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1.
Assessment of food animal lameness provides a great challenge but also can be extremely rewarding for the practitioner. An accurate diagnosis is essential if treatment, control, and prevention are to be successful. All facets of veterinary medicine and animal science must be applied in order to make an accurate diagnosis. The complaint, history, and signs are the basic considerations in arriving at an accurate assessment and determining the cause so that lameness problems can be solved.  相似文献   

2.
Overall diagnostic sensitivity is the probability that a diagnostic procedure will detect an agent if the tested animal is indeed infected. The overall or effective sensitivity is a function of both the probability that the assay will detect the agent if it is present in the sample tested and the probability that the agent will be present in the sample tested if the animal is infected with the agent. Thus, even with a highly sensitive assay, the probability of detecting an infected animal may be low or nil if the sampling procedure failed to capture the agent in samples tested by the assay. In this article, it is demonstrated how increased frequency of testing, such as testing multiple subsamples, can have a profound effect on increasing the overall sensitivity of a diagnostic procedure.  相似文献   

3.
In the preceding pages, the various components of an examination have been described. Each clinician will formulate his own method of utilizing these components. The following are suggested steps in a practical approach to the diagnosis of lameness. Evaluate the conditions under which restraint of the animal is possible (corral, free stall, stanchion barn). Assess the temperament, physical strength, and general amenability of the animal to be examined. If the animal is at liberty, its movements can be studied. If it is standing quietly observe it. If the animal is tied up and it seems feasible to examine the animal while it is walking, observe the animal and take its history while it is still tied up. Aggressive and wild animals should be observed, but little beneficial information will be gained from a regional approach to evaluating movement at this stage. Even if the seat of lameness seems to be in the proximal limb, it is mandatory in every case to examine the hooves and interdigital space at some stage during the evaluation. However, if the probability of proximal lameness is high, the clinician may proceed to make a complete evaluation, which would include studying the quality of movement before checking that the distal extremity is normal in every way. If the clinician decides to proceed with an examination of the digital region and is unable to locate a causative lesion in the extremity, he would then evaluate movement and manipulate and palpate the proximal limb. If no cause of the lameness becomes apparent, the nerve supply to the extremity would then be blocked.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

4.
Can the optimum animal be defined? Will that definition change over time, by location, by market demand? First, assume what may be impossible, that the perfect animal can be defined or that only a limited number of definitions of "perfect" are needed. Then, can the "perfect" animal to match a definition be found? Suppose such an animal is found. Then the question to be answered before trying to clone as a method of genetic improvement becomes "Is the animal perfect because of phenotype or genotype?" In other words, the P = G + E problem exists, which requires traditional methods of genetic evaluation and testing to determine whether genotype (G) or random environmental (E) effects or a combination leads to the apparent perfection in the phenotype (P). For most traits, additive genetic variance accounts for 10 to 50% of total variance, a fraction denoted as heritability. With a simple model, the best prediction of genotypic value is to reduce the apparent phenotypic superiority by multiplying by heritability. Cloning the "perfect" animal also could capture optimum dominance and epistatic genetic effects that are otherwise difficult to select for. For some traits, maternal effects are important. In that case, clones as breeding animals must be "perfect" for both direct and maternal genotypes, or alternatively terminal and maternal clone lines would need to be developed. The use of clones to increase uniformity can be only partially successful. If heritability is 25%, then the standard deviation among clones would be 87% of that of uncloned animals. Only if heritability is 100% will clone mates have complete uniformity. Fixing the genotype could increase susceptibility to failure if environment changes or if the cloned genotype is susceptible to a new disease or if economic conditions change. Cloning, at best, is another tool for animal improvement that joins the list of previous biotechnological inventions, some of which have become cost-effective, such as artificial insemination, sexing of semen, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, embryo sexing, and in vitro fertilization. Cloning has a place in that inventory but, in the long-term, the use of cloning will need to be managed to be cost effective for the improvement of quantitative characters.  相似文献   

5.
A report is given on history and procedures of ritual slaughter from the point of view of a Moslem representative. The term sacrifice and the religious meaning of the offering feast are explained on the basis of the Abrahamian tradition. The social aspect of ritual slaughter is that two thirds of the slaughtered animal are given to the poor or served as meal to guests and relatives. One third is saved for the own family only. The Islamic religion acknowledges the responsibility of man for animals as creatures of god whose life and well-being have to be protected, nobody is allowed to subject animals to pain, suffering and damage without a sound reason. The ritual slaughter aims at complete debleeding. Blood is symbol life and soul and the breath of life. It must leave the body completely before consumption because it is not allowed to eat animals alive. Electric stunning is allowed if the animal is unconscious and not dead. The consumption of dead animals is forbidden by religion. It is recommended to introduce more veterinarian expert knowledge in the discussion.  相似文献   

6.
It is hoped that we have demonstrated that collection, handling, and limited analysis of CSF samples from the dog and cat are relatively simple. No special equipment or handling is required, and the procedures are within the capabilities of any veterinarian interested in performing them. In addition, although this article was not intended to present a detailed discussion on the interpretation of the analysis of CSF, we have demonstrated some very practical interpretations to the various aspects of a routine CSF analysis. When combined with a signalment, complete history, and thorough general physical and neurologic examination, CSF analysis can prove invaluable in the workup of an animal with a neurologic disorder. Relatively simple laboratory procedures can be helpful in differentiating peripheral blood contamination from true intrathecal hemorrhage, in identifying an active inflammatory process, in potentially characterizing an etiologic agent, and, on rare occasions, in identifying primary or metastatic neoplastic disease involving the CNS. In many cases, the above is not directly possible, because the changes observed in our routine analysis are nonspecific. Yet, documenting and following these "nonspecific" alterations are helpful in determining if there is progression or regression of the disease process. In turn, these changes or lack of changes are helpful in identifying if the proper therapy has been instituted and if additional or different therapy is required.  相似文献   

7.
A molecular epidemiologic investigation in two Brazilian states (Rondônia and São Paulo) was undertaken to determine if Ehrlichia species responsible for human and animal ehrlichioses in North America could be found in Brazilian vectors, potential natural mammalian reservoirs and febrile human patients with a tick bite history. Samples, including 376 ticks comprising 9 Amblyomma species, 29 capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) spleens, 5 canine blood, and 75 human blood samples from febrile patients with history of tick bites were tested by a real-time PCR assay targeting a fragment of the Ehrlichia dsb gene. Ehrlichia DNA was not detected in any tick, capybara or human samples. In contrast, 4 out of 5 dogs contained Ehrlichia canis DNA in their blood, which were sequenced, representing the first report of E. canis infecting dogs in the Amazon region of Brazil. Further studies are needed to evaluate the presence of other agents of human and animal ehrlichioses in Brazil.  相似文献   

8.
Protein-energy malnutrition occurs when feed is provided to ruminant livestock in insufficient quantity, quality, or both. The clinical syndrome that results from protein-energy malnutrition is not difficult to recognize, but it may be difficult to convince owners of the diagnosis. Development of clinical signs, such as recumbency and hypothermia, may occur rapidly owing to the sudden failure of homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the supply of cellular fuels. The ruminant is unique in its response to malnutrition because ruminal microorganisms become malnourished just as their host does. Ruminal maldigestion hastens the onset of clinical signs and makes recovery very difficult and prolonged. Clinical signs of PEM are similar in adult beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, and goats; however, the typical history of affected animals varies for each of these species. Neonatal ruminants may also be severely affected with PEM if they do not receive sufficient colostrum and milk. Definitive diagnosis of primary PEM requires necropsy of an affected animal. Diagnosis of PEM in an individual animal usually indicates a herd or flock problem that requires immediate attention. If the affected individual is already recumbent, then treatment will likely be difficult and unsuccessful. Changes in management of the herd or flock that involve ensuring adequate feed intake, minimizing cold and social stress, and meeting the animal's specific nutritional requirements will prevent PEM and maximize production.  相似文献   

9.
From the time of the first modern studies of infectious diseases, by Koch, Pasteur, Theiler and their colleagues, it has been clear that laboratory investigation must be complemented by epidemiologic investigation. The measurement of all aspects of the natural history of a disease in naturally affected populations is necessary if we are to rationally design control regimens. Building upon a historic perspective, this paper presents a view of the present status of epidemiology as it pertains to animal disease control, and presents a view of the merits of expanding the use of this science in future animal disease control programs, internationally, in developed and developing countries. The basis for this view lies in adaptation of principles employed in human infectious disease epidemiology, and principles which guide the organization of international disease control agencies.  相似文献   

10.
Interspecies scaling is a useful tool for the prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters from animals to humans, and it is often used for estimating a first-time in human dose. The knowledge of pharmacokinetics in veterinary species is important for dosage selection, particularly in the treatment of large zoo animal species, such as elephants, giant cats and camels, for which pharmacokinetic data are scant. Therefore, the accuracy in clearance predictions in large animal species, with and without the use of correction factors (rule of exponents), and the impact of species selection in the prediction of clearance in large animal species was examined. Based upon this analysis, it was determined that there is a much larger risk of inaccuracies in the clearance estimates in large animal species when compared with that observed for humans. Unlike in humans, for large animal species, correction factors could not be applied because there was no trend between the exponents of simple allometry and the appropriate correction factor for improving our predictions. Nevertheless, we did see an indication that the exponents of simple allometry may alert us as to when the predicted clearance in the large animal may be underestimated or overpredicted. For example, if a large animal is included in the scaling, the predicted clearance in a large animal should be considered overestimated if the exponent of simple allometry is >1.3. Despite the potential for extrapolation error, the reality is that allometric scaling is needed across many veterinary practice situations, and therefore will be used. For this reason, it is important to consider mechanisms for reducing the risk of extrapolation errors that can seriously affect target animal safety, therapeutic response, or the accuracy of withdrawal time predictions.  相似文献   

11.
Careful assessment of nutritional needs of dogs and cats must be taken into consideration in order to maintain optimum health, be part of a treatment regimen for a diseased state, or to maximise the quality of life in all animals. Therefore, the goal of these WSAVA Guidelines is that a nutritional assessment and specific nutritional recommendation be made on every patient on every visit. This will become known as the 5th Vital Assessment (5VA), following the four vital assessments of temperature, pulse, respiration and pain that are already addressed on each patient interaction. Routinely doing a brief screening evaluation of the nutritional status during history taking and the physical examination can be seamlessly performed as part of every patient exam. Nutrition-related risk factors that can be easily identified from the history and physical examination include age (growing or old), suboptimal body condition score (overweight or thin), muscle loss, atypical or homemade diet, medical conditions, or changes in appetite. An extended evaluation would follow, if one or more risk factors is identified on screening. These guidelines provide criteria to evaluate the animal and the diet, as well as key feeding and environmental factors. In addition, recommendations for interpretation, analysis, and action are included so that a plan for optimising the animal's nutritional status can be instituted. Client compliance with nutritional recommendations requires input from the veterinarian, veterinary technicians/nurses, and the hospital staff. A team approach to continuous nutritional education, implementation of appropriate protocols, and focused client communication, utilising these WSAVA Nutritional Guidelines, are key components to reach this 5VA goal.  相似文献   

12.
The development of EC legislation is outlined using swine fever and foot and mouth disease as an example, starting with the possibility of vaccinating against both animal diseases in the 1980s without substantially restricting trade with vaccinated animals or products of these animals, right up to a policy of non-vaccination with the realisation of the single market with significant restrictions on intra-Community trade if the option of an emergency vaccination were to be used.The restrictions associated with emergency vaccination are basically tantamount to a vaccination ban. To that extent, vaccination needs to be taken into consideration as an instrument of animal disease control under the EU animal health legislation currently being discussed, the aim being for vaccinated animals that have tested as virus-free to be able to be marketed without any restrictions. This will, however, only be possible if all stakeholders (EU, member states, World Organisation for Animal Health, industry, consumers) achieve a broad consensus.  相似文献   

13.
Radiographic examination of exotic animal species provides significant diagnostic information to the practitioner so long as attention is paid to positioning and radiographic detail and if variations in normal radiographic anatomy are contemplated. Fracture of pneumatic bones (humerus or femur) in avian patients often results in subcutaneous emphysema, much like an open fracture. If fracture alignment is anatomical, there is generally little callous formation visible in avian and reptile patients; however, if malunion occurs, then certainly callous can be visualized. Aggressive or excessive periosteal proliferation in exotic species often predicts osteomyelitis. Practitioners can increase their diagnostic capabilities and thereby decrease any preconceived anxiety by applying the same general interpretive concepts used in the radiography of more routine small animal patients and by evaluating the resultant radiographs in a systematic manner. With the exception of certain anatomical differences and alterations in response to injury, exotic animal species suffer the same types of orthopedic disease do dogs and cats.  相似文献   

14.
Rabies is a deadly zoonoses endemic in the United States, including Kansas. Animal control programmes that emphasize vaccination of dogs and cats, removal of stray animals and enforcement of licensure programmes have historically been essential in reducing the risk of rabies exposures to humans (Beran, 1991). Kansas does not mandate the use of animal control officers [ACOs] and in areas where there is no designated animal control officer, law enforcement officers [LEOs] are required to fill that role. Little is known about LEOs' knowledge of rabies, their current practices in responding to animal‐related calls or if they receive any specialized training to perform the duties of an ACO. A web‐based, voluntary and anonymous survey was sent to law enforcement officers in Kansas in January 2014. The survey included questions about animal control practices and a self‐assessment of rabies knowledge. The response rate was 16.2%. All respondents indicated LEOs will respond to animal‐related calls, even if there was an ACO available in their department or jurisdiction. A majority of respondents indicated they had not received training on safe animal handling (62.9%, 61/97) or zoonoses prevention (85.6%, 83/97), even though a strong majority considered such training important (89.7% and 79.4%, respectively). Most respondents (>80%) were able to correctly identify animals capable of transmitting rabies but were less aware of how rabies was transmitted or the severity of rabies in humans. Our results demonstrate that Kansas LEOs perform animal control duties, many without the proper training, even though most consider such training to be important to be able to perform their duties safely. Training on safe animal handling and zoonoses prevention should be provided to all LEOs in Kansas to enable them to safely execute their duties and provide timely and accurate information to citizens regarding rabies prevention.  相似文献   

15.
Spinal disease in rabbits is most often the result of trauma; however, other causes have been reported including congenital defects and degenerative spinal diseases. Diagnosis of spinal disease is based on history, physical and neurologic examination findings, and imaging. Fractures and luxations of the spine are often apparent on plain radiographs; however, myelography is used to determine if the lesion is causing spinal cord compression that may be amenable to surgical decompression. Unless intervertebral discs are mineralized, they are not visible when viewing plain radiographic images; therefore, myelography may be useful to diagnose spinal cord compression from a herniated disc. Myelography can also define lesions that do not result in a disruption of the osseous vertebral architecture such as tumors and granulomas. In rabbits, myelography is performed when the animal is under general anesthesia and in lateral recumbency. A nonionic iodinated contrast agent is injected into the subarachnoid space, usually at the level of the lumbar spine, to outline the spinal cord and identify cord compressive or disruptive lesions.  相似文献   

16.
Raccoon-variant rabies was confirmed in 7 pet rabbits and 1 pet guinea pig in New York State, and postexposure treatment was required in several adults and children. To prevent rabies virus infection, domestic rabbits and pet rodents should be protected from contact with wild animals, including double-cage housing when housed outside. Pet rabbits or rodents with any possible contact with a wild animal, particularly if the rabbit or rodent had wounds of unknown origin, should be quarantined for 6 months for observation, to prevent escape, and to avoid contact with humans, who will require treatment if the rabbit or rodent develops rabies. Bites and scratches to humans from rodents and lagomorphs should be evaluated for potential rabies exposure on an individual basis, with consideration of whether the animal was caged outside or permitted outdoors unsupervised.  相似文献   

17.
The Domestic Dog lives today in the industrial nations mainly as a companion animal of man and is not so much used or exploited anymore, as in earlier times or in other cultures. There exist the following forms of keeping ("keeping systems"): Keeping in apartments or houses, keeping in enclosures or pens, keeping the dog attached or chained, letting the dog roam freely and uncontrolled. The latter form will not be discussed. For the keeping of dogs in enclosures or chained, forms which are easier to detect, observe and control, there exist rather well-defined criteria for an evaluation of the keeping conditions, to a great extent based on the animal welfare legislation. Dogs in apartments or houses however are kept in the seclusion and privacy of human homes which makes an evaluation of the keeping conditions more difficult. Basically however, the same criteria are to be applied as to the other keeping forms. Keeping of dogs in apartments or houses is to be considered as appropriate for the animal, if certain requirements are met. Dog keeping includes being busy with the animal in different ways. Animal appropriate ways of treatment of and of occupation with the dog are therefore an integrative part of correct keeping conditions.  相似文献   

18.
Nanoscience in veterinary medicine   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Nanotechnology, as an enabling technology, has the potential to revolutionize veterinary medicine. Examples of potential applications in animal agriculture and veterinary medicine include disease diagnosis and treatment delivery systems, new tools for molecular and cellular breeding, identity preservation of animal history from birth to a consumer's table, the security of animal food products, major impact on animal nutrition scenarios ranging from the diet to nutrient uptake and utilization, modification of animal waste as expelled from the animal, pathogen detection, and many more. Existing research has demonstrated the feasibility of introducing nanoshells and nanotubes into animals to seek and destroy targeted cells. Thus, building blocks do exist and are expected to be integrated into systems over the next couple of decades on a commercial basis. While it is reasonable to presume that nanobiotechnology industries and unique developments will revolutionize veterinary medicine in the future, there is a huge concern, among some persons and organizations, about food safety and health as well as social and ethical issues which can delay or derail technological advancements.  相似文献   

19.
运输动物可能发生在各个动物生产或使用单位的内部,也可能发生在动物供应商与用户之间,对于野生动物,还可能会发生在捕捉地点与饲养设施之间。动物的运输过程中,许多的方面可能对动物福利产生直接的影响。包括搬运,从熟悉的同种中隔离及可能的单独饲养,被装载在不熟悉的运输容器中,装卸,运输途中的运动、震动、包括加速和减速,为保证平衡导致的紧张(特别是大动物),不熟悉的信息、声音和气味,温度和湿度的波动及极端温度,黑暗(避光设置),被停止供食或无采食和饮水意愿,最终用户提供的新环境和程序,不熟悉的人和可能社会等级竞争重构健等均是潜在造成动物应激的因素。认真评估和组织运输中的各个方面,人道对待所运输的动物对保障研究的质量和动物福利是必须的。本文简单论述了运输对实验动物福利的影响及造成这些影响的潜在因素、评价指标。推荐了一个人道运输实验动物的通行准则,以及一些有价值的文献数据。更加详细的内容可以阅读参考文献的原文。  相似文献   

20.
Keeping large numbers of animals in large-scale, pseudo-industrial units poses similar problems to the overstocking of small farms within any one area, as far as the disposal of animal effluents is concerned. The prevalence of parasites in pigs, poultry and cattle on large-scale farms is listed, and examples of the resistance of their exogenic stages are given. The possibilities of transmission to individuals of the same species or to other species including man are evaluated. Guidelines for safe or restricted disposal of the effluents as fertilizers for different plant crops are given. On recycling effluents as animal food, no problems should arise from the parasitologist's point of view if poultry manure is fed to pigs or cattle or if swine or cattle effluents are fed to poultry. Other combinations are hazardous.  相似文献   

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