimb lameness this movement is asymmetric. Computer-assisted kinematic analysis of vertical head movement can be used to quantify objectively lameness in horses in clinical trials. However, in mild lameness, absolute measurements of vertical head height may not be sensitive enough to detect small differences in lameness, and extraneous head movement by the horse due to curiosity, excitement or nervousness interferes with the accurate measurement of vertical head movement asymmetry. We describe a simple, signal-decompensation method of evaluating vertical head movement using a model of induced mild foot lameness in 9 horses. The technique assumes that the vertical head movement pattern can be broken down into 3 components; the vertical head movement caused by forelimb lameness (A1), the amplitude of the natural biphasic vertical head movement (A2) and extraneous head movement. Extraneous head movement is mathematically removed from the vertical head movement pattern. A1 and A2 are then calculated. After induction of lameness, mean A1 increased by 1.63 cm (range 0.10-3.33 cm, P = 0:005). Mean A2 did not significantly change after lameness induction. Error in reproduction of the original head movement pattern was 0.3-0.5%. We calculated that a hypothetical clinical trial would require 12 subjects for testing to be 80% certain that this difference would be successfully detected using this method of lameness evaluation. 相似文献
14.
15.
Kinetic and kinematic gait analysis in dogs. 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R M McLaughlin 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2001,31(1):193-201
Kinetic and kinematic gait analysis provides objective, quantifiable, and repeatable information on normal and abnormal gait in dogs. Data collection requires specialized equipment, and techniques must be carefully controlled to ensure that accurate measurements are obtained. Force-plate and kinematic analysis is currently used primarily as a research tool to study various gait abnormalities and objectively assess treatment efficacy. As future research identifies characteristic changes associated with specific types of lameness, the use of gait analysis to evaluate individual clinical patients with lameness should become more valuable. Specialized gait analysis techniques may eventually enable veterinarians to accurately diagnose subtle lameness, better evaluate dogs with resolving lameness, and accurately select the appropriate time to return an athletic dog to exercise after recovery from an injury. 相似文献
16.
H J Seeherman E Morris M W O'Callaghan 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》1990,6(1):239-274
Discovering the cause of poor performance in racehorses can often represent a considerable challenge eluding the more common diagnostic techniques available at the racetrack. Application of sports medicine techniques to these problem cases can aid in the diagnosis of poor performance. Central to the development of this capability has been the use of highspeed treadmills, allowing the racehorse to be evaluated in the controlled laboratory setting, at exercise intensities equivalent to those of racing. Video and cinematographic gait analysis can be used in the diagnosis of subtle lameness conditions. Evaluating hoof balance at high speed has also become an important technique for both lameness diagnosis and prevention. Correcting hoof imbalance normalizes the applied stresses on joints, ligaments, and tendons. Abnormal upper airway function resulting in increased resistance to airflow is major cause of poor racing performance. Often this cause of upper airway dysfunction is difficult to evaluate at rest or after exercise. A definitive diagnosis can be made in these cases using treadmill endoscopy to visualize upper airway function during peak exercise. Lower airway function can also affect performance capability. Radiographic and scintigraphic imaging modalities can be used to evaluate both global and regional lung function in cases of suspected pneumonia, EIPH, COPD, or emphysema. Reduced metabolic fitness can be a primary cause of poor performance due to inherent differences in capability, pathologic changes in the major body systems involved in exercise, or inadequate training. Metabolic stress testing can be used to evaluate the level of fitness in these cases. Orthopedic imaging has also become a valuable diagnostic technique for evaluating musculoskeletal injuries. Scintigraphic evaluation of soft tissue and bone and CT scanning are used to localize the source of lameness and to grade the severity of various orthopedic conditions such as arthritis and stress-induced bone disease that are often difficult to categorize with conventional radiography. 相似文献
17.
Rocio Amezcua Shannon Walsh Paul H. Luimes Robert M. Friendship 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2014,55(3):268-272
Early detection of lameness in sows is important to reduce losses and improve animal welfare. Mild-to-moderate lameness is difficult to diagnose in sows. Infrared thermography (IRT) was evaluated as a method of detecting signs of inflammation in the lower limbs as an aid in lameness detection. 相似文献
18.
Barber MJ Sampson SN Schneider RK Baszler T Tucker RL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,229(5):717-720
CASE DESCRIPTION: A 5-year-old Appaloosa mare was examined for severe left forelimb lameness of 4 months' duration. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Lameness was evident at the walk and trot and was exacerbated when the horse circled to the left. Signs of pain were elicited in response to hoof testers placed over the frog of the left front hoof, and a palmar digital nerve block eliminated the lameness. Radiographs revealed no abnormalities, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed increased bone density in the medullary cavity of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone in the proton density and T2-weighted images and a defect in the fibrocartilage and subchondral bone of the flexor cortex. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Because of the absence of improvement after 4 months and the poor prognosis for return to soundness, the mare was euthanatized. An adhesion between the deep digital flexor tendon and the flexor cortex defect on the navicular bone was grossly evident, and histologic evaluation revealed diffuse replacement of marrow trabecular bone with compact lamellar bone. Changes were consistent with blunt traumatic injury to the navicular bone that resulted in bone proliferation in the medullary cavity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of MRI enabled detection of changes that were not radiographically evident and enabled accurate diagnosis of the cause of lameness. Navicular bone injury may occur without fracture and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in horses with an acute onset of severe unilateral forelimb lameness originating from the heel portion of the foot. 相似文献
19.
K.A. Leach H.R. Whay C.M. Maggs Z.E. Barker E.S. Paul A.K. Bell D.C.J. Main 《Research in veterinary science》2010,89(2):311-317
On 222 dairy farms, the farmer’s perception of the scale of the herd lameness problem was compared with the prevalence detected by observation of the milking herd, and a questionnaire explored the barriers to lameness reduction. Ninety percent of farmers did not perceive lameness to be a major problem on their farm, although the average prevalence of lameness was 36%. For 62% of the sample, lameness was not the top priority for efforts made to improve herd health. Time and labour were important limiting factors for lameness control activities and financial constraints prevented farmers taking action on advice in 30% of cases. Farmers’ understanding the implications of lameness for the farm business was limited. Lameness reduction is restricted by farmers’ perception of lameness, but also by time, labour and finance; these issues need to be addressed at the industry level to support animal welfare improvement. 相似文献
20.
A.L Eddy L.M Van Hoogmoed J.R Snyder 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2001,162(3):172-181
Equine thermography has increased in popularity recently because of improvements in thermal cameras and advances in image-processing software. The basic principle of thermography involves the transformation of surface heat from an object into a pictorial representation. The colour gradients generated reflect differences in the emitted heat. Variations from normal can be used to detect lameness or regions of inflammation in horses. Units can be so sensitive that flexor tendon injuries can be detected before the horse develops clinical lameness. Thermography has been used to evaluate several different clinical syndromes not only in the diagnosis of inflammation but also to monitor the progression of healing. Thermography has important applications in research for the detection of illegal performance-enhancing procedures at athletic events. 相似文献