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1.
Microbial communities mediate every step of the soil nitrogen cycle, yet the structure and associated nitrogen cycle functions of soil microbial communities remain poorly studied in tropical forests. Moreover, tropical forest soils are often many meters deep, but most studies of microbial nitrogen cycling have focused exclusively on surface soils. The objective of our study was to evaluate changes in bacterial community structure and nitrogen functional genes with depth in soils developed on two contrasting geological parent materials and two forest types that occur at different elevations at the Luquillo Critical Zone Observatory in northeast Puerto Rico. We excavated three soil pits to 140 cm at four different sites representing the four soil × forest combinations (n = 12), and collected samples at ten-centimeter increments from the surface to 140 cm. We used bacterial 16S rRNA gene-DGGE (denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis) to fingerprint microbial community structures, and quantitative PCR to measure the abundance of five functional genes involved in various soil nitrogen transformations: nifH (nitrogen fixation), chiA (organic nitrogen decomposition), amoA (ammonia oxidation), nirS (nitrite reduction) and nosZ (nitrous oxide reduction). Multivariate analyses of DGGE fingerprinting patterns revealed differences in bacterial community structure across the four soil × forest types that were strongly correlated with soil pH (r = 0.69, P < 0.01) and nutrient stoichiometry (r2 ≥ 0.36, P < 0.05). Across all soil and forest types, nitrogen functional genes declined significantly with soil depth (P < 0.001). Denitrification genes (nirS and nosZ) accounted for the largest proportion of measured nitrogen functional genes. Measured nitrogen functional genes were positively correlated with soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (P < 0.001) and all genes except amoA were significantly more abundant in the Inceptisol soil type compared with the Oxisol soil type (P < 0.03). Greater abundances and a stronger vertical zonation of nitrogen functional genes in Inceptisols suggest more dynamic nitrogen transformation processes in this soil type. As the first study to examine bacterial nitrogen functional gene abundances below the surface 20 cm in tropical forest soils, our work provides insight into how pedogenically-driven vertical gradients control the nitrogen-cycling capacity of soil microbial communities. While previous studies have shown evidence for redox-driven hotspots in tropical nitrogen cycling on a watershed scale, our study corroborates this finding on a molecular scale. 相似文献
2.
Helen L. Hayden Judy Drake Andrew P.A. Oxley Sorn Norng 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(10):1774-109
Nitrogen is a critical nutrient in plant-based primary production systems, therefore measurements of N cycling by microorganisms may add value to agricultural soil monitoring programs. Bacterial-mediated nitrogen cycling was investigated in soils from two broad land-uses (managed and remnant vegetation) across different Soil Orders from three geomorphic zones in Victoria, Australia, by examining the abundance of the genes amoA and nifH using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The aim of the study was to identify parameters influencing bacterial populations possessing the genes nifH and amoA, and examine their distribution at a regional scale across different management treatments. The gene amoA was most abundant in the neutral to slightly alkaline surface soils from Calcarosols in North-West Victoria. There was a highly significant (P < 0.001) interaction between land-use and geomorphic zones in terms of the abundance of amoA. Detection of the gene nifH was site specific with low copy number (less than 100 copies per nanogram of DNA) observed for some strongly acidic surface soil sites in North-East Victoria (Dermosols) and South-West Victoria (Sodosols/Chromosols), while nifH was more abundant in selected Calcarosols of North-West Victoria. The gene amoA was detected across more sites than nifH and was strongly influenced by land-use, with almost consistently greater abundance in managed compared to remnant sites, particularly for North-West and South-West Victoria. The abundance of nifH was not related to land-use, with similar copy numbers observed for both managed and remnant sites at some locations. For the gene nifH, there was no significant interaction between land-use and geomorphic zones, between managed and remnant sites or between the three geomorphic zones. Regression tree analysis revealed a number of likely soil chemical and microbial variables which may act as drivers of gene abundance of amoA and nifH. Variables identified as drivers for amoA included pH, Olsen P, microbial biomass carbon, nitrate and total nitrogen while for nifH the variables were microbial biomass carbon, electrical conductivity, microbial biomass nitrogen, total nitrogen and total potassium. Measures of N cycling genes could be used as an additional indicator of soil health to assess potential ecosystem functions. The spatial scale of the current study demonstrates that a landscape approach may assist soil health monitoring programs by evaluating N cycle gene abundance in the context of the different microbial and chemical conditions related to Soil Order and land-use management. 相似文献
3.
比较分析中国东部不同季风气候区中海伦黑土(HL)、封丘潮土(FQ)和鹰潭红壤(YT)3种土壤氨氧化细菌amoA基因多样性。采用非培养方法直接从土壤中提取微生物总DNA,用氨氧化细菌amoA基因特异引物扩增总DNA,构建了3种土壤amoA基因文库,并对文库进行限制性长度多态性(RFLP)分析。HL、FQ和YT的amoA基因文库克隆数量分别为49、50和48个,相应的RFLP类型数为10、10和14个OTUs,其中有4个OTUs为三种土壤共有;YT中氨氧化细菌amoA基因多样性指数最高,FQ最低;HL和FQ群落的相似为70%,HL与YT的相似度为50%,而FQ和YT之间仅为42%,说明氨氧化细菌具有地理分布的规律:17个amoA基因序列可以被聚成6个cluster,分属Nitrosospira和Nitrosomonas两个属。三种农田土壤中均存在丰富的氨氧化细菌,表明氨氧化细菌在农田土壤氮素循环中具有重要作用。 相似文献
4.
N2-fixation by free-living (diazotrophic) microorganism is a key process affecting ecosystem functioning in soils. Understanding drivers affecting diazotrophic community assemblages and activities may lead to management practices to increase primary production and/or environmental sustainability. We used PCR-DGGE to determine the fundamental relationships between diazotrophic community structure and in a wide range of soils across southern Australia. In addition qPCR, RT-qPCR and N2-fixation (acetylene reduction) were used to investigate factors influencing gene abundance, expression and processes in similar soils with different agricultural inputs. Across 22 soils, the structural composition of the nifH community was significantly influenced by site (ANOSIM R = 0.876; P = 0.001). The effects of management practices were evident, and often larger than between-soil differences, but were only present at some sites. Differences in nifH communities between sites correlated to particulate organic carbon (POC; measured by mid-infrared spectroscopy) content of the soils (BIO-ENV test; ρ = 0.502; P = 0.001), but not other factors including total soil C. In 3 soils from the Murrumbidgee irrigation region of NSW, intensification of the farming systems was associated with increasing N2-fixation (P < 0.05), except where rice was cultivated. N2-fixation correlated either with nifH abundance or gene expression in soils, but not both. Our data shows that soil C is closely linked to diazotrophic ecology. Principally, the amount of C entering the soil system is directly related to the abundance and N2-fixation activity of free-living bacteria. However, we also show that C in the POC pool has associative links to the genetic diversity of the soil diazotroph community. Given the importance of diversity and abundance of functional organisms in supporting ecosystem processes, we suggest that soil C inputs should be considered for both qualitative and quantitative properties when considering impacts on diazotrophic bacterial ecology. 相似文献
5.
Soil microbial habitats are altered by mulching, a common practice in urban areas during which vegetation is removed and soils covered to suppress weeds and retain moisture. Soil microorganisms drive nitrogen-cycling processes in mulched soils, because living plants no longer take up ammonium-N released during decomposition of residual organic matter. Because ammonia oxidizers carry out the first, rate-limiting step of nitrification, we compared ammonia oxidizers in experimental, unfertilized plots of mulched and vegetated soils. We hypothesized that mulched and vegetated soils would support contrasting communities of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers, as determined by quantitative PCR and primers specific for genes encoding ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA). Clone libraries of archaeal amoA also were constructed to compare diversity in soil cores, duplicate blocked plots, and treatments (bark-mulched, gravel-mulched, and unmanaged old field vegetation). Gene copies from ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) ranged from 2.2 × 106 to 2.7 × 107 gene copies per gram dry soil and did not differ across treatments. In contrast, gene copies from ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) ranged from 9.1 × 105 to 1.0 × 108 copies per gram dry soil, with bark-mulched soils having significantly lower abundance. Community structure of AOA in gravel-mulched soils was distinct from the other two treatments. At 97% amino acid similarity, 22 operational taxonomic units, or OTUs, were identified, with only one OTU found in all 18 clone libraries. This ubiquitous OTU-1, which was highly similar to published amoA sequences recovered from soils, comprised 55% of all 482 translated sequences. Greater variability in OTU richness was observed among cores from mulched soils than from vegetated soils. Our observations supported our hypothesis that AOA communities differ in mulched and vegetated soils, with mulched soils providing altered and variable microniches for these N cycling microorganisms. 相似文献
6.
We characterized nif gene structure of Paenibacillus polymyxa strain P2b-2R, an endophytic diazotroph that can provide up to 79 % of foliar N in lodgepole pine through biological nitrogen fixation. We amplified a 388-bp internal nifH gene fragment from P2b-2R using the single specific primer–polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) and performed a Southern blot analysis of Pst I/HindIII-digested genomic DNA to evaluate the sequence, copy number, and location in the nif gene operon. This strain was found to possess a single copy of the nifH gene with nifB located directly upstream of nifH and D. Phylogenetic analyses of the full nifH, partial nifB, and nifD, and 16s rDNA (rrs) gene sequences indicated that P2b-2R was part of a monophyletic cluster with other members of the genus Paenibacillus and suggest that nifH is transmitted horizontally while nifD is transmitted vertically. Our results provide the first full nifH sequence from a P. polymyxa strain and indicate that arrangement of genes in the P2b-2R nif operon is consistent with those observed in other species of the genus Paenibacillus. 相似文献
7.
Hao Tan Matthieu Barret Marlies J. Mooij Olivia Rice John P. Morrissey Alan Dobson Bryan Griffiths Fergal O’Gara 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2013,49(6):661-672
Fertilisers, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supplies, are frequently used in agricultural soil management to attain high crop yields. However, the intensive application of these chemical inputs can decrease the quality of agricultural soils and increase the probability of environmental pollution. In this study, the impact of P fertilisation on the diversity of the soil bacterial community was assessed. For this, a culture-independent approach targeting 16 rRNA and phoD genes was used on DNA extracted from pasture soils subjected to three different P fertilisation regimes for a long-term (42 years). As alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP) is necessary for mineralisation of organic P, an inverse relationship between the level of potential ALP activity and soil available P was expected. Indeed, a lower ALP activity was observed in soil subjected to higher chemical P fertiliser input. Analysis of the prevalence of three divergent families of ALP (PhoA, PhoD and PhoX) in metagenomic datasets revealed that PhoD is the most frequent ALP in soil samples and was selected as the most representative ALP possessed by the soil bacterial communities. Diversity of the phoD phosphorus mineraliser group, as well as the total bacterial community, was both increased in response to long-term P fertilisation. Specifically, phosphorus fertilisation decreased the relative abundance of certain taxa, including Acidobacteria and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In conclusion, this study shows that P fertilisation affects the microbial diversity of soil ecosystems, which might potentially modulate the soil biogeochemical cycle. 相似文献
8.
不同类型水稻土微生物群落结构特征及其影响因素 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
选取基于我国土壤地理发生分类的不同类型土壤发育的四种水稻土,利用15N2气体示踪法测定生物固氮速率,采用实时荧光定量PCR（Real-time PCR）技术测定细菌丰度,通过16S rRNA基因高通量测序分析微生物群落组成和多样性。结果表明：变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria）是水稻土中优势微生物类群。四种类型土壤发育的水稻土细菌群落结构差异显著（Stress<0.001）,群落结构分异（NMDS1）与土壤pH存在极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。土壤有机碳和碱解氮含量显著影响水稻土中细菌丰度和群落多样性（P<0.01）。红壤发育的水稻土细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数显著高于其他三种类型水稻土,但OTU数量、Chao1指数和PD指数均低于其他三种类型水稻土。土壤pH对水稻土生物固氮速率有显著影响（P<0.01）,紫色土发育的水稻土具有最高的生物固氮速率（3.2±0.7 mg×kg-1×d-1）,其中优势类群细鞘丝藻属（Leptolyngbya）可能是生物固氮的主要贡献者。研究结果丰富了对水稻土微生物多样性的认识,为通过调控土壤pH和微生物群落组成来提高稻田生物固氮潜力提供了理论依据。 相似文献
9.
Yuan Chao-Lei Zhang Li-Mei Wang Jun-Tao Hu Hang-Wei Shen Ju-Pei Cao Peng He Ji-Zheng 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(1):23-37
Purpose
The aim of this study is to investigate the abundance, diversity, and distribution of archaea and bacteria as affected by environment parameters in paddy soils, with focus on putative functional microbial groups related to redox processes. Because there is generally a high iron content in the soil, we also want to test a hypothesis that soil iron concentration significantly affects microbial diversity and distribution.
Materials and methodsQuantitative PCR and barcoded pyrosequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes were employed to investigate the abundance and community composition of archaeal and bacterial communities in 27 surface paddy soil samples. Pearson’s correlation, analysis of variance, partial least squares regression, principal coordinates analysis, and structural equation models were performed for the analyses of gene copy numbers, α-diversity, β-diversity, and relative abundances of archaea and bacteria and their relationships with environmental factors.
Results and discussionArchaeal abundance was correlated greatest with temperature, but bacterial abundance was affected mainly by soil organic matter and total nitrogen content. Soil pH and concentrations of different ions were associated with archaeal and bacterial β-diversity. The relative abundances of Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota were 61.3 and 13.1% of archaea and correlated with soil pH, which may affect the availability of substrates to methanogens and ammonia oxidizers. Dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria (32.4%), Acidobacteria (17.8%), Bacteroidetes (9.3%), and Verrucomicrobia (6.0%). The relative abundances of putative bacterial reducers of nitrate, Fe(III), sulfate, and sulfur, and oxidizers of ammonia, nitrite, reduced sulfur, and C1 compounds had positive, negative, or non-significant correlations with the concentrations of their substrates. Soil iron concentration was correlated only with the distributions of some putative iron-reducing bacteria.
ConclusionsIn paddy soils characterized by dynamic redox processes, archaea and bacteria differ in relationships of abundance, diversity, and distribution with environmental factors. Especially, the concentrations of electron donors or acceptors can explain the distributions of some but not all the putative functional microbial groups related to redox processes. Depending on pH range, soil pH has a strong impact on microbial ecology in paddy soils.
相似文献10.
Xueli Chen Yufeng Wang Weiqun Li Ying Wang Dan Wei Xiaojun Wang 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(5):470-478
Continuous cropping can be a serious problem in Chinese soybean production. This can result in yield reduction, root diseases, and changes in microbial community structure. We studied community structure, clone libraries, and abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in soybean fields there were in continuous soybean production for up to 17 years (SC17). Results showed that the potential nitrification rate (PNR) and amoA gene abundance of soybean in continuous cultivation for seven years (SC7) was 0.34 µg NO3? g?1 and 4.71 × 10?5 amoA gene copies/g dry soil, respectively. These values were lower than other treatments. Phylogenetic affiliation analysis based on blast results of amoA gene clone sequencing showed that the sequences belonged to seven clusters: Cluster 1, Cluster 3b, Cluster 3a.1, Cluster 3a.2, Cluster 9, Cluster 10, and Cluster 4. Correlation of AOB community compositions with environmental factors was performed using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Results indicated that the composition of AOB communities in maize–soybean (MS) rotation and continuous cropping of soybean for two years (SC2) were positively related to the PNR of soil, soil moisture, and soil total nitrogen content. Soybean fields continuously cropped for 11 years (SC11) and SC7 fields had AOB community compositions that were negatively related to these factors. The AOB community composition of SC17 was positively correlated to the soil total carbon content of soil. The results in this study indicate that the potential activity and abundance of AOB community in soil significantly changed after seven years continuous cropping compared to other continuous cropping intervals. Cropping systems have important effect on the diversity of functional microorganisms and associated nitrogen cycles. 相似文献
11.
WANG Bao-Zhan ZHANG Cai-Xi LIU Ji-Liang ZENG Xiao-Wei LI Feng-Rui WU Yu-Cheng LIN Xian-Gui XIONG Zheng-Qin XU Jian JIA Zhong-Jun 《土壤圈》2012,22(5):593-603
Soil harbors remarkably stabilize bacterial communities at the phylum level.However,no two soils have exactly the same structure of bacterial phyla.The structure of microbial community is strongly influenced by the type of land-use through changes in soil attributes.Using high-throughput pyrosequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques,soil microbial community structures were investigated along a land-use gradient of 100- and 27-year farmlands,a 33-year Pinus forest,a 28-year poplar forest,and a 21-year shrubland,as well as a native desert from which all cultivated systems were converted.The results revealed that the dominant phylotypes in the native soil comprised primarily of Alphaproteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes,and Firmicutes,accounting for >71.4%of the total bacterial 16S rRNA sequence reads.Changes in land-use led to a significant decrease in these dominant phylotypes down to 33.4%.In contrast,the phylotypes with low abundance,such as Acidobacteria,Chloroflexi,Nitrospira,and Gammaproteobacteria,increased sharply from 4.5%-5.9%in the native soil to 20.9%-30.2%of the total 16S rRNA gene sequences in the cultivated soils except for the soil from the shrubland.These contrasting changes in the major taxa appear to be correlated with the changes in soil attributes.For instance,bacterial and archaeal amoA genes were found to be 960-and 3 800-fold more abundant in the soil from the 100-year farmland than the native soil.The changes in numerically less dominant nitrifying phylotypes are consistent with soil inorganic nitrogen dynamics.Quantification of the 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that bacteria and archaea were about two to three orders of magnitude more abundant in the cultivated soil than in the native soil.Hence,land-use type affects the soil bacterial community structure,which has profound consequences on ecosystem function. 相似文献
12.
13.
不同施肥模式对土壤氮循环功能微生物的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
14.
M. Mrkonjic Fuka M. Engel A. Gattinger U. Bausenwein M. Sommer J.C. Munch M. Schloter 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(7):1646-1653
Microorganisms, capable of proteolysis, are widely distributed in soil but almost nothing is known about the abundance of genes related to protein degradation and the regulation of their activity in terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, the aim of this study was: (1) to quantify two bacterial genes involved in protein degradation, (2) to investigate factors affecting the abundance of these genes, and (3) to relate this data to potential proteolytic activities. For this purpose, an arable field in southern Germany under integrated management was studied. The uniformly managed field showed pronounced soil heterogeneity with four different soil types. In April, July and October 2003, soil samples were taken from the four soil types at three different depths. We applied a real-time PCR assay for quantification of subtilisin (sub) and neutral metalloprotease (npr) genes, both encoding for extracellular proteases, as well as the 16S rRNA gene representing a rough estimate of the size of the bacterial populations. Potential proteolytic activity was measured using casein as a substrate. Both soil type and time of sampling influenced the size and activity of the bacterial protease genes under investigation. Total nitrogen and carbon availability was, beside soil texture, the main factor responsible for the observed changes in the abundance of proteolytic genes and potential proteolytic activity. Whereas a positive relationship was found between sub and npr gene copy numbers and the number of 16S rRNA gene copies in all cases, a positive relationship between sub and npr coding genes and potential proteolytic activity was only found for sandy soils. This indicates that sandy soils cannot stabilize proteolytic enzymes and the activity of npr and sub genes is strictly dependent on the presence of the corresponding genes. In contrast, in clay soils proteolytic activity was not correlated with the abundance of the genes analyzed, probably due to the stabilization of the proteolytic enzymes. 相似文献
15.
16.
Hongzhao Yuan Tida Ge Shenying Zou Xiaohong Wu Shoulong Liu Ping Zhou Xiaojuan Chen Phil Brookes Jinshui Wu 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2013,49(5):609-616
Elucidating the biodiversity of CO2-assimilating bacterial communities under different land uses is critical for establishing an integrated view of the carbon sequestration in agricultural systems. We therefore determined the abundance and diversity of CO2 assimilating bacteria using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and quantitative PCR of the cbbL gene (which encodes ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase). These analyses used agricultural soils collected from a long-term experiment (Pantang Agroecosystem) in subtropical China. Soils under three typical land uses, i.e., rice–rice (RR), upland crop (UC), and paddy rice–upland crop rotation (PU), were selected. The abundance of bacterial cbbL (0.04 to 1.25?×?108 copies g?1 soil) and 16S rDNA genes (0.05–3.00?×?1010 copies g?1 soil) were determined in these soils. They generally followed the trend RR?>?PU?>?UC. The cbbL-containing bacterial communities were dominated by facultative autotrophic bacteria such as Mycobacterium sp., Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Ralstonia eutropha, and Alcaligenes eutrophus. Additionally, the cbbL-containing bacterial community composition in RR soil differed from that in upland crop and paddy rice–upland crop rotations soils. Soil organic matter was the most highly statistically significant factor which positively influenced the size of the cbbL-containing population. The RR management produced the greatest abundance and diversity of cbbL-containing bacteria. These results offer new insights into the importance of microbial autotrophic CO2 fixation in soil C cycling. 相似文献
17.
稻虾共作是水稻种植与克氏螯虾共作形成的互利共生的稻田种养复合生态模式。目前对稻虾共作模式稻田反硝化微生物多样性和群落结构的影响尚不清楚。本研究以江汉平原常规中稻模式(MR)为对照,设置连续3年(2014—2016年)稻虾共作模式(CR)为处理,通过特异引物提取中稻抽穗期稻田土壤nirK基因,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,探讨稻虾共作模式对稻田土壤nirK反硝化微生物多样性和群落结构的影响。结果表明:稻虾共作模式显著提升水稻抽穗期稻田土壤中硝态氮、全氮及全碳的含量,对土壤碳氮比、碱解氮和铵态氮含量没有显著影响。稻虾共作模式显著增加稻田土壤nirK基因微生物的丰富度指数,但对nirK基因微生物的多样性指数影响不显著。稻虾共作模式改变了nirK基因微生物在目、科、属、种水平的群落组成,较常规中稻模式,稻虾共作模式在各分类水平组成类群均减少;稻虾共作模式较常规中稻模式改变了目的种类,对共有目相对丰度没有显著性改变。RDA分析表明稻虾共作模式对土壤nirK基因菌群的群落结构有一定的改变,但稻虾共作模式与常规中稻模式在群落结构上仍保留着一定的相似性。硝态氮含量是影响nirK反硝化细菌群落结构的主效因子。可见,稻虾共作模式对微生物多样性指数没有显著影响,但显著增加了微生物丰富度指数,改变了稻田土壤nirK反硝化微生物在目、科、属、种的群落结构。 相似文献
18.
Small-scale spatial patterns in N2-fixation and nutrient availability in an arctic hummock-hollow ecosystem 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Atmospheric nitrogen that is fixed by associative cyanobacteria can be released into the surrounding soil environment providing a key source of N for arctic ecosystems. Yet, little is known about nitrogen fixation by Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs) within hummock-hollow complexes that are typical of many arctic environments. In this study, we examined spatial and temporal patterns in N2-fixation, dinitrogenase reductase (nifH) gene abundance and release of N in a low arctic hummock-hollow ecosystem. The impacts of cyanobacteria on N status in soil were evaluated by assessing soil nitrogen in relation to the cyanobacterial associations found on Hummock and Hollow BSCs. In addition, potential P limitation of N2-fixation by cyanobacteria was assessed for Hummock and Hollow BSCs. The tops of hummocks and the bottoms of hollows were areas of high N2-fixation, whereas minimal N2-fixation occurred on the sides of hummock-hollow complexes. Compared with Hummock BSCs, Hollow BSCs had a higher mean growing season N2-fixation rate, a higher mean growing season nifH abundance, a higher mean total %N and δ15N values closer to that of atmospheric N2. Soil N status was linked to rates of N2-fixation by BSCs indicating that these N2-fixing associations act as important point sources of soil N in this low arctic ecosystem. Over the course of a growing season temporal variation in N2-fixation and nifH abundance were weakly linked suggesting that N2-fixation was carried out by complex communities of diazotrophic microorganisms and that factors such as nutrient availability may limit N2-fixation to a greater extent than nifH abundance. 相似文献
19.
Soil samples were collected in June and October from areas with three land-use types, i.e., Robinia pseudoacacia L. (RP), Caragana korshinskii Kom. (CK), and abandoned land (AL), of which the former two were afforested areas, whereas the latter was not. These areas were converted from similar farmlands 40 years prior. Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS gene was used to analyze soil bacterial and fungal diversity. Additionally, plant communities, soil properties, fine root biomass, and C, N, and P levels in fine root and microbial biomass were estimated. Compared to AL, the C:N:P stoichiometry in fine root and microbial biomass in the afforested lands was synchronously changed, especially the N:P ratio. Soil microbial diversities were affected by afforestation and were more related to N:P ratio than C:P and C:N ratios. Moreover, Alpha-proteobacteria, Gamma-proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were significantly more abundant in afforested soils than in the AL soil, and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, and Nitrospirae ranked as AL > RP or CK. For fungal taxa, Ascomycota abundance responded positively to afforestation, whereas Basidiomycota abundance responded negatively. Changes of soil microbial taxa were significantly correlated with the N:P ratio in fine root and microbial biomass, which explained 54.1 and 55% of the total variation in bacterial and fungal taxa, respectively. Thus, our results provide evidence that compositions of soil microbial communities are linked to the N:P ratio in the plant-soil system. 相似文献
20.
Arid soils where water and nutrients are scarce occupy over 30% of the Earth's total surface. However, the microbial autotrophy in the harsh environments remains largely unexplored. In this study, the abundance and diversity of autotrophic bacteria were investigated, by quantifying and profiling the large subunit genes of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Ru Bis CO) form I(cbb L) responsible for CO2 fixation, in the arid soils under three typical plant types(Haloxylon ammodendron, Cleistogenes chinensis,and Reaumuria soongorica) in Northwest China. The bacterial communities in the soils were also characterized using the 16 S r RNA gene. Abundance of red-like autotrophic bacteria ranged from 3.94 × 105 to 1.51 × 106 copies g-1dry soil and those of green-like autotrophic bacteria ranged from 1.15 × 106 to 2.08 × 106 copies g-1dry soil. Abundance of both red- and green-like autotrophic bacteria did not significantly differ among the soils under different plant types. The autotrophic bacteria identified with the cbb L gene primer were mainly affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and an uncultured bacterial group, which were not detected in the 16 S r RNA library. In addition, 25.9% and 8.1% of the 16 S r RNA genes were affiliated with Cyanobacteria in the soils under H. ammodendron and R. soongorica, respectively. However, no Cyanobacteria-affiliated cbb L genes were detected in the same soils. The results suggested that microbial autotrophic CO2 fixation might be significant in the carbon cycling of arid soils, which warrants further exploration. 相似文献