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1.
The genetic diversity of Bemisia tabaci was investigated in Southern Italy using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene as molecular marker and sampling whiteflies on cultivated plants, weeds and bushes. Phylogenetic analysis of COI sequences and restriction analysis of COI amplicons were used to genotype whitefly populations. A PCR-RFLP method based on digestion with the endonuclease ApoI was set up to identify the B. tabaci genetic variants so far recorded from the Mediterranean region. In general, biotype Q populations were most frequently collected
(76.0% of all sampled populations). In greenhouse districts, 87.0% sampled populations were identified as biotype Q, and 13.0%
were assigned to biotype B. Outside the greenhouse districts, the biotype B was never collected, whilst biotype Q populations
were found on weeds and on plants cultivated in family gardens in different environments, also located in interior plains
or in mountain areas distant from intensive cultivations of whitefly host plants. A new genetic variant unrelated to B and
Q biotypes, which was named Ru, was collected on Rubus ulmifolius and grapevine. Phylogenetic analysis of COI sequences shown that Ru haplotypes form a well-supported clade sister to the clade including the Asian/Australian major genetic
groups and the Italy major genetic group. The closest relative of the Ru clade (10.7% pairwise genetic distance) was the Italy
group, with this latter so far including only the haplotypes of the T biotype. These results were discussed in the light of
the recent B. tabaci species concept. 相似文献
2.
Petermann Sarah Otto Sabine Eichner Gerrit Schetelig Marc F. 《Journal of pest science》2021,94(4):1291-1305
Native to Southeast Asia, the spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, rapidly invaded America and Europe in the past 20 years. As a crop pest of soft-skinned fruits with a wide range of host plants, it threatens the fruit industry worldwide, causing enormous economic losses. To control this invasive pest species, an understanding of its population dynamics and structure is necessary. Here, we report the population genetics and development of SWD in Germany from 2017–19 using microsatellite markers over 11 different sample sites. It is the first study that examines SWD’s genetic changes over 3 years compared to multiple international SWD laboratory strains. Results show that SWD populations in Germany are highly homogenous without differences between populations or years, which indicates that populations are well adapted, migrate freely, and multiple invasions from outside Germany either did not take place or are negligible. Such high genetic variability and migration between populations could allow for a fast establishment of the pest species. This is especially problematic with regard to the ongoing spread of this invasive species and could bear a potential for developing pesticide resistance, which could increase the impact of the SWD further in the future.
相似文献3.
Krassimir D. Naydenov Michel K. Naydenov Francine Tremblay Alexander Alexandrov Louis Daniel Aubin-Fournier 《New Forests》2011,42(2):179-193
As one of the principal coniferous species of commercial importance in Bulgaria, Scots Pine has been subjected to strict management,
which has posed a challenge for the conservation and management of its gene pool. In this study, we measured genetic diversity
and population structure using 6 microsatellite loci in 12 populations from Bulgarian mountain ranges. Our analysis showed
good intrapopulation divergence (18.22%; AMOVA) and genetic evidence of bottlenecks. “NJ-IAM” and “non-admixing” clusters divided the populations into 3 large groups. Our microsatellite analysis was consistent with the documented “mountain effect” influence on genetic diversity. Two methods—the Coalescent Bayesian model and M-stat analysis—implicated recent bottlenecks for all populations, suggesting that the genetic structure of Bulgarian Scots Pine
was shaped over a long period (one thousand generations; i.e. 20,000 years) by the interaction of genetic and autoecological
processes. Our results suggest that conservation and management practices should strive to maintain this genetic differentiation,
specifically by emphasizing reforestation efforts with stocks from local provenances to avoid nonlocal introductions. 相似文献
4.
[目的]探讨基于微卫星标记分析刺槐叶瘿蚊遗传多样性指数与样本量的相关关系。[方法]设置了12个样本量梯度,选取11对微卫星引物分析了我国刺槐叶瘿蚊5个种群的遗传多样性指数。[结果]表明,样本量的大小与平均等位基因数(Na)呈显著正相关,与有效等位基因数(Ne)呈中度正相关,与观测杂合度(Ho)呈负相关,而与期望杂合度(He)、Nei’s遗传多样性指数(H)和多态信息含量(PIC)没有明显相关性。此外,当样本量小于25时,随着样本量的增加,有效等位基因数增幅明显,观测杂合度起伏变化较大,但当样本量大于30时,随着样本量的增加,上述两个指数增(降)幅度平缓。[结论]在利用微卫星DNA标记对我国刺槐叶瘿蚊种群的遗传多样性研究中,选取的最适样本量应为25～30,分析的最适遗传多样性指数应为期望杂合度、Nei’s遗传多样性指数和多态信息含量。该研究结果将为我们后续研究提供科学数据,并有助于分析其他入侵昆虫种群遗传结构的研究,同时可为其他双翅目昆虫的遗传多样性研究提供样本量参考。 相似文献
5.
H. Rajaei Shoorcheh B. Kazemi S. Manzari J. K. Brown A. Sarafrazi 《Journal of pest science》2008,81(4):199-206
Despite a large number of investigations on the molecular genetics and population structure of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) complex, no such study had been conducted in Iran. The genetic variation of B. tabaci was examined using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for 18 field collections
from cucumber, eggplant, and tomato in four provinces of Iran. PCR amplification and restriction digestion with two enzymes
detected 388 RFLP fragments, of which 16 fragments showed polymorphisms. Cluster analysis of these data placed all B. tabaci individuals within a single group, and there was no evidence for between- or within-population genetic variation. Phylogenetic
(Clustal W) analysis of 42 B. tabaci mtCOI sequences (n = 21 field collections) from Iran, and a comparison with well-studied haplotype or biotype reference sequences available
in public sequence databases, revealed that the Iranian B. tabaci populations were most closely related to the B biotype at 0–1.2% nucleotide identity. The B biotype is a well-known member
of a sister clade from the Middle East–North African region of the world, owing to its nearly worldwide distribution and invasive
characteristics. This report indicates that a single major haplotype of B biotype is prevalent in Iran and that its closest
relative is the B biotype. Also, given the extent of known variation in the Middle East and African continent, data indicate
somewhat surprisingly that the B. tabaci collections sampled in Iran had limited genetic variation and population substructure. Knowledge that the B biotype of B. tabaci predominates in Iran is important for designing effective pest management strategies given that biotypes of B. tabaci are known to differ greatly with respect to insecticide resistance, host range, virus–vector interactions, and other key
biological characteristics. 相似文献
6.
Increasing inter-continental trade with wood chips represents a challenge for phytosanitary authorities as such trade may lead to pest introductions and invasions with huge impacts on forest ecosystems and economy. Predicting species invasions and their impacts in advance may be difficult, but improved information about potential invasive species ahead of any interceptions is an important precautionary step to reduce the probability of invasions. Here we identify bark- and wood-boring insects that have a potential to become invasive in northern Europe and that may be introduced by import of deciduous wood chips from North America. The potentially most damaging species belong to the beetle genus Agrilus (Buprestidae), which includes the highly damaging emerald ash borer A. planipennis. We give a brief presentation of this and seven other Agrilus species or subspecies and review factors of importance for the risk of establishment and potential economic and ecological impacts of these species. We also discuss one Scolytinae, Hylurgopinus rufipes. There are strong indications in the literature that some north European trees are highly susceptible to attack from the selected beetle species. We therefore conclude that because north European trees have not coevolved with these herbivores and thus may lack adequate defenses, most of the identified beetle species are likely to spread in “defense- and enemy-free space” if they are introduced to northern Europe, with considerable economic and ecological consequences. 相似文献
7.
The molecular variation and genetic relationships among five populations of the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) in China were assessed using microsatellite technology. Ten microsatellite primers, producing polymorphic bands, were used across 300 samples. The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) was 98.36%; the percentage of polymorphic loci in five populations ranged from high to low in the following order: Cangzhou population, Yantai population, Qinhuangdao population, Dandong population, and Shijiazhuang population. The results showed that 34.38% of the total genetic variation of the fall webworm (GST) occurs among populations, while most variation (65.62%) exists within populations. Nei’s genetic distances ranged from 0.1386 to 0.3224. Using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), Nei’s genetic distances were analyzed by a clustering technique and the dendrogram shows that population differentiation is closely related to the time and geographic origin of the invasion. The major factors impacting genetic diversity of fall webworm populations are longitude, the plain area ratio, annual precipitation, latitude and time of invasion. The formation of genetic structure is correlated with characteristics of the life history and invasion ecology of the species. 相似文献
8.
Urvois T. Perrier C. Roques A. Sauné L. Courtin C. Li Y. Johnson A. J. Hulcr J. Auger-Rozenberg M.-A. Kerdelhué C. 《Journal of pest science》2022,95(3):1217-1231
Native to Southeastern Asia, the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus is invasive worldwide. Its invasion is favoured by its cryptic lifestyle, symbiosis with a fungus that facilitates a broad range of host plants, and predominant sib-mating reproduction. X. compactus invaded Africa more than a century ago and the Americas and Pacific Islands in the middle of the twentieth century. It was not detected in Europe before 2011, when it was first reported in Italy before quickly spreading to France, Greece and Spain. Despite the negative environmental, agricultural and economic consequences of the invasion of X. compactus, its invasion history and main pathways remain poorly documented. We used COI and RAD sequencing to (i) characterise the worldwide genetic structure of the species, (ii) disentangle the origin(s) of the non-native populations on the three invaded continents and (iii) analyse the genetic diversity and pathways within each invaded region. Three mitochondrial lineages were identified in the native range. Populations invading Europe and the American-Pacific region originated from the first lineage and were only slightly genetically differentiated at nuclear SNP markers, suggesting independent introductions from close sources in or near Shanghai, ca. 60 years apart. Populations invading Africa originated from the second lineage, likely from India or Vietnam.
相似文献9.
Darius Danusevičius Jurata Buchovska Vidmantas Stanys Juratė Bronė Šikšnianienė Virgilijus Baliuckas Gediminas Brazaitis 《European Journal of Forest Research》2013,132(1):137-150
The aim of this study was to elucidate the introduction history of P. mugo in the unique landscape of the Lithuanian seaside spit of Kursiu Nerija by assessing its genetic structure and the genetic diversity. The individuals were sampled in 12 populations within an area of 3 km × 50 km along the Lithuanian part of Kursiu Nerija. P. mugo was introduced over 200 years ago to prevent sand erosion by establishing a forest cover. Chloroplast DNA polymorphism of 220 individuals of P. mugo together with 18 P. sylvestris and 11 putative P. sylvestris × P. mugo hybrids was assessed by the aid of five microsatellite markers. The standard intra-population diversity indexes were calculated. The intra-specific variation between distinct morphotypes as well as the population differentiation within the most spread P. mugo ssp. rotundata morphotype was assessed based on the haplotype frequencies by hierarchical AMOVA, GST/RST test, UPGMA clustering and PCA methods. The genetic diversity of P. mugo in Kursiu Nerija was high (He = 0.95; 83 different haplotypes). All except one of the P. mugo populations sampled contained a notable share of private haplotypes. AMOVA revealed high intra-specific diversity but low differentiation between the P. mugo populations. Most of the haplotypic variance was within populations. The UPGMA clustering produced groups more corresponding to the sub-species morphotypes than the geography of the populations. There was no geographical pattern of reduction in genetic diversity towards the younger plantations. A strong candidate for a species-specific DNA marker was found. After several events of introduction, the genetic diversity of P. mugo in Kursiu Nerija is very high and is structured based on the sub-species morphotypes rather than geography. The high frequency of shared and notable frequency of private haplotypes in most of the populations indicate that the major part of the P. mugo material originates from a number of geographically and genetically related sources, which more likely are introductions from abroad that the local collections. The high frequency of private haplotypes in the northernmost populations leaves a possibility for minor introductions from other genetically distinct sources. The absence of private haplotypes in one of the sampled populations indicates the use of local seed collections. The large number of shared haplotypes provides a strong evidence for a geneflow among the P. mugo taxa. 相似文献
10.
Muhammad Z. Ahmed Shun-Xiang Ren Nasser S. Mandour M. N. Maruthi Muhammad Naveed Bao-Li Qiu 《Journal of pest science》2010,83(2):135-141
Bemisia tabaci is a species complex, of which the B and Q biotypes are globally distributed. B. tabaci feeds on more than 600 plant species including cotton, which is one of the main crops in Pakistan. In this study, the biotypes/haplotypes
of B. tabaci populations collected from cotton plants in Pakistan, China, and Egypt were identified, and their phylogenetic relationships
were investigated. None of the populations from Pakistan or Egypt belonged to the B or Q biotype: all 16 samples from Pakistan
belonged to haplotype “PCG-1” and it is a group of unresolved populations all from Pakistan, while all three populations from
Egypt belonged to unresolved haplotype “ECG.” The three populations from China belonged to the B biotype. Phylogenetic analysis
indicated that the PCG-1, ECG, and B biotypes clustered into different clades even though they share the same cotton plant
species as their host. The association between the outbreaks of cotton leaf curl disease and the occurrence of the PCG haplotype
of B. tabaci in Pakistan is discussed. 相似文献
11.
The Eucalyptus stem canker pathogen Teratosphaeria gauchensis represents distinct genetic groups in Africa and South America 
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下载免费PDF全文 Teratosphaeria gauchensis (Capnodiales) causes a serious stem canker disease on commercially propagated Eucalyptus species in South America. Recently, this pathogen was detected for the first time in Africa. Very little is known regarding the biology or origin of T. gauchensis, but it has been suggested that it is native to South America. The aim of this study was to compare isolates from Africa and South America using microsatellite markers. Bayesian analysis conducted in STRUCTURE, principal coordinates analysis and a UPGMA dendrogram revealed two distinct genetic groups for these isolates. The South American isolates were more genetically diverse than those from Africa. Patterns of genetic diversity in Africa suggest that T. gauchensis could have been introduced into Zimbabwe before spreading north‐eastwards. The existence of the two genetic groups and high haplotype richness associated with the South American and Zimbabwean populations suggest that it will be more difficult to reduce the impact of disease caused by T. gauchensis in these regions than in those areas where there is limited genetic diversity. 相似文献
12.
Blakesley David Pakkad Greuk James Celia Torre Franck Elliott Stephen 《New Forests》2004,27(1):89-100
Castanopsis acuminatissima (Bl.) A. DC. is one of a number of framework species which are being planted to restore seasonally dry tropical forests in northern Thailand. This study describes the level of microsatellite variation within and among three populations of this species in three National Parks in northern Thailand: Doi Suthep-Pui, Doi Inthanon and Jae Sawn, using published primers developed for Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii Nakai. The five microsatellite loci employed in this study detected a total of 54 alleles (n = 72). The informativeness of the microsatellite loci varied from six to 18 alleles, with an average of 10.8 alleles found over all loci. The mean observed heterozygosities in the three populations showed no significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The vast majority of genetic diversity was contained within the populations, with no significant differentiation between them (FST = 0.006). Algorithms were designed to capture microsatellite diversity, and the rationale for using microsatellite markers to inform genetic conservation is discussed. The implications for seed collection of C. acuminatissima for forest restoration are also discussed. 相似文献
13.
Plastid DNA variation in Prunus serotina var. serotina (Rosaceae), a North American tree invading Europe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
B. Petitpierre M. Pairon O. Broennimann A. L. Jacquemart A. Guisan Guillaume Besnard 《European Journal of Forest Research》2009,128(5):431-436
Black cherry (Prunus serotina) is a tree from North America, where it is often used for economical purposes, whereas it is widespread and invasive in Europe.
Plastid DNA variation was first investigated in both its native and invasive ranges using microsatellite loci and sequences
of three intergenic spacers (trnT-trnL, trnD-trnT and trnS-trnG). This analysis was focused on P. serotina var. serotina, with the inclusion of samples of closely related taxa. Length variation at a microsatellite locus (ccmp5) and a few sequence
polymorphisms were identified among P. serotina samples. Four new primer pairs were then designed to specifically amplify variable regions and a combination of five markers
was finally proposed for phylogeographic studies in P. serotina. These loci allow identification of six chlorotypes in P. serotina var. serotina, which may be particularly useful to depict the maternal origins of European invasive populations. 相似文献
14.
[目的]介绍发生在贵州省龙里县乌桕上的一种新害虫——中华卡扁蜡蝉的形态及分子鉴定的方法。[方法]对中华卡扁蜡蝉卵、若虫(5龄)及成虫3个虫态的形态特征进行了详细描记;同时通过PCR扩增,获取了中华卡扁蜡蝉的线粒体COI基因序列。利用MEGA 6. 0软件对其序列组成及遗传距离进行分析,以竹鳎扁蜡蝉、红线鳎扁蜡蝉、勐仑鳎扁蜡蝉为外群,采用邻接法(NJ)构建系统发育树。[结果]系统发育树显示中华卡扁蜡蝉10个样品的COI基因序列能较好地聚为一枝;中华卡扁蜡蝉的种内遗传距离为0. 000 0. 065,4种扁蜡蝉科昆虫种间遗传距离为0. 142 0. 202,种内遗传距离与种间遗传距离不存在重叠现象。[结论] COI基因序列可作为DNA条形码片段,实现中华卡扁蜡蝉快速、准确的物种鉴定。初步调查了中华卡扁蜡蝉的发生规律及危害状况。 相似文献
15.
L. D&#x;Amico E. Motta T. Annesi M. Scire&#x; N. Luchi J. Hantula K. Korhonen P. Capretti 《Forest Pathology》2007,37(5):303-320
The distribution of the North American P group of Heterobasidion annosum s.l., recently reported from a Pinus pinea forest in the surroundings of Rome, was studied using mating tests and DNA fingerprinting (mitochondrial DNA, random amplified microsatellite technique and two group‐specific markers). This fungus is present in several forests and small plantations along the Tyrrhenian coast of the Italian peninsula, within an area approximately 100 km long, extending from Fregene in the north to the National Park of Circeo in the south, and 27 km wide including the city of Rome. In pine forests of Castelporziano, Castel Fusano and Anzio, where US troops resided during the Second World War, the North American P group is more frequent than the European P group. The low number of mating alleles in the Italian population of the North American P group supports the hypothesis of its origin from a small number of introductions. The near 100% sexual compatibility between the North American and European P groups, together with inconsistencies in results obtained with different identification methods of these groups, suggests that hybridization between the North American and European P populations occurs occasionally. 相似文献
16.
Mahnaz Shabani Coralie Bertheau Mehrshad Zeinalabedini Alimorad Sarafrazi Mohsen Mardi Sepehr Mohajeri Naraghi Heshmatollah Rahimian Mahmoud Shojaee 《Journal of pest science》2013,86(2):173-183
Witches’ broom disease of lime, caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’, is responsible for major losses of Mexican lime trees in Southern Iran, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. The causative phytoplasma is transmitted by the leafhopper, Hishimonus phycitis. We combined ecological niche modelling with environmental and genetic data for six populations of H. phycitis from Iran and one from Oman. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene and nine microsatellite DNA markers were used for the genetic analyses. Although the Oman population had specific haplotypes, the COI sequences were highly conserved among all populations studied. In contrast, the microsatellite data divided the populations from Iran and Oman into two separate clades. An analysis of molecular variance indicated a high level of variation within populations. The Mantel test showed no correlation between genetic and geographical distances. Gene flow values were small between the populations from Iran and north of Oman but significantly higher among the Iranian populations supporting the differentiation between Iran and Oman. In addition, we found that patterns of genetic divergence within Iranian populations were associated strongly with divergence in terms of their ecological niches. Data on six climatic variables, including elevation, were used to create ecological niche models. Our results suggest that the genetic differentiation of H. phycitis may be attributable to climatic conditions and/or geographical barriers. 相似文献
17.
The whitefly Bemisia
tabaci (Gennadius) has caused notable damage to vegetable and cotton crops in the eastern Mediterranean region since about 1994, and has become particularly problematic in southern Turkey beginning in 2000. The development of squash silverleaf symptoms in Cucurbita species and the unprecedented high population levels in the region suggested that the B biotype, notable for the latter phenotypes, had been introduced. To test this hypothesis and determine the host distribution of the suspect introduced B biotype and its associated natural enemies, B. tabaci immature instars and adults, and the associated natural enemies were collected from cultivated and uncultivated plant species. From the southern Turkey collections, B. tabaci was found to colonize 152 species from 43 plant families. Of the plant species upon which B. tabaci was found to reproduce, 152 of them were reported as hosts of B. tabaci in Turkey. Five species of predators and two species of parasitoids were identified as natural enemies of the B biotype of B. tabaci in southern Turkey. Using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene all B. tabaci were identified as the B biotype of the B. tabaci complex, at 96–100% shared identity with reference B biotype sequences. Results indicate that this invasive biotype has displaced the local Turkey-cotton haplotype that was known to occur previously in southern Turkey. 相似文献
18.
Yiqing Xie Zhizhen Li Ruzhu Huang Xiangxi Xiao Yong Huang 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2009,4(1):90-95
The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure
of 91 genets from four wild populations of Betula luminifera at different elevations in the National Nature Reserve of theWuyi Mountain, Fujian Province, China. Eighteen random primers
(from 139 primers) produced a total of 199 scorable amplified fragments, of which 174 (87.44%) were polymorphic across all
individuals. The genetic diversities of B. luminifera at the population level and species level were PPL = 60.05%, h = 0.2242, I = 0.3181 and PPL = 87.44%, h = 0.3442, I = 0.4899, respectively. The value of differentiation (G
st= 0.3486) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that there was a relatively high genetic differentiation among
populations, and about one-third of the genetic variation occurred among populations. Pearson correlation analysis further
revealed that the genetic diversity within populations had significant or very significant correlation with the elevation,
climatic factors (annual average temperature and annual precipitation) and soil nutrient factors (total nitrogen, C/N ratio
and organic matter). Mantel tests show that there was a significant correlation between the genetic distances among populations
and the distance of elevation, and the divergence of soil nutrient factors. The results of the present study suggested that
the relatively high genetic differentiation among populations of B. luminifera at different elevations might be caused by ecological factors and gene flow.
__________
Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(3): 50–55 [译自: 林业科学] 相似文献
19.
Genetic similarity of natural populations and plantations of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. in Nepal 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Archana Gauli Oliver Gailing Valdir Marcos Stefenon Reiner Finkeldey 《Annals of Forest Science》2009,66(7):703-703
20.
Dr. P. Starý 《Journal of pest science》1996,69(1):19-20
The Russian wheat aphid,Diuraphis noxia (Mordw.) has been detected in southern Moravia, the Czech Republic in June, 1995. Its location is related to its incidence in central Hungary. The further predicted area of distribution covers the grain-maize growing districts of southern Moravia (Czeck Republic), neigh-bouring parts of Austria, southern and south-eastern parts of the Slovak Republic. The aphid is classified as a species expanding to the north from its mediaterranean area of distribution, apart of extensive areas (North to South Americas, S. Africa, expected in Australia) which it has covered thorugh accidental introductions and further spread over the world. 相似文献