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1.
解析洱海流域水稻-油菜轮作农田土壤碳氮水解酶活性和微生物种群结构特征,为优化农田土壤微生物群落结构和调节群落功能,实现对农田生态系统的优化管理和合理保护提供依据。选取未施用任何有机碳源及化肥和施用化肥但未施用有机碳源的2个试验处理为研究对象,分析测试土壤β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(GC)和β-1,4-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性及微生物种群结构组成,解析土壤酶活性、微生物种群和土壤碳氮素间的关系。结果表明,土壤GC活性与土壤有机质含量正相关,土壤NAG活性与土壤全氮含量正相关,土壤碳氮比对水解酶活性变化的解释度最高。土壤细菌以变形菌门(Proteobacteria,32.58%～34.43%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria,20.19%～22.38%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,15.39%～18.53%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,14.91%～18.58%)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes,3.39%～4.21%)5个菌门为主要种群,占总原核微生物群落丰度的91.54%～93.10%;真菌以子囊菌门(Ascomycota,76.75%～78.39%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota,8.91%～11.54%)和接合菌门(Zygomycota,6.12%～7.49%)3个菌门为主要种群,占总真核微生物群落丰度的93.26%～96.63%;微生物种群多样性及门分类水平的种群相对丰度差异不显著(P≥0.05)。施用化肥导致部分微生物差异显著性物种种群丰度发生变化,而土壤较高碳氮含量是维持洱海流域水稻-油菜轮作农田土壤微生物多样性及酶活性稳定的主要环境因子。 相似文献
2.
红壤是我国重要的土壤类型之一,其耕地地力低下问题亟待解决。探究不同改良措施影响下红壤地力提升效果,对实现中低产田可持续利用具有重要意义。本研究以湖南第四纪红黏土发育的旱地红壤为研究对象,分析了休闲（F）、不施肥（CK）、单施无机肥（NPK）、无机肥配秸秆还田（NPKS）、无机肥配施生石灰（NPKL）、无机肥配施骨粉有机肥（NPKA）和无机肥配施生物有机肥（NPKC）等改良措施下不同土层和改良年限土壤中pH及养分含量的变化,并利用微孔板荧光法比较了土壤中碳氮磷循环相关酶活性的差异。结果表明,不同改良措施显著影响土壤养分及酶活性。与CK相比,2020年NPKC处理0～20cm土层中有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）和有效磷（AP）含量分别提高了73%、29%、61%和1 847%,同时该处理也显著增加了参与碳循环α-1,4-葡糖苷酶（αG）、β-1,4-葡糖苷酶（βG）、β-1,4-木糖苷酶（βX）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）和参与氮循环β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖酐酶（NAG）活性。相关分析表明,SOM与αG、βG、βX、CBH和NAG酶活性呈显著正相关（P <0.01... 相似文献
3.
红壤是我国重要的土壤类型之一,其耕地地力低下问题亟待解决。探究不同改良措施影响下红壤地力提升效果,对实现中低产田可持续利用具有重要意义。本研究以湖南第四纪红黏土发育的旱地红壤为研究对象,分析了休闲（F）、不施肥（CK）、单施无机肥（NPK）、无机肥配秸秆还田（NPKS）、无机肥配施生石灰（NPKL）、无机肥配施骨粉有机肥（NPKA）和无机肥配施生物有机肥（NPKC）等改良措施下不同土层和改良年限土壤中pH及养分含量的变化,并利用微孔板荧光法比较了土壤中碳氮磷循环相关酶活性的差异。结果表明,不同改良措施显著影响土壤养分及酶活性。与CK相比,2020年NPKC处理0～20 cm土层中有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）和有效磷（AP）含量分别提高了73%、29%、61%和1 847%,同时该处理也显著增加了参与碳循环α-1,4-葡糖苷酶（αG）、β-1,4-葡糖苷酶（βG）、β-1,4-木糖苷酶（βX）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）和参与氮循环β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖酐酶（NAG）活性。相关分析表明,SOM与αG、βG、βX、CBH和NAG酶活性呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）,pH与酸性磷酸酶（ACP）活性呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）。改良措施对0～20 cm土层酶活性的影响大于20～40 cm。2019年,NPKA处理0～20 cm土层中CBH酶活性较CK提高了352%,而在20～40 cm土层中CBH酶活性仅较CK提高了2%。此外,不同改良措施土壤中ACP酶活性也呈现出随改良年限增加而增加的趋势。综上可知,无机肥配施有机物料显著提升红壤养分状况,改善土壤酶活性,可作为贫瘠红壤地力提升的有效改良措施。 相似文献
4.
凋落物双倍添加和移除对米槠林土壤水解酶活性及其化学计量比的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
土壤酶与土壤养分紧密相关,并能够活化土壤中营养元素从而改善土壤环境质量,为更加深入了解全球气候变化背景下森林凋落物数量的变化及其酶化学计量比的影响,以亚热带米槠林为研究对象设计随机区组试验,设置3种凋落物处理(移除凋落物(NRNL)、添加双倍凋落物(NRDL)、保留凋落物(CK)),通过测定土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和水解酶活性(β—葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)、β—N—乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)),探讨排除根系作用下双倍添加和移除地上凋落物对米槠林土壤养分状况和土壤生态酶化学计量特征的影响。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,NRDL处理显著提高了CBH和LAP活性,同时提高了土壤总碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、矿质氮、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量,而NRNL处理只降低了土壤MBC含量。同时发现,土壤生态酶化学计量比未受到凋落物输入处理的影响,CK、NRNL和NRDL处理土壤酶活性比ln(βG+CBH)∶ln(NAG+LAP)分别为1.25,1.36,1.30;ln(βG+CBH)∶ln(AP)分别为0.78,0.78,0.83;ln(NAG+LAP)∶ln(AP)分别为0.62,0.58,0.64。相关分析表明,TC、TN、矿质氮、DOC、DON、MBC和MBN分别与βG、CBH、AP和LAP活性呈显著正相关;冗余分析表明,DOC是驱动土壤水解酶活性和化学计量比变化的关键因子。综上,NRDL通过增加土壤DOC的浓度,从而提高土壤水解酶活性,研究结果可为亚热带森林土壤养分管理提供基础数据。 相似文献
5.
不同施肥及秸秆还田对潮土有机质及其组分的影响 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
基于长期田间定位试验样地,研究了裸地(CK1)、不施肥秸秆移除(CK2)、不施肥秸秆还田(CK3)、施无机肥秸秆移除(NPK)、有机无机肥混施秸秆移除(1/2NPK+1/2OM)、有机肥秸秆移除(OM)、无机肥秸秆还田(NPK+S)、有机肥秸秆还田(OM+S)8种处理对土壤有机质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,CK1土壤有机质及有机质各组分含量最低,但有机质稳定性较CK2、CK3高。与CK2相比,施肥处理(NPK、1/2NPK+1/2OM、OM)、秸秆还田处理(CK3)以及秸秆与肥料混施处理(NPK+S、OM+S)均能不同程度地增加土壤有机质及其各组分的含量,提高土壤有机质稳定性。其中OM处理效果最为显著,有机质含量比CK2高155.1%;有机质各组分中可溶性有机质DOM、富里酸FA、胡敏酸HA、胡敏素HM比CK2分别高39.1%、133.7%、540.0%、152.5%;HA/FA值为0.43,比CK2高173.9%。在CK3的基础上施用肥料(NPK+S、OM+S),土壤有机质含量以及有机质稳定性均有所增加,并且有机肥(OM+S)效果好于无机肥(NPK+S)。可见秸秆还田及有机肥施用对潮土有机质及其各组分含量均有提升作用,促进有机质积累并提高其稳定性。 相似文献
6.
《土壤与作物》2020,(3)
秸秆还田和化肥施用等管理措施将改变农田土壤碳和养分浓度及其化学计量比,进而影响土壤酶活性乃至土壤肥力。为了明确土壤中可利用态碳与氮、磷、硫等营养元素含量变化及其化学计量关系对土壤酶活性的影响,本研究选取亚热带地区典型稻田土壤,通过外源添加葡萄糖和氮磷硫养分试验,测定培养3 d和60 d时参与土壤碳氮磷循环过程的β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(AP) 4种土壤胞外酶活性。结果表明,在添加初期(3 d),葡萄糖添加提高了稻田土壤4种酶的活性;然而,不管是否有葡萄糖加入,稻田土壤酶活性均不受养分添加水平的影响。在培养后期(60 d),葡萄糖添加显著降低高养分添加处理中稻田土壤酶活性;而且添加葡萄糖处理中,土壤4种酶活性均与养分元素添加水平呈显著的负相关关系。在培养60 d时,碳水解酶与氮水解酶的比值([BG+CBH)/NAG]与养分添加水平呈显著正相关关系,表明随着养分添加水平的增加,微生物的氮限制程度减弱。然而,碳水解酶与磷水解酶的比值([BG+CBH)/AP]与养分添加水平之间呈显著负相关关系,这意味着养分添加量的增加加剧了微生物的磷限制作用,导致土壤磷酸酶活性升高。研究结果揭示了土壤酶活性与土壤碳和养分有效性之间的化学计量学耦合关系,对于加强农田土壤养分管理和提升土壤肥力具有重要意义。 相似文献
7.
生物炭施用下潮土团聚体微生物量碳氮和酶活性的分布特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
8.
长期单施化肥和有机无机配合条件下红壤蔗区土壤生物学性状及细菌多样性差异 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
【目的】分析红壤区长期施肥的蔗区土壤生物学性状和细菌多样性,旨在提出提升红壤蔗区土壤肥力与健康的施肥方案。【方法】试验从1995年开始,于广西来宾市蒙村镇那洪村甘蔗长期试验站进行。试验设置不施肥(CK)、 长期单一施用化肥(NPK)和长期化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)3个处理。采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)以及稀释平板法等传统和现代分析技术,比较分析了3种长期不同施肥处理对蔗区土壤生物学指标、 细菌多样性等指示土壤肥力与健康状况指标的影响。【结果】施肥处理导致甘蔗产区土壤pH下降,NPK处理下降幅度大于NPKM处理。土壤中可培养微生物数量(细菌、 真菌和放线菌)均以NPKM处理为最高,NPK处理真菌数量显著高于CK,放线菌数量却显著低于CK土壤,细菌数量两者间无显著差异。微生物量碳、 氮以及涉及碳、 氮、 磷循环的土壤酶活性均以NPKM处理土壤为最高,与NPK和CK土壤差异显著。NPK处理土壤中β-葡糖苷酶活性以及微生物量碳高于CK土壤,但蛋白酶、 磷酸酶活性以及微生物量氮显著低于CK土壤。NPKM处理土壤中细菌多样性指数(H)、 丰富度(S)以及均匀度(EH)指数等同样表征土壤肥力与质量的敏感指标均高于NPK和CK土壤。【结论】长期施肥可不同程度地导致红壤蔗区土壤pH下降,长期单一施用化肥处理下降幅度高于化肥与有机肥配施处理。长期单一施用化肥加剧了土壤肥力下降与质量劣化,化肥配施有机肥是减缓红壤甘蔗产区土壤pH下降、 提升土壤肥力和保持土壤健康的有效措施。 相似文献
9.
长期施肥下石灰性潮土有机碳变化的DNDC模型预测 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
为探讨长期不同施肥条件下土壤有机碳的变化规律及DNDC模型的应用,利用封丘石灰性潮土不同施肥措施下的长期定位试验数据,选取CK、NPK、1/2NPK+1/2OM、OM4个处理,分析了15年来作物产量及土壤有机碳(SOC)的变化特征,并用DNDC模型预测了试验地近100年(2000~2099)的SOC变化趋势。结果表明,各施肥处理的多年产量平均值和对照处理差异显著;施用化肥(NPK和1/2NPK+1/2OM)处理和有机肥(OM)处理间也有显著差异;产量最高为NPK处理,达10811 kg/ha,CK处理最低,但1/2NPK+1/2OM处理产量与NPK处理无显著性差异。15年来土壤耕层(0—20cm)有机碳平均值,以OM处理最高,达到7.90 g/kg,显著高于1/2NPK+1/2OM、NPK处理;而CK处理仅为4.15 g/kg。从15年来有机碳的变化看出,CK处理略有下降,NPK处理较为平稳,而1/2NPK+1/2OM和OM处理呈现不断上升趋势,OM处理上升幅度较1/2NPK+1/2OM处理大。对试验地SOC变化趋势长期(100a)的模拟结果显示,与初始土壤SOC含量相比,100a后不施肥处理(CK)土壤有机碳含量下降了52%,化肥(NPK)处理土壤SOC含量较为稳定,而1/2NPK+1/2OM处理和OM处理土壤有机碳增加明显,大约25a后基本上稳定,100a后分别较2000年增加了24%和25%。从实测数据的分析和DNDC模型模拟分析可以看出,有机肥和化肥配施能获得较高作物产量,并能有效地增加土壤SOC含量,从而提高土壤的可持续利用能力。 相似文献
10.
黄土高原植被演替过程中相对土壤酶活性的变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
明确土壤相对酶活性在植被恢复过程中的变化特征及影响因素,对客观揭示植被次生演替过程中微生物活性变化特征具有重要意义。利用时空互代法,选取黄土丘陵区植被次生演替过程中农田、草地、灌木、先锋林和顶级群落5个阶段为研究对象,探讨了β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)、β-木糖苷酶(BX)、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、丙氨酸酶转氨酶(ALT)和碱性磷酸酶(AP)7种酶活性变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:在植被次生演替过程中,单位土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤CBH、BX和NAG酶活性伴随植被次生演替先显著升高后显著降低(P0.05),并在先锋林阶段达到最高点;单位土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)的3种酶活性呈现相反趋势,并在顶级群落阶段最高。相关性分析显示,单位SOC和PLFA土壤CBH、BX和NAG酶活性均与土壤pH显著负相关且与土壤DOC显著正相关(P0.05);单位SOC和PLFA土壤相对酶活性分别与土壤生物因子显著的正相关和负相关(P0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤中磷含量和碳氮含量分别是单位SOC和单位PLFA土壤相对酶活性变化主要驱动因子。研究结果为进一步揭示次生演替过程中土壤养分循环和质量变化提供新的见解。 相似文献
11.
Fluorescence of cereal flours. 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M Zandomeneghi 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(3):878-882
Front-surface fluorescence spectra of cereal flours are easily measured with a commercial spectrofluorometer and a simple cell. The emission spectra are intense in the range 290-600 nm in which three emission bands are active. The most intense is due to the aromatic amino acid residues present in the proteins of flours. At least two other fluorophores are active in the above spectral range and compete for light with the chromophores present in the flours. Four absorption bands are revealed in the same spectral region by reflectance spectra, the most intense being due to the amino acidic fluorophores. Thus, the measured emission is the result of absorption, scattering, emission, and reabsorption processes. Information on the microenvironment of some fluorophores can be obtained. The possibility to recognize different species of cereals, even of different cultivars, is shown. 相似文献
12.
低毒病毒-板栗疫病菌组合是研究病毒与宿主相互作用的一个优秀的模式系统。我们构建了含绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp的载体pCPXHY2GFP与含红色荧光蛋白基因rfp的载体pCPXG418RFP,并用于转化野生型菌株EP155,获得了以潮霉素为筛选标记、表达绿色荧光蛋白的转化株pCPXHY2GFP/EP155和以G418为筛选标记、表达红色荧光蛋白的转化株pCPXG418RFP/EP155。将载体pCPXG418RFP转化pCPXHY2GFP/EP155,获得的转化株能观察到绿色荧光蛋白与红色荧光蛋白共定位的现象。板栗疫病菌绿色荧光与红色荧光共定位载体pCPXHY2GFP与pCPXG418RFP的构建,为深入研究病毒与宿主相互作用的分子机制提供了强有力的研究材料。 相似文献
13.
Zandomeneghi M Carbonaro L Caffarata C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(3):759-766
Fluorescence spectra of undiluted extra virgin olive oil obtained with the traditional setup (right-angle fluorescence) show considerable artifacts and deformations due to self-absorption phenomena, even when the spectra are corrected for inner filter effects. On the other side, front-face fluorescence spectra are much less affected by self-absorption. Front-face fluorescence of native olive oil reveals the presence of different fluorophores and can provide information about their amount. From the intense emission at ca. 315-330 nm, it is possible to detect fluorescent polyphenols and pherols and to evaluate their overall content. Low-intensity emission bands at 350-600 nm are correlated to vitamins and other important molecules. Among them, the fluorescence of the riboflavin fluorophore can be used to evaluate its concentration. The intense emission of chlorophyll derivatives, measured in the 640-800 nm spectral region, can provide information on their concentration. 相似文献
14.
Baunsgaard D Nørgaard L Godshall MA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(10):4955-4962
In a fluorescence study of raw cane sugar samples, two-way and three-way chemometric methods have been used to extract information about the individual fluorophores in the sugar from fluorescence excitation-emission landscapes. A sample set of 47 raw sugar samples representing a varied selection was analyzed, and three individual fluorophores with (275, 350) nm, (340, 420) nm, and (390, 460) nm as their approximate excitation and emission maxima were found. The spectral profiles of the fluorophores were estimated with the three-way decomposition model PARAFAC. Two-way principal component analysis (PCA) of unfolded fluorescence landscapes confirmed the PARAFAC results and showed patterns of samples related to time of storage. Partial least squares (PLS) calibration models of color at 420 nm had a high model error due to the very high color range of the raw sugars, but variable selection performed on the fluorescence data revealed that all three fluorophores were correlated to color. The (275, 350) nm fluorophore is considered as a color precursor to the color developed on storage and the (340, 420) nm and (390, 460) nm fluorophores show colorant polymer characteristics. 相似文献
15.
Red and white wheats must be segregated for marketing purposes because they have different end uses. Identification of wheat color is not straightforward, and currently there is interest in characterizing red and white wheats using spectroscopic methods and chemical tests. The kernels of both red and white wheats exhibit natural fluorescence that can be readily viewed under UV light, although it is not possible to differentiate the fluorescence spectra of red and white wheats by visual inspection only. Fluorescence emission spectra in the wavelength range of 370–670 nm for 91 wheat samples consisting of 48 red (from 30 cultivars) and 43 white (from 18 cultivars) were analyzed by partial least squares (PLS) and neural networks analyses (NNA). Samples included cultivars that were difficult to classify visually as well as wheat harvested after rainfall. Classification accuracies were ≈85% for calibration and ≈72% for the validation samples by both analyses. A plot of β‐coefficient vs. wavelength in PLS analysis indicated that fluorescence of red wheat cultivars was greater than that for white wheat cultivars at 425 (±20) nm wavelength. Fluorescence of white wheat cultivars was greater than that for red cultivars at 587 (±35) nm. Fluorescence emission at ≈450 nm from wheat samples increased in intensity after treatment with NaOH. The increase was greater for red than for white wheat. Wheat harvested after rainfall also exhibited a slight increase in fluorescence. 相似文献
16.
Andy Baker 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2005,163(1-4):229-244
Landfill leachates are composed of a complex mixture of degradation products which include a wide range of potentially fluorescent organic molecules and compounds. Here we investigate the use of fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) analysis in detecting diffuse landfill leachate contamination in rivers. Landfill leachates from three unlined landfill sites adjacent to our study river are characterised by intense fluorescence at excitation wavelength 220–230 nm, and emission wavelength 340–370 nm, which derives from fluorescent components of the xenobiotic organic matter fraction. Seven surface water sample sites on an adjacent polluted river system were analysed for fluorescence and water quality properties. The 220–230 nm excitation wavelength, 340–370 nm emission wavelength fluorescent centre was also detected in this river system at the sample locations downstream of the landfills, but not at upstream control sites, demonstrating its use as a tracer of landfill leachate contamination. Negative correlations are observed between this fluorescence centre and dissolved oxygen in the river water samples, demonstrating the water quality implications of leachate contamination at this study site. The fluorescence intensity at the 220–230 nm excitation wavelength, 340–370 nm emission wavelength fluorescent centre in landfill leachates is such that it remains detectable at dilutions of 102–103, and the fluorescence EEM technique is rapid and cost-effective for use by river managers and water quality regulators. 相似文献
17.
The surface properties of glutens isolated from a durum wheat cultivar (Capeiti) and two bread wheats (Riband and Hereward) were investigated using intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence. Intrinsic fluorescence decreased on increasing protein concentration and increased after urea addition. The extrinsic fluorescence was evaluated by a titration with 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalene sulphonate (ANS), an hydrophobic probe. The saturating concentration for ANS and its dissociation constant (Kd) were determined. The hydrophobicity of durum and bread wheat gluten showed a different behavior increasing the protein concentration: Capeiti was not influenced, but there was a change on the gluten surface for Riband and Hereward. The significance in understanding gluten structure and the relevance of the surface properties are discussed. 相似文献
18.
日光诱导叶绿素荧光SIF(solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence)作为直接监测植被光合作用的理想“探针”,能对植物的生理状态作出快速、灵敏的响应,是近年来植被遥感领域的研究热点。为了系统梳理SIF研究的发展脉络,本研究以Scopus数据库中1982-2021年的786篇相关文献作为数据源,结合VOSviewer软件,从国家、机构、作者、期刊和关键词等角度分别进行文献计量分析和可视化计量分析。结果表明,SIF领域年发文量整体呈增长趋势,现已进入快速发展阶段;发文量排名前3的国家分别为美国、中国和德国,其中德国拥有最高的篇均被引次数（56.2次）和最多的合作国家数（36个）;南京大学、加州理工学院、瓦伦西亚大学等机构有着较高的发文量和H指数,为该领域的发展做出了突出贡献;Guanter、Zhang、Frankenberg、Liu、Rascher等国内外学者致力于该领域的研究,发表论文数均在40篇以上;期刊Remote Sensing ofEnvironment在该领域中拥有最高发文量（92）和最高的H指数（40）,GlobalChangeBiology... 相似文献
19.
Fluorescence of muscle and connective tissue from cod and salmon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Autofluorescence of salmon and cod muscle was measured and compared with autofluorescence of collagen type I and type V. Similarities between fluorescence of fish muscle and collagen were found in that the same peaks were obtained around 390, 430, and 480 nm. These similarities are supported by principal component analyses. Texture and gaping score were predicted from the fluorescence spectra by partial least-squares regression. However, the predictions did not perform well. Relating fluorescence to the gaping score gave a prediction error of 0.91 and a correlation of 0.43 when measuring gaping on a scale from 0 to 5. There was no relation between texture and fluorescence spectra. Fluorescence of fish muscle could be related to the storage time. However, this relation seemed not to be induced by changes in collagen. 相似文献
20.
This paper gives a critical evaluation of the use of fluorescence spectroscopy for measuring chemical and physical changes in dairy products caused by processing and storage. Fluorescence spectroscopy is able to determine various properties of foods without use of chemicals and time-consuming sample preparation. This is shown by examples where the measurement of a given chemical parameter has been appropriately described and validated, as well as situations showing potential applications, but where further research and validation is required. The interpretation of fluorescence spectroscopic data is complex due to absorbance by other molecular groups, changes caused by variation in the sample matrix, etc. It is illustrated how advanced data analytical techniques are required to obtain optimal interpretation of the data. Even though the review focuses on examples from the dairy industry, the principles are broader and can be applied to other fields of food and agricultural research. 相似文献