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Djabbar Hariri Hayat Prud'homme Marc Fouchard Genevieve Boury Pierre Signoret Hervé Lapierre 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(8):775-785
The properties of Aubian wheat mosaic virus (AWMV), a new soil-borne wheat virus in France, were investigated. Symptoms include foliar mosaic and severe stunting of winter wheat. The vector of the disease is unknown but the plants infected carry Polymyxa graminis in the roots. AWMV was transmitted mechanically to wheat and to two dicotyledoneous species: Lactuca sativa and Vicia faba. This virus was transmitted by seed to three winter wheat cultivars tested. Purified preparations contained rod-shaped particles with a variable length of 150–700 nm. Certain particles are very long and appear flexible. Antiserum raised against AWMV reacted specifically with AWMV in both indirect and direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The incidence of AWMV in 26 winter wheat cultivars was investigated in the field during the growing season of 1999–2000. AWMV was detected in roots and shoots of all cultivars regardless of the symptoms. Twelve virus species belonging to the genera Benyvirus, Bymovirus, Furovirus, Pecluvirus and Pomovirus did not react with the AWMV antisera. A new tubular virus described in winter wheat in Bedfordshire in England reacted strongly with AWMV in ELISA. It is concluded that AWMV and probably the Bedford-virus constitute a previously undescribed tubular virus biologically and serologically distinct from other soil-borne viruses of wheat. 相似文献
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以QuEChERS前处理方法为基础,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测技术,建立了除草剂氟唑磺隆、甲基二磺隆、炔草酯及其代谢物炔草酸4种化合物在小麦中残留的分析方法。麦粒样品中加入5 mL体积分数为0.1%的甲酸水溶液后,以10 mL乙腈提取,用50 mg C18与100 mg 无水硫酸镁净化;麦秆样品中加入10 mL体积分数为2%的甲酸水溶液后,以10 mL乙腈提取,用100 mg C18与200 mg无水硫酸镁净化。结果表明:氟唑磺隆在0.005、0.01和0.1 mg/kg,甲基二磺隆在0.01、0.02和0.1 mg/kg,炔草酯和炔草酸在0.05、0.1和0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,4种化合物在麦粒中的回收率在76%~97%之间,在麦秆中的回收率在83%~102%之间,相对标准偏差均小于10%,r > 0.99。4种化合物在麦粒和麦秆中的定量限分别为:氟唑磺隆0.005 mg/kg,甲基二磺隆0.01 mg/kg,炔草酯和炔草酸均为0.05 mg/kg。该方法可满足小麦样品中4种化合物的残留分析要求。 相似文献
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叶菌唑在小麦中的残留消解及膳食风险评价 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为评价叶菌唑在小麦中的残留行为及其产生的膳食摄入风险,于北京、安徽及黑龙江进行了1年3地田间试验,建立了叶菌唑在小麦中的残留分析方法,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评价。样品用乙腈提取,经Florisil固相萃取柱净化,气相色谱-氮磷检测器(GC-NPD)检测,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.02~10 mg/kg的添加水平下,叶菌唑在小麦籽粒和植株中的平均回收率在81%~101%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.1%~9.1%之间;其在小麦籽粒和植株中的定量限(LOQ)分别为0.02和0.04 mg/kg。叶菌唑在小麦植株中的消解符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为4.9~7.3 d。收获时小麦籽粒中叶菌唑的最大残留量为0.037 mg/kg,低于美国和欧盟设定的最大残留限量(MRL)0.15 mg/kg。针对我国不同人群的膳食摄入及风险评估暴露,风险商值(RQ)在0.001~0.002之间,表明叶菌唑在小麦中的膳食摄入风险较低。 相似文献
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Pythium heterothallicum, P. irregulare, P. torulosum and P. ultimum var. sporangiiferum were compared for pathogenicity to seedlings of winter wheat, spring barley, lentils and peas in growth chambers at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 C. These four fungi are among the most commonly isolated Pythium species from wheat roots and wheat-field soils in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, USA, where wheat, spring barley, lentils and peas are grown in various rotations. Pathogenicity was determined in artificially infested soils (500 propagules per g) based on ability to cause pre-emergence death and post-emergence stunting of seedlings. P. ultimum var. sporangiiferum caused significant pre-emergence death of the wheat at 15–25 C, lentils at 10–25 C. and peas at 5 25 C. P. irregulare caused pre-emergence death only of peas and only at 5 C. With the possible exception of lentils at 25 C, P. heterothallcum and P. torulosum caused no pre-emergence death of any of the four plant species. None of the species caused pre-emergence death of spring barley. P. ultimum var. sporangiiferum caused the most post-emergence stunting of wheat, peas and lentils at 10 C and above. Pythium irregulare caused as much or more stunting than P. ultimum var. sporangiiferum on wheat, lentils and peas at 5 C, and was the most pathogenic species on barley at 10, 20 and 25 C. P. irregulare caused significantly more post-emergence stunting of wheat at 5 C with than without chaff (added as a food base for the pathogen); this was not offset by adding ammonium sulphate with the chaff. 相似文献
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Tomioka Keisuke Sekiguchi Hiroyuki Nomiyama Koji Kawaguchi Akira Kawakami Akira Masunaka Akira Kobayashi Hidekazu Chiba Masahiro Nagata Kenji Ishikawa Naoyuki 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2021,87(5):273-280
Journal of General Plant Pathology - A ripening disorder with early blighting of foliage including spike bleaching was observed on bread wheat in May 2017 and durum wheat in May 2018 in... 相似文献
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C. H. A. Snijders 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1990,96(4):187-198
Summary An infection of bread wheat by fusarium head blight contaminates the crop with mycotoxins, particularly deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). The toxicity and natural occurrence of these mycotoxins in wheat are reviewed. Based on 8 years data of fusarium head blight epidemics of wheat in the Netherlands, DON contamination of the grain was estimated. Fusarium head blight ratings averaged an infection of 1.7% of all spikelets; estimates for DON contamination averaged 0.9 mg kg–1. Taking a guideline level for DON in uncleaned bread wheat of 2 mg kg–1, in 1979 and 1982 a wheat crop was produced with estimated DON concentrations above the limit of tolerance. Human and animal exposure to mycotoxins in the Netherlands appears to be small but chronic. The information presented in this paper illustrates the need for an annual evaluation of the crop for fusarium head blight incidence and mycotoxin content, and the necessity of fusarium head blight resistant wheat cultivars.Samenvatting Aaraantasting van tarwe doorFusarium culmorum enFusarium graminearum leidt tot vorming van mycotoxinen in het graan, waarvan deoxynivalenol (DON) en nivalenol (NIV) de belangrijkste toxinen zijn. In dit artikel wordt een overzicht gegeven van de toxicologische aspecten, en het voorkomen van deze toxinen in tarwe. Informatie over DON en NIV in tarwe in West-Europa is schaars. Gebaseerd op gegevens vanFusarium epidemieën in de jaren 1979–1986 wordt een schatting gegeven van de concentratie DON in Nederlandse tarwe. Rekening houdend met de herkomst en verwerking van tarwe, blijken zowel in dierlijk als menselijk voedsel lage concentraties DON chronisch voor te komen. Op basis van een maximaal toelaatbare dagelijkse dosis DON van 3 g kg–1 lichaamsgewicht is de schatting van de dagelijkse opname van DON in het jaar volgend op de oogst van 1982 net op de grens. Zowel een jaarlijkse inventarisatie vanFusarium aantasting en DON besmetting van het graan, als de ontwikkeling vanFusarium-resistente rassen zijn noodzakelijk. 相似文献
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Infection processes of Pyrenophora semeniperda on seedling and adult wheat leaves and wheat ears were investigated. Almost 100% germination of conidia occurred on seedling leaves, compared with 20–30% on adult leaves. Appressoria formed over the anticlinal epidermal cell walls and haloes always accompanied infection. Sometimes papillae formed within the leaves as a resistance mechanism. Infection hyphae ramified through the intercellular spaces of the mesophyll resulting in cellular disruption. The infection processes on floral tissues were similar to those observed on leaves; however, no infection occurred on anther, stigmatic or stylar tissues. Infection of ovarian tissue occurred both with and without appressoria formation. Hyphae grew mainly in the epidermal layers and appeared unable to breach the integumental layer as no growth was observed in endosperm or embryo tissues. The optimum dew period temperature for conidial germination was 23·6°C, compared with 19·9°C for lesion development, 20·4°C for the production of infection structures on seedling leaves and 23·7°C for floret infection. Leaf disease development occurred in a logistic manner in response to dew period, with maximum infection observed after 21 h compared with > 48 h in seeds. An initial dark phase during the dew period was necessary for infection and temperature after the dew period had an effect, with significantly more numerous and larger lesions being formed at 15°C compared with 30°C. Seedling leaves were found to be more susceptible than older leaves, under both field and controlled environment conditions. Infection of wheat seeds following inoculation of ears, or after harvest burial of inoculated disease-free seeds, was demonstrated. In the latter, 3-week-old seedlings were slightly stunted, whereas older plants were unaffected. The apparent unimportance of this plant pathogen as a cause of leaf disease in relation to its poor adaptation to dew periods and dew period temperature is discussed, along with the importance of its seed borne characteristics. 相似文献
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小麦抗旱节水生理遗传育种研究进展 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
以国内外近20年来80余篇参考文献为基础,从抗旱小麦品种演变,抗旱节水生理遗传育种机理的历史和最新研究进展,包括抗旱性和节水性的生理生化机制以及抗旱节水遗传等方面,对小麦抗旱节水生理遗传育种的研究进展做了综述。认为随着小麦抗旱高产育种研究的不断深入,旱地育种研究逐渐从抗旱性生理遗传育种研究发展到现在的抗旱节水性生理遗传育种研究,通过育种手段提高小麦水分利用效率成为节水农业一个重要研究方向。 相似文献
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Th. Jacobs 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1989,95(2):65-71
Germination and appressorium formation of wheat leaf rust urediospores were studied in two experiments. No consistent differences could be detected between 11 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum), two of barley, one ofTriticum dicoccum, one ofT. dicoccoides, one ofT. boeoticum and one ofAegilops squarrosa. Host genotypes and non-hosts gave similar results, suggesting that the phases before penetration of the host leaf are not affected by the resistance mechanisms operating in hosts and non-host genotypes.Samenvatting Kieming en de vorming van appressoria is bestudeerd in twee experimenten. Er zijn geen systematische verschillen waargenomen tussen 11 genotypen van tarwe, twee van gerst, een vanTriticum dicoccum, een vanT. dicoccoides, een vanT. boeoticum en een vanAegilops squarrosa. Waard en niet-waard genotypen gaven overeenkomstige resultaten, dit suggereert dat de fasen voor penetratie van het gastheerblad niet beïnvloed worden door de resistentiemechanismen werkzaam in waard en niet-waard. 相似文献
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Take-all in autumn-sown wheat, barley, triticale and rye grown with high and low inputs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Winter cultivars of wheat, barley, triticale and rye were grown under two contrasting husbandry systems (low and high inputs) at two locations (Woburn and Rothamsted) known to be infested with the take-all fungus. The sandy loam at Woburn is less fertile than the silty clay loam at Rothamsted. Root infection in these crops was assessed in spring and summer.
Rye was least infected by the take-all fungus, wheat the most infected and barley and triticale had intermediate levels of infection. Barley yields were less affected by take-all than those of wheat or triticale, because barley was at a later growth stage by the time severe infection occurred. Yields of wheat and barley responded most to the high-input husbandry on the less fertile soil at Woburn. On the basis of quantity of grain, triticale would appear to be a good substitute for wheat on the less fertile soil when inputs are low, but not where they are high. At Rothamsted, yields of wheat and triticale were similar in both input systems. There was no strong support, at either site, for the contention that triticale could be a useful substitute for barley where low or high inputs are used. A total of 177 isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (the causal fungus of take-all) were obtained from infected roots in these experiments and tested for their pathogenicity on wheat and rye seedlings. These tests revealed a range of pathotypes with varying pathogenicities to wheat and rye, but pathogenicities were not correlated with the host plant from which the fungi were isolated. 相似文献
Rye was least infected by the take-all fungus, wheat the most infected and barley and triticale had intermediate levels of infection. Barley yields were less affected by take-all than those of wheat or triticale, because barley was at a later growth stage by the time severe infection occurred. Yields of wheat and barley responded most to the high-input husbandry on the less fertile soil at Woburn. On the basis of quantity of grain, triticale would appear to be a good substitute for wheat on the less fertile soil when inputs are low, but not where they are high. At Rothamsted, yields of wheat and triticale were similar in both input systems. There was no strong support, at either site, for the contention that triticale could be a useful substitute for barley where low or high inputs are used. A total of 177 isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (the causal fungus of take-all) were obtained from infected roots in these experiments and tested for their pathogenicity on wheat and rye seedlings. These tests revealed a range of pathotypes with varying pathogenicities to wheat and rye, but pathogenicities were not correlated with the host plant from which the fungi were isolated. 相似文献
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关中地区麦田杂草危害状况及防除对策 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为摸清目前关中地区麦田杂草种类、分布、感染危害情况,历时3个月对关中地区4市25个县(区)麦田杂草感染危害状况进行全面调查。结果发现,关中地区麦田杂草不仅种类繁多,分布广泛,而且危害普遍严重,其中以播娘篙、猪殃殃、荠菜和节节麦分布最广,危害最严重,平均每平方米分别是93株、84株、21株和19.5株,最多样方分别是1 0421、246、352和256株/m2。因此,麦田杂草防除,应在一定的轮作与土壤耕作的基础上,把各项除草措施综合在一起,以求高效、低投入。 相似文献
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Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Susceptibility of spring wheat to infestation with wheat blossom midges (WBM) and thrips was studied in Central Germany in the two seasons, 2008 and 2009.... 相似文献
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Grass species were grown in plots, as pure stands or mixed with wheat, after a sequence of wheat crops in which take-all ( Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ) had developed. Annual brome grasses maintained take-all inoculum in the soil as well as wheat (grown as a continuous sequence), and much better than cultivated species with a perennial habit. Take-all developed more in wheat grown after Anisantha sterilis (barren brome) or Bromus secalinus (rye brome), with or without wheat, than in continuous grass-free wheat in the same year, where take-all decline was apparently occurring. It was equally or more severe, however, in wheat grown after Lolium perenne (rye-grass) or Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), despite these species having left the least inoculum in the soil. It was most severe in plots where these two grasses had been grown as mixtures with wheat. It is postulated that the presence of these grasses inhibited the development of take-all-suppressive microbiota that had developed in the grass-free wheat crops. The effects of the grasses appeared to be temporary, as amounts of take-all in a second subsequent winter wheat test crop were similar after all treatments. These results have important implications for take-all risk in wheat and, perhaps, other cereal crops grown after grass weed-infested cereals or after set-aside or similar 1-year covers containing weeds or sown grasses, especially in combination with cereal volunteers. They also indicate that grasses might be used experimentally in wheat crop sequences for investigating the mechanisms of suppression of, and conduciveness to, take-all. 相似文献
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小麦纹枯病拮抗细菌的筛选 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
从小麦纹枯病病田土壤中分离到722株细菌,通过对峙培养法筛选出拮抗细菌397株,拮抗菌率为55.0%。细菌对小麦纹枯病病原菌的拮抗作用分为两种类型:其一以竞争作用为主,表现为菌株生长快,抑菌率高但抑菌带较窄,如菌株BNT-25抑菌效果可达100.0%,抑菌带仅为2 mm;其二为抗生物质的产生,表现为菌株生长慢,菌落小,抑菌率高且抑菌带宽,如JJ-5菌株抑菌效果可达94.3%,抑菌带为12 mm。选用18株抑菌作用良好的拮抗细菌在室内测定其防治小麦苗期纹枯病的效果。结果发现,与空白对照相比,有9株拮抗细菌的防治效果达到了极显著水平,有15株拮抗细菌的防治效果达到了显著水平。在极显著水平中菌株NZT-47、MTT-8和DHT-12的防治效果分别为76.45%、64.03%和58.89%,对小麦纹枯病表现了较高的防治效果;菌株HNT-7-16、BDT-94和BNT-28的防治效果分别为43.47%、40.97%和40.97%,具有一定的防治作用。其中NZT-47的防治效果最好。 相似文献