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1.
研究了cryLA(b)基因及其介导的抗虫性在转基因水稻自交或回交后代中的遗传规律和遗传稳定性。结果表明：cryLA(b)基因及其连锁的bar基因作为一个显性遗传位点遵循孟德尔遗传分离规律；在T1代群体中遵循3：1的分离规律，T2代稳定纯合；在BC11～BC4代群体中遵循1：1的分离规律，BC群体自交的BCF9群体中遵循3：1分离规律。cryLA(b)基因及其介导抗性已稳定地遗传至T7代和BC4代。室内及田间抗虫性鉴定显示，不同世代的转基因植株均保持稳定的高度抗虫性。 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACT Two tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)-resistant plants from accessions LA1777 and LA386 of the wild tomato species Lycopersicon hirsutum have been crossed. The resulting resistant F1 plants were crossed with the domesticated tomato L. esculentum, and a series of selfing was performed. At each generation, individuals were selected for resistance (no symptoms and undetectable viral DNA) and tolerance (no symptoms but with detectable viral DNA) following controlled massive and repeated inoculations with viruliferous whiteflies. A stable BC1F4 line (denominated 902) that does not segregate for resistance was obtained. This line does not support virus accumulation, even upon extensive whitefly-mediated inoculation of young seedlings, and does not need protection with nets or insecticides. Another stable BC1F4 line (denominated 908) was tolerant to the virus. Both lines have good horticultural characteristics and bear 80- to 120-g red fruits. Analysis of segregation of susceptibility, tolerance, and resistance during the BC1F1 to BC1F4 crosses indicated that tolerance is controlled by a dominant major gene and resistance by two to three additive recessive genes. The resistant and tolerant lines do not need to be protected by insecticides or nets. 相似文献
3.
通过对两汉时期榆林地区历史资料的收集、整理、分析及数据处理,对该区该时期的干旱灾害等级、成因进行了初步的研究。根据最小二乘法的原理,应用分段三次曲线拟合的拟合图分析了这一时期干旱灾害的时间变化趋势和特征。结果表明:从汉高祖五年(公元前202年)至汉献帝建安廿五年(公元220年)的423年中,共发生旱灾94次,平均约每4.5年发生一次。其中轻度旱灾50次,占旱灾总数的53.19%;中度旱灾32次,占旱灾总数的34.04%;大旱灾9次,占旱灾总数的9.57%;特大旱灾3次,占旱灾总数的3.19%。汉代旱灾变化可分为五个阶段,其中第2阶段(前147年~前92年)和第4阶段(19年~135年)为旱灾多发期;第1阶段(前202年~前148年)、第3阶段(前91年~18年)和第5阶段(136年~220年)为旱灾少发期。从西汉到东汉末期旱灾呈现出波动增加的趋势,从公元71年到公元130年间旱灾发生最频繁。汉代干旱灾害频次的多少与气候波动有密切的关系,旱灾频发阶段气候偏干,降水减少,旱灾较少阶段气候偏湿,降水增多。规模大的大旱灾与特大旱灾主要是当年降水量的明显减少引起的,轻度旱灾与中度旱灾常是降水量的分配不均造成的。 相似文献
4.
Understanding farmers’ decision process on the adoption of biological control (BC) may help in promoting adoption. This study explored for the first time the impact of marketing mix elements (product, price, promotion, and place) on bolstering BC for the management of rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) among rice farmers in Fuman County in northern Iran. Farmers using BC were familiar with this method primarily via village councils and rural municipality organizations (Dehyaris) and then via distributors of trichocards. Almost half of the farmers (48.3%) had weak to moderate level of contact with distributors of trichocards. All four elements (4Ps) of marketing mix (product, place, price, and promotion) were effective on the marketing of BC agents. Place (distribution) mix, followed by price mix, were the most important factors in marketing trichocards in farmers’ views. According to the sensitivity to 4Ps of marketing mix, most farmers were grouped as semi-sensitive (45.6%) and sensitive (39.4%). Overall, the availability of biological agent products in the market, the affordable price of the products, and the strong relationship of rural people with village councils and rural municipality organizations (Dehyaris) are crucial factors for BC promotion in paddy fields of Fuman. 相似文献
5.
乌鲁木齐冬季大气中黑碳气溶胶污染特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用乌鲁木齐大气成分站观测的黑碳（BC）气溶胶质量浓度、主要污染物浓度以及相关气象资料,对该地区冬季BC类气溶胶的日变化、小时变化及影响因子进行分析。结果表明： 乌鲁木齐冬季BC质量浓度平均为6.55 μg/m3,日较差较大,与API、PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0、NOx的日变化具有较好的相关性;BC质量浓度的小时变化具有明显的双峰特征,这与机动车排放污染、居民活动和冬季采暖燃煤等相关联; BC质量浓度出现频率主要在2～9 μg/m3,占所有观测的60%; 乌鲁木齐冬季BC质量浓度明显高于国外某些城市,与国内同类大城市的观测结果比较,其浓度相对较低;冬季从北、西北方向过来的气团易造成BC高污染;风速大于1.0 m/s时,BC质量浓度开始下降,下降幅度接近50％,当风速超过2 m/s时,风速与BC质量浓度之间没有明显相关性;工作日BC质量浓度略高于周末,周末BC质量浓度曲线比工作日推迟1 h左右。 相似文献
6.
灰葡萄孢毒素的组分分析和生物测定 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
用PD培养液培养灰葡萄孢菌,过滤液中含活性成分,经氯仿提取后TLC分离获6种组分,Rf值分别为Ⅰ(0.36)、Ⅱ(0.48)、Ⅲ(0.54)、Ⅳ(0.65)、Ⅴ(0.11)、Ⅵ(0.77),经针刺果实生物测定发现,Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ具有毒性。BC-毒素具有一定的广谱性,对不同科属的番茄、茄子、黄瓜、白菜、油菜、小麦、玉米、棉花等都具有不同程度的毒害作用。 相似文献
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8.
ABSTRACT New cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) with durable resistance to anthracnose can be developed by pyramiding major resistance genes using marker-assisted selection. To this end, it is necessary to identify sources of resistance and molecular markers tightly linked to the resistance genes. The objectives of this work were to study the inheritance of resistance to anthracnose in the cultivar TO (carrying the Co-4 gene), to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to Co-4, and to introgress this gene in the cultivar Rudá. Populations F(1), F(2), F(2:3), BC(1)s, and BC(1)r from the cross Rudá x TO were inoculated with race 65 of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, causal agent of bean anthracnose. The phenotypic ratios (resistant/susceptible) were 3:1 in the F(2) population, 1:1 in the BC(1)s, and 1:0 in the BC(1)r, confirming that resistance to anthracnose in the cultivar TO was monogenic and dominant. Six RAPD markers linked to the Co-4 gene were identified, four in the coupling phase: OPY20(830C) (0.0 centimorgan [cM]), OPC08(900C) (9.7 cM), OPI16(850C) (14.3 cM), and OPJ01(1,380C) (18.1 cM); and two in the repulsion phase: OPB03(1,800T) (3.7 cM) and OPA18(830T) (17.4 cM). OPY20(830C) and OPB03(1,800T), used in association as a codominant pair, allowed the identification of the three genotypic classes with a high degree of confidence. Marker OPY20(830C), which is tightly linked to Co-4, is being used to assist in breeding for resistance to anthracnose. 相似文献
9.
ABSTRACT In France, chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, has been controlled since 1974 in orchards, but never in coppice forests, by releasing hypovirulent strains infected with CHV1 hypovirus. We tested the hypothesis that this biological control (BC) has lead to a decrease in blight severity, spread of hypovirulence, and change in C. parasitica populations. The low severity of chestnut blight was confirmed in the six regions studied (subdivided into zones). The remission of cankers was associated with the presence of white isolates presumed to be hypovirulent. These two parameters were also correlated, at the zonal level, to the frequency of sites where BC was used. However, the estimates of the natural background level of hypovirulence, independent of BC, ranged from 4% in forests in Dordogne to 60% in orchards in Lozère. Differences in the rate of hypovirulent isolates among regions were consistent with the diversity of vegetative compatibility (VC) types in populations of C. parasitica. The highest VC-type diversity and mean allelic diversity for known vegetative incompatibility (vic) genes were observed in Dordogne. We showed that the current diversity of VC types in populations of C. parasitica was lower than in 1981. We found 30 VC types among 1,113 isolates of C. parasitica. Ten VC types were incompatible with known EU testers, suggesting that one additional vic gene or allele at one of the six vic loci known should be present in Europe. 相似文献
10.
为挖掘防治白菜软腐病的生防菌,本研究采用牛津杯法从38株白菜根际放线菌中筛选到一株拮抗放线菌26B,通过形态学观察和16S rRNA基因序列分析将菌株26B初步鉴定为链霉菌。该菌除菌发酵滤液对供试的白菜软腐病菌Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis BC1及3种马铃薯黑胫病菌均表现较高的抑菌活性,其中对白菜软腐病菌抑菌直径达到23.97mm。萌发试验表明,白菜种子经26B除菌发酵滤液浸种后发芽势、发芽指数、根长及鲜重显著增加。采用浸根法测定菌株26B除菌发酵滤液对软腐病菌荧光标记菌株BC1-gfp在白菜根部定殖量的影响,浸根处理后48h,白菜根上BC1-gfp的数量达到2.3×109CFU/g;未从26B除菌发酵滤液与BC1-gfp菌悬液混和处理（体积比10%）的白菜根上检测到病原菌。盆栽防病试验结果表明,在含水量为14%和20%的土壤中,菌株26B除菌发酵滤液对白菜软腐病的防效分别达96.0%和89.8%。上述结果表明,链霉菌26B是一株具有潜在开发应用价值的生防菌株,将链霉菌26B应用与土壤水分管理相结合可进一步提高其防病效果。 相似文献
11.
Carbon(C) storage has received significant attention for its relevance to agricultural security and climate change. Afforestation can increase C storage in terrestrial ecosystems, and has been recognized as an important measure to offset CO_2 emissions. In order to analyze the C benefits of planting wolfberry(Lycium barbarum L.) on the secondary saline lands in arid areas, we conducted a case study on the dynamics of biomass carbon(BC) storage and soil organic carbon(SOC) storage in different-aged wolfberry plantations(4-, 7-and 11-year-old) established on a secondary saline land as well as on the influence of wolfberry plantations on C storage in the plant-soil system in an arid irrigated area(Jingtai County) of Gansu Province, China. The C sequestration and its potential in the wolfberry plantations of Gansu Province were also evaluated. An intact secondary saline land was selected as control. Results show that wolfberry planting could decrease soil salinity, and increase BC, SOC and litter C storage of the secondary saline land significantly, especially in the first 4 years after planting. The aboveground and belowground BC storage values in the intact secondary saline land(control) accounted for only 1.0% and 1.2% of those in the wolfberry plantations, respectively. Compared to the intact secondary saline land, the SOC storage values in the 4-, 7-and 11-year-old wolfberry plantations increased by 36.4%, 37.3% and 43.3%, respectively, and the SOC storage in the wolfberry plantations occupied more than 92% of the ecosystem C storage. The average BC and SOC sequestration rates of the wolfberry plantations for the age group of 0–11 years were 0.73 and 3.30 Mg C/(hm~2·a), respectively. There were no significant difference in BC and SOC storage between the 7-year-old and 11-year-old wolfberry plantations, which may be due in part to the large amounts of C offtakes in new branches and fruits. In Gansu Province, the C storage in the wolfberry plantations has reached up to 3.574 Tg in 2013, and the C sequestration potential of the existing wolfberry plantations was 0.134 Tg C/a. These results indicate that wolfberry planting is an ideal agricultural model to restore the degraded saline lands and increase the C sequestration capacity of agricultural lands in arid areas. 相似文献
12.
小麦品种贵农22 抗条锈基因的遗传分析及分子标记 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
贵农22 是由簇毛麦、硬粒小麦以及普通小麦杂交选育而成的普通小麦品种,其对我国目前所有已知条锈菌生理小种均表现高度抗病。为了明确其抗条锈性遗传基础,并对抗条锈基因进行分子作图,本研究选用条锈菌重要小种CYR29、CYR30、CYR32、CYR33 和Su11鄄11,对贵农22 与条锈病感病品种辉县红或铭贤169 杂交F2 代、BC1 F1 代、BC1 F2 代进行抗锈性遗传分析,并对贵农22 控制Su11鄄11 抗病性的1 对隐性基因进行SSR 标记。结果表明,贵农22 至少含有3 对抗条锈病基因。利用272 株贵农22 / 铭贤169 BC1 F2 群体筛选到2 个与贵农22 控制Su11鄄11 抗性的隐性基因连锁的SSR 标记Xwmc44 和Xcfa2147,遗传距离分别为5. 1 和7. 3 cM,并将抗病基因定位于小麦1BL 上,暂命名为YrGn22。基因来源、抗病性分析以及分子检测结果表明,YrGn22 不同于1BL 上的已知小麦抗条锈病基因Yr3、Yr9、Yr21 和Yr29,可能是1 个新基因。 相似文献
13.
生物炭施用量对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过田间定位试验研究不同用量生物炭施用及传统秸秆还田对黄土高原旱地冬小麦生育期内土壤水分、养分及产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验设置5个处理,分别为对照(CK)、生物炭施用量为15 t·hm-2(BC1)、30 t·hm-2(BC2)、45 t·hm-2(BC3)及秸秆还田(SR)。试验结果表明,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮及速效钾、有机质含量在小麦整个生育期内均随生物炭施用量的增加而增加;土壤储水量(0～200 cm)及速效磷含量随生物炭施用量的增加先增加后减少;产量及水分利用效率随生物炭施用量的增加先增加后减少,当生物炭用量为30 t·hm-2时,产量及水分利用效率最大,分别为6 640 kg·hm-2、18.1 kg·hm-2·mm-1,比对照(CK)分别显著增加17.2%、17.8%;秸秆还田(SR)使作物增产10.5%,但对水分利用效率影响并不显著。因此,施用适量生物炭在改善土壤水肥特性的同时,能够显著提高作物产量及水分利用效率。 相似文献
14.
甘肃省1990-2002年生态足迹的计算与分析 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
本文运用生态足迹模型对甘肃省1990—2002年的生态足迹进行了计算和分析。结果表明,1990—2002年间甘肃省的人均生态足迹和总生态足迹需求均呈逐渐增长趋势,而人均生态承载力和总的生态承载力均有不同程度的下降。运用万元GDP、人均贸易足迹和生态协调性系数指标对计算结果进行分析,得出甘肃省的发展是通过消耗自然资本存量来弥补生态承载力的不足的,处于一种生态不协调状态。 相似文献
15.
The objectives of this research were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Stewart's wilt resistance from a mapping population derived from a sweet corn hybrid that is highly resistant to Pantoea stewartii and to determine if marker-based selection for those QTL could substantially improve Stewart's wilt resistance in a population derived from a cross of resistant lines and a highly susceptible sweet corn inbred. Three significant QTL for Stewart's wilt resistance on chromosomes 2 (bin 2.03), 5 (bin 5.03), and 6 (bin 6.06/6.07) explained 31% of the genetic variance in a population of 110 F(3:4) families derived from the sweet corn hybrid Bonus. The three QTL appeared to be additive in their effects on Stewart's wilt ratings. Based on means of families that were either homozygous or heterozygous for marker alleles associated with the resistance QTL, the QTL on chromosomes 2 and 6 appeared to have dominant or partially dominant gene action, while the QTL on chromosome 5 appeared to be recessive. A population of 422 BC(2)S(2) families was derived from crosses of a sweet corn inbred highly susceptible to Stewart's wilt, Green Giant Code 88 (GG88), and plants from two F(3:4) families (12465 and 12467) from the Bonus mapping population that were homozygous for marker alleles associated with Stewart's wilt resistance at the three QTL. Mean Stewart's wilt ratings for BC(2)S(2) families were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for families that were homozygous for the bnlg1902 marker allele (bin 5.03) from resistant lines 12465 or 12467 than for families that were heterozygous at this marker locus or homozygous for the bnlg1902 marker allele from GG88. Resistance associated with this QTL was expressed only if F(3:5) or BC(2)S(2) families were homozygous for marker alleles associated with the resistant inbred parent (P(1)). Marker alleles identified in the F(3:5) mapping population that were in proximity to the resistance QTL on chromosomes 2 and 6 were not polymorphic in crosses of GG88 with 12465 and 12467. Selection for other polymorphic marker loci adjacent to these two regions did not improve Stewart's wilt resistance of BC(2)S(2) families. 相似文献
16.
以籼型三系杂交稻组合汕优63以及常规籼稻扬稻6号为材料,通过稻草覆盖旱种、地膜覆盖旱种、裸地旱种和常规水种(对照)比较试验,研究了旱种水稻产量与品质的表现及其生长发育的特性.结果表明,覆草旱种产量与水种稻产量无显著差异,但显著高于覆膜旱种与裸地旱种.覆草旱种稻米的碾磨品质、外观品质、蒸煮品质和营养品质与水种稻无显著差异,而覆膜旱种与裸地旱种稻米的垩白度及蛋白质含量明显高于水种稻,胶稠度则显著低于水种稻.水稻旱种后,淀粉谱的最高粘度和崩解值降低,消减值提高,覆膜旱种尤为明显.与水种相比较,覆盖旱种后籽粒到达最大灌浆速率的的时间提前,活跃灌浆期缩短.水稻覆草旱种后有效分蘖期前生长缓慢,明显低于水种及覆膜旱种,但最终成穗数及成穗率较高,抽穗至成熟地上部干物质积累量较水种减少,但抽穗至成熟干物质积累显著高于另外两种旱种方式,物质运转率和收获指数较水种显著提高.文章最后对水稻不同种植方式间在产量和品质形成上的差异进行了讨论. 相似文献
17.
Kumar PN Sujatha K Laha GS Rao KS Mishra B Viraktamath BC Hari Y Reddy CS Balachandran SM Ram T Madhav MS Rani NS Neeraja CN Reddy GA Shaik H Sundaram RM 《Phytopathology》2012,102(2):222-228
Broadening of the genetic base for identification and transfer of genes for resistance to insect pests and diseases from wild relatives of rice is an important strategy in resistance breeding programs across the world. An accession of Oryza nivara, International Rice Germplasm Collection (IRGC) accession number 105710, was identified to exhibit high level and broad-spectrum resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. In order to study the genetics of resistance and to tag and map the resistance gene or genes present in IRGC 105710, it was crossed with the bacterial blight (BB)-susceptible varieties 'TN1' and 'Samba Mahsuri' (SM) and then backcrossed to generate backcross mapping populations. Analysis of these populations and their progeny testing revealed that a single dominant gene controls resistance in IRGC 105710. The BC(1)F(2) population derived from the cross IRGC 105710/TN1//TN1 was screened with a set of 72 polymorphic simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers distributed across the rice genome and the resistance gene was coarse mapped on chromosome 7 between the SSR markers RM5711 and RM6728 at a genetic distance of 17.0 and 19.3 centimorgans (cM), respectively. After analysis involving 49 SSR markers located between the genomic interval spanned by RM5711 and RM6728, and BC(2)F(2) population consisting of 2,011 individuals derived from the cross IRGC 105710/TN1//TN1, the gene was fine mapped between two SSR markers (RMWR7.1 and RMWR7.6) located at a genetic distance of 0.9 and 1.2 cM, respectively, from the gene and flanking it. The linkage distances were validated in a BC(1)F(2) mapping population derived from the cross IRGC 105710/SM//2 × SM. The BB resistance gene present in the O. nivara accession was identified to be novel based on its unique map location on chromosome 7 and wider spectrum of BB resistance; this gene has been named Xa33. The genomic region between the two closely flanking SSR markers was in silico analyzed for putatively expressed candidate genes. In total, eight genes were identified in the region and a putative gene encoding serinethreonine kinase appears to be a candidate for the Xa33 gene. 相似文献
18.
Sjaak F. L. Klis Nic J. Nijman Henk P. M. Vijverberg Joep van den Bercken 《Pest management science》1991,33(2):213-222
Phenylpyrazoles constitute a newly developed class of chemicals with insecticidal and herbicidal properties. In acute toxicity experiments in rats, near-lethal doses of phenylpyrazoles produce neurotoxic symptoms with an unknown mode of action. We have investigated the effects of two phenylpyrazoles, SLA4722 and SLA4685, in the frog neuromuscular junction and in the clonal muscle cell line BC3H-1. In the frog neuromuscular junction SLA4722 at concentrations ? 10?5 M caused a pronounced increase in the frequency of miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs). SLA4685 caused a similar increase but was less potent. In the clonal muscle cell line BC3H-1, SLA4685 produced a concentration-dependent block of the acetylcholine (ACh) response (IC50 = 2.4(±0.3) × 10?5 M). At 10?6 M a slight potentiating effect of SLA4685 on the ACh response was observed. SLA4722 was less potent in this preparation. The increased transmitter release might, at least partly, be responsible for the excitatory effects of the phenylpyrazoles in intact animals. 相似文献
19.
对黄土高原子午岭油松林不同管理方式下土壤的黑碳(BC)、有机碳(POC)和活性有机碳(LOC)的空间分布和积累进行了研究.结果表明,各种管理方式的油松林其POC、LOC和BC由表层至下层均呈显著的降低规律性.各种管理方式油松林0～10cm土层以BC>POC>LOC,10～20 cm土层中,天然油松林和粗放管理型油松林B... 相似文献
20.
ABSTRACT Wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Pavon 76 carries slow-rusting resistance to leaf rust that has remained effective in Mexico since its release in 1976. 'Pavon 76' was crossed with two leaf rust-susceptible wheat cultivars, Jupateco 73S and Avocet S, and between 118 and 148 individual F(2) plant-derived F(3) and F(5) lines were evaluated for adult-plant leaf rust resistance at two field sites in Mexico during different seasons. Evaluation of F(1) plants and parents indicated that the slow-rusting resistance was partially dominant. Segregation in the F(3) and F(5) indicated that the resistance was based on two genes with additive effects. Monosomic analysis was carried out to determine the chromosomal locations of the resistance genes. For this purpose, two or three backcross-derived cytogenetic populations were developed by crossing 'Pavon 76' with a monosomic series of adult-plant leaf rust-susceptible cultivar Lal-bahadur. Evaluation of such BC(2)F(3) and BC(3)F(3) lines from 16 confirmed 'Lalbahadur' monosomics indicated that one slow-rusting gene was located in chromosome 1B of 'Pavon 76'. This gene, designated as Lr46, is the second named gene involved in slow-rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat. 相似文献