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1.
《草业学报》2015,(4)
伊犁绢蒿是新疆蒿属荒漠草地常见的草地建群种之一,春季担负着家畜体膘的恢复和产羔育幼,秋季家畜要在该草地上贮存更多的能量和为繁衍下一代而进行配种。以蒿属荒漠草地为基础,以伊犁绢蒿为研究对象,结合野外定点取样,分析了伊犁绢蒿根、茎、叶中可溶性糖含量在不同刈割强度下随时间的动态变化,同时,在数据分析的基础上,明确了伊犁绢蒿秋季和春季营养物质贮存和消耗始期,并对不同刈割强度下伊犁绢蒿秋季根中可溶性糖的贮存量与来年春季植物体萌发消耗碳水化合物量之间的关联性做出判断。结果表明,根部可溶性糖含量在10月15日前后完成积累,在来年植株返青时,地下(根部)的营养物质就开始消耗,向地上运输,供植株返青和生长。C2处理不仅在秋季可溶性糖积累最高,而且在来年春季植株返青生长后在体内仍然能保持一个较高的水平,C0处理在秋季或春季植株体内可溶性糖含量在4个处理中总最低,直接影响株体越冬和次年返青。这表明不刈割并不是牧草最好的恢复方式,适度刈割有利于牧草的生长和体内可溶性糖的循环利用,但C0只能使植株处于劣势或死亡。 相似文献
2.
刈割强度对伊犁绢蒿叶功能性状及构件的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
以新疆荒漠草地典型植物种伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidiumt ransiliense)为研究对象,通过生长季内多次采样方法(每30d采样一次),比较不同刈割强度比叶面积、叶干物质含量的变化及相互关系,以及对茎叶比和地下生物量变化的影响,以揭示伊犁绢蒿叶片对刈割胁迫的最佳响应机制,为建立模型估算单位面积生物生产力提供理论依据,并试图得出一个既可合理利用又利于种群更新的刈割强度阈值。结果表明,比叶面积和叶干物质含量在刈割后初期各刈割强度间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),个别达极显著差异(P<0.01),恢复一段时间后,各刈割强度间差异不显著;适度的刈割强度可增大伊犁绢蒿SLA与LDMC之间的相关性;除对照(CK)外,C2处理处于较高水平,说明适度刈割有助于伊犁绢蒿生殖枝的产生及生长,C2这种刈割强度在实际生产利用上占绝对优势;伊犁绢蒿根系干重随着刈割强度增大而增加。 相似文献
3.
4.
伊犁绢蒿(Seri phidium transiliense)荒漠是新疆北疆地区重要的草地类型,但长期的超载过牧使该区域草地呈现不同程度的退化,严重地制约草地生产及生态功能的发挥.对伊犁绢蒿荒漠不同退化阶段草地的植物性状和载畜力进行分析,以期为区域草地的合理利用和畜牧业的可持续发展提供参考.结果表明:随着草地退化程度的加剧,伊犁绢蒿在群落中的优势地位逐渐被叉毛蓬(Petrosimonia sibirica)取代；伊犁绢蒿和群落的粗灰分与粗纤维含量在春季变化趋势相似,而伊犁绢蒿和群落的粗蛋白及粗灰分含量与粗纤维含量在秋季变化趋势相反；未退化草地春、秋季载畜力分别为1.20个绵羊单位/hm2和1.78个绵羊单位/hm2,中度退化草地春、秋季载畜力分别为0.29个绵羊单位/hm2和1.15个绵羊单位/hm2.为防止当地生态环境恶化,应在优势种发生更替前对草地进行有效的保护措施,即在对未退化和中度退化的草地利用时应以理论载畜力为最大承载力阈值. 相似文献
5.
伊犁绢蒿构件动态变化研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
为确定新疆蒿属荒漠草地建群种个体构件的自然生长规律,2005-2006年采用实地调查与室内分析相结合的方式,连续两年对蒿属荒漠草地建群种伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)个体构件数量及产量进行动态监测。结果表明:伊犁绢蒿在整个生长季内株高和枝条重量基本呈线性生长,增长速度呈"快-慢-快"的趋势;枝条数量及叶片重量分别呈"升高-降低-升高"双峰曲线形式;根重变化不明显,均在6.1g/株左右;从整体上看,伊犁绢蒿地上部分和个体总产量均呈"S"型变化;各构件在年度之间存在一定的波动性,可能与当年的水热条件相关;从利用上看,伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地适宜在4-6月、9-10月进行放牧。 相似文献
6.
伊犁绢蒿体内可塑性营养物质动态变化及分配特征的研究(简报) 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
2006年3-11月,在新疆阿什里乡对新疆蒿类荒漠草地建群种伊犁绢蒿可溶性碳水化合物、蔗糖、淀粉和粗蛋白进行动态监测。结果表明,伊犁绢蒿中粗蛋白和蔗糖含量居前2位,淀粉含量低,还原糖仅在茎中存在。5月4日-11月14日,可溶性碳水化合物、蔗糖含量呈"升高-降低-再升高-再降低"特征,叶片粗蛋白和淀粉均呈"单峰"曲线,最高为234.05和3.55 mg/g;根粗蛋白基本不变,为67.26 mg/g,茎中呈下降趋势。可塑性营养物质均在10月17日前完成根内贮存。不同生长阶段伊犁绢蒿营养物质在根、茎、叶上分配差异较大。 相似文献
7.
多年生牧草刈割次数是影响总产草量的重要因素之一。据我们观察,返青后早斯刈割,影响牧草的再生性;最后一次刈割过晚,对翌年第一次刈割产草量影响很大。因此牧草在生长季内第一次、最后一次刈割时间及全年刈割次数与产草量密切相关,且对草地来年生产力和利用年限有显著影响。 相似文献
8.
封育年限对伊犁绢蒿荒漠群落特征及草场质量的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)荒漠草地为对象,研究不同封育年限对伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地植被群落特征、物种多样性及草场质量指数的影响.结果表明:伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地总盖度、密度及生物量,随封育时间的增加呈先降后升再降的波动变化,且以封育6年达到最高;围栏封育有利于伊犁绢蒿、木地肤(Kochia prostrata)的生长与恢复,生物量较对照区分别提高了158.63%~221.44%,100%,且封育9年时伊犁绢蒿重要值恢复到首位;封育后群落的物种多样性指数较对照区均有增加,且随封育年限的增加呈现先增后减再增趋势;通过群落物种多样性分析认为,封育9年后伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地尚未恢复到原始顶级状态;以草地的生产力与经济效益来考虑,初步推测封育5年为该区域伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地的最佳围栏时间. 相似文献
9.
该研究于2018年牧草返青期以刈割模拟家畜采食行为,对祁连山区黑土滩人工草地进行了放牧强度(刈割率)为0、30%、50%、70%、90%的5级模拟放牧试验研究。结果表明,春季休牧(未刈割)和放牧强度(刈割率)为30%时,对黑土滩人工草地垂穗披碱草的后期生长发育没有影响,而随着放牧强度(刈割率)加大,垂穗披碱草的后期生长发育将会受到严重制约,当放牧强度(刈割率)达到90%时,垂穗披碱草的盖度、高度、牧草产量和种子产量分别较休牧降低了41.0%、73.0%、87.4%和88.9%,研究结果认为返青期过度放牧利用会引起黑土滩人工草地的快速退化。 相似文献
10.
天山北坡伊犁绢蒿荒漠不同退化阶段草地特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对天山北坡不同退化阶段伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transillense(Poljak.)Poljak.)荒漠草地植被特征和土壤特性进行分析,以期为该地区的草地恢复提供理论依据.结果表明:随着草地退化程度的加剧,伊犁绢蒿荒漠的优势种逐渐被叉毛蓬(Petrosimonia sibirica(Pall.)Bunge)替代;地带性植被伊犁绢蒿的频度、盖度、生物量和密度随着草地退化程度的加剧逐渐降低,而叉毛蓬却呈相反趋势;叉毛蓬种群在扩繁时采用"r"对策,产生大量种子迅速占领领地,阻止了草地的完全崩溃.随着伊犁绢蒿荒漠退化,草地的饲用价值劣化,草地植物种类向低矮、适口性差、短命和类短命植物过度.草地的植被退化与土壤退化不完全一致,随着草地退化,土壤表层颗粒有变粗趋势,然而土壤有机质和全氮却呈现稳定升高的趋势;极度退化地区的高养分含量主要是由家畜排泄物导致. 相似文献
11.
为探讨不同利用方式与程度对草地植被碳含量的影响,对阿坝牧区不同利用方式草地(封育天然割草地、人工栽培、放牧草地)和植物生长季不同利用程度草地植被的地上部分、地下根系和枯落物的碳含量进行调研。结果表明,1)草地地上植被碳含量在不同利用方式上表现为封育天然割草地、冬春放牧草地和人工栽培草地显著高于夏秋放牧草地(P<0.05);生长季不同利用程度上冬春和夏秋轻度放牧草地显著高于重度和中度放牧草地(P<0.05)。2)草地枯落物碳含量在不同利用方式与程度上差异均不显著。3)从根系总碳含量来看,不同利用方式上夏秋放牧草地和封育天然割草地显著高于冬春放牧草地和人工栽培草地 (P<0.05);生长季不同利用程度上夏秋中度和轻度放牧草地显著高于夏秋重度和冬春放牧草地(P<0.05),且各种利用方式与程度草地地下根系总碳含量均从表层向下依次显著的递减(P<0.05),0~10 cm 的根系碳含量占总量的65%以上,10~30 cm各草地根系碳含量差异不显著(P<0.05)。通过数量关系得出,草地植被碳含量在利用方式上表现为封育天然割草地(356.509 g/m2)>冬春放牧草地(297.780 g/m2)>人工栽培草地(164.953 g/m2)>夏秋放牧草地(137.577 g/m2),地上植被碳含量分别为地下根系碳含量的15.334,17.130,9.167和5.146倍;在生长季不同利用程度上表现为冬春放牧草地(297.780 g/m2)>夏秋轻度放牧草地(217.002 g/m2)>夏秋重度放牧草地(113.849 g/m2)>夏秋中度放牧草地(81.882 g/m2),地上植被碳含量分别为地下根系碳含量的17.130,8.636,4.412和2.430倍。利用方式和放牧强度是影响草地植被碳含量的重要因素。 相似文献
12.
Kurt T. Smith Jennifer S. Forbey Jeffrey L. Beck 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2018,71(4):417-423
Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) is the most abundant and widely distributed subspecies of big sagebrush and has been treated through chemical application, mechanical treatments, and prescribed burning in efforts thought to improve habitat conditions for species such as greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Although the response of structural attributes of sagebrush communities to treatments is well understood, there is a need to identify how treatments influence the quality of sagebrush as winter food for wildlife. Our purpose was to identify how mowing and tebuthiuron treatments influenced dietary quality of Wyoming big sagebrush in central Wyoming. Two study areas were mowed in January and February 2014, and tebuthiuron was applied in two study areas in May 2014. We constructed 6 exclosures in each of these four study areas (24 total), which encompassed 30 × 30 m areas of treated and untreated sagebrush within each exclosure. Samples of current annual growth were collected from 18 sagebrush plants from treated and 12 plants from control portions of mowing exclosures during November 2013–2015 and tebuthiuron exclosures during November 2014–2015. Samples were analyzed for crude protein and plant secondary metabolites known to influence dietary selection of sagebrush by sage-grouse and other sagebrush-occurring herbivores. Our results suggest mowing and tebuthiuron treatments may slightly increase crude protein concentrations directly after treatments without immediate changes in plant secondary metabolites. Slight increases in dietary quality of sagebrush following treatments coupled with potential trade-offs with loss of biomass associated with treatments corroborates previous research that treating Wyoming big sagebrush may have little benefit for sage-grouse and other sagebrush-dependent wildlife. Future work should evaluate not only how treatments influence sage-grouse habitat use and reproductive success but also how treatments influence other wildlife species in fragile sagebrush ecosystems. 相似文献
13.
《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2014,67(3):275-284
Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) has recently invaded marginal low-elevation salt desert habitats across the Great Basin. We tested the hypothesis that cheatgrass seed produced in populations from the more stressful salt desert vs. upland sagebrush habitats should grow differently in salt desert soils compared to adjacent upland sagebrush soil, and vice versa. We evaluated growth, incidence of flowering, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization of plants grown in the soils from which their seeds were collected vs. in the reciprocal soils from the nearest sagebrush or salt desert site in three large basins in northern Nevada. Simultaneously we measured nutrient cations, available nitrogen and phosphorus, percent carbon and nitrogen, texture, and dry-down characteristics in all soils. We found that salt desert soils were generally more nutrient poor and more saline than their upland (sagebrush) counterparts; salt desert soils also generally had a higher percentage of sand compared to their upland counterparts and were consistently drier. The most dramatic plant responses to soil and seed source were 1) lower aboveground biomass of mature plants in most salt desert soils compared to sagebrush soils, or lower biomass in plants grown from salt desert seed; 2) lower root:shoot ratios in plants grown in salt desert soil across two of three basins, irrespective of seed source; 3) a higher percentage of flowering individuals from salt desert seed sources at harvest, irrespective of soil source; 4) depressed AMF colonization of plants in salt desert soils; and 5) strong influence exerted by seed source on AMF, whereby sagebrush-originating plants grown in sagebrush soils had greater AMF colonization compared to salt desert soils but salt desert-originating seedlings had very low AMF colonization rates irrespective of soil source. These results suggest that both population level and soil-based controls are important as this widespread weed moves into marginal habitat. 相似文献
14.
A decrease in fire frequency and past grazing practices has led to dense mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. vaseyana [Rydb.] Beetle) stands with reduced herbaceous understories. To reverse this trend, sagebrush-reducing treatments often are applied with the goal of increasing herbaceous vegetation. Mechanical mowing is a sagebrush-reducing treatment that commonly is applied; however, information detailing vegetation responses to mowing treatments generally are lacking. Specifically, information is needed to determine whether projected increases in perennial grasses and forbs are realized and how exotic annual grasses respond to mowing treatments. To answer these questions, we evaluated vegetation responses to mowing treatments in mountain big sagebrush plant communities at eight sites. Mowing was implemented in the fall of 2007 and vegetation characteristics were measured for 3 yr post-treatment. In the first growing season post-treatment, there were few vegetation differences between the mowed treatment and untreated control (P > 0.05), other than sagebrush cover being reduced from 28% to 3% with mowing (P < 0.001). By the second growing season post-treatment, perennial grass, annual forb, and total herbaceous vegetation were generally greater in the mowed than control treatment (P < 0.05). Total herbaceous vegetation production was increased 1.7-fold and 1.5-fold with mowing in the second and third growing seasons, respectively (P < 0.001). However, not all plant functional groups increased with mowing. Perennial forbs and exotic annual grasses did not respond to the mowing treatment (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the abundance of sagebrush might not be the factor limiting some herbaceous plant functional groups, or they respond slowly to sagebrush-removing disturbances. However, this study suggests that mowing can be used to increase herbaceous vegetation and decrease sagebrush in some mountain big sagebrush plant communities without promoting exotic annual grass invasion. 相似文献
15.
蒿类半灌木植物在草地中的地位及饲用评价 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
蒿与蒿类半灌木植物是天然草地资源中饲用价值高、分布广、数量多的一类重要牧草。在我国约９属３３５种,占全国草地饲用植物总数的５．２７％,其中蒿属近２３０种,绢蒿属３４种,在生态型上多为旱生和超旱生种类,主要分布在内蒙、新疆、西藏、宁夏、甘肃、青海等省区草原及荒漠草地中、面积４７７６．１９万ｈｍ＾２,约店全国草地总面积的１２．１６％,占六省区草地面积的１７．３％。主要以建群种和优势种构成草原及荒漠类型 相似文献
16.
Kirk W. Davies Jonathan D. Bates Aleta M. Nafus 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2012,65(5):498-505
Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis [Beetle & A. Young] S.L. Welsh) plant communities with degraded native herbaceous understories occupy vast expanses of the western United States. Restoring the native herbaceous understory in these communities is needed to provide higher-quality wildlife habitat, decrease the risk of exotic plant invasion, and increase forage for livestock. Though mowing is commonly applied in sagebrush communities with the objective of increasing native herbaceous vegetation, vegetation response to this treatment in degraded Wyoming big sagebrush communities is largely unknown. We compared mowed and untreated control plots in five Wyoming big sagebrush plant communities with degraded herbaceous understories in eastern Oregon for 3 yr posttreatment. Native perennial herbaceous vegetation did not respond to mowing, but exotic annuals increased with mowing. Density of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), a problematic exotic annual grass, was 3.3-fold greater in the mowed than untreated control treatment in the third year posttreatment. Annual forb cover, largely consisting of exotic species, was 1.8-fold greater in the mowed treatment compared to the untreated control in the third year posttreatment. Large perennial grass cover was not influenced by mowing and remained below 2%. Mowing does not appear to promote native herbaceous vegetation in degraded Wyoming big sagebrush plant communities and may facilitate the conversion of shrublands to exotic annual grasslands. The results of this study suggest that mowing, as a stand-alone treatment, does not restore the herbaceous understory in degraded Wyoming big sagebrush plant communities. We recommend that mowing not be applied in Wyoming big sagebrush plant communities with degraded understories without additional treatments to limit exotic annuals and promote perennial herbaceous vegetation. 相似文献
17.
Maas JA Wilson GF McCutcheon SN Lynch GA Burnham DL France J 《Journal of animal science》2001,79(4):1052-1058
The effects of season of growth and monensin treatment on ruminal digestion of fresh-cut autumn and spring pasture were measured in a single group of ruminally fistulated castrated male sheep, housed indoors in metabolism crates. Responses were assessed in terms of ruminal volatile fatty acid molar proportions, ammonia concentration, pH, apparent digestibility of the pasture, and nitrogen balance of the animals. Blood plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, urea, and NEFA were also evaluated. Autumn pasture contained significantly lower proportions of water-soluble carbohydrate (P < 0.05), cellulose (P < 0.05), and lignin (P < 0.05) and increased pectin (P < 0.05), hemicellulose (P < 0.05), and crude protein (P < 0.10) concentrations when compared with spring pasture. Voluntary DMI by sheep of autumn pasture was lower (P < 0.01) than that of spring pasture and was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by monensin treatment. Monensin treatment significantly decreased the ruminal molar proportions of acetic acid (P < 0.10) and butyric acid (P < 0.001) and increased the molar proportions of propionic acid (P < 0.001) and minor VFA (P < 0.01). Nitrogen retention of the sheep was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by monensin treatment. Plasma glucose levels were increased (P < 0.10) by monensin treatment during the fourth 5-d collection period in both seasons. Chemical analysis suggested that the composition of autumn pasture was different from that of spring pasture and that this was manifested in vivo by increased DMI and digestibility of spring vs autumn pasture. Ruminal fermentation of autumn pasture also had an increased acetate-to-propionate ratio compared with spring pasture. Monensin treatment acted consistently across seasons by increasing the proportion of propionate and decreasing the proportion of acetate in ruminal fluid. 相似文献
18.
Stable isotope analysis of diet confirms niche separation of two sympatric species of Namib Desert lizard 
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下载免费PDF全文 Ian W. MURRAY Hilary M. LEASE Robyn S. HETEM Duncan MITCHELL Andrea FULLER Stephan WOODBORNE 《Integrative zoology》2016,11(1):60-75
We used stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to study the trophic niche of two species of insectivorous lizards, the Husab sand lizard Pedioplanis husabensis and Bradfield's Namib day gecko living sympatrically in the Namib Desert. We measured the δ13C and δ15N ratios in lizard blood tissues with different turnover times (whole blood, red blood cells and plasma) to investigate lizard diet in different seasons. We also measured the δ13C and δ15N ratios in available arthropod prey and plant tissues on the site, to identify the avenues of nutrient movement between lizards and their prey. Through the use of stable isotope mixing models, we found that the two lizard species relied on a largely non‐overlapping but seasonally variable array of arthropods: P. husabensis primarily fed on termites, beetles and wasps, while R. bradfieldi fed mainly on ants, wasps and hemipterans. Nutrients originating from C3 plants were proportionally higher for R. bradfieldi than for P. husabensis during autumn and late autumn/early winter, although not summer. Contrary to the few available data estimating the trophic transfer of nutrients in ectotherms in mixed C3 and C4/crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant landscapes, we found that our lizard species primarily acquired nutrients that originated from C4/CAM plants. This work adds an important dimension to the general lack of studies using stable isotope analyses to estimate lizard niche partitioning and resource use. 相似文献
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《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2014,67(2):224-228
The presence of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) in rangelands has declined due to the invasion of annual grasses such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and the feedback between these flammable grasses and wildfire frequency. Monitoring the change and distribution of suitable habitat and fuel loads is an important aspect of sagebrush management, particularly under future climate conditions. Assessments of sagebrush biomass are used to monitor habitat for critical wildlife species, determine fire risk, and quantify carbon storage. Field techniques such as destructive and point-intercept sampling have been used to determine sagebrush biomass, but both of these techniques can be expensive and time consuming to implement. Light detection and ranging techniques, including airborne laser scanning and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) have potential for rapidly assessing biomass in sagebrush steppe. This study used TLS to estimate biomass of 29 sagebrush plants in Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho. Biomass was estimated using TLS-derived volume, then compared with destructive samples to assess the estimation accuracy. This accuracy level was then contrasted with the estimates obtained using point-intercept sampling of the same plants. The TLS approach (R2 = 0.90) was slightly better for predicting total biomass than point-intercept sampling (R2 = 0.85). Prediction of green biomass, or production, was more accurate using TLS-derived volume (R2 = 0.86) than point-intercept sampling (R2 = 0.65). This study explores a promising new method to repeatedly monitor sagebrush biomass across extensive landscapes. Future work should focus on making this method independent of sensor type, scan distance, scan number, and study area. 相似文献
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SUMMARY Cashmere goats and Merino sheep were grazed together at 7.5 animals per ha on annual rye grass and clover pasture in southern Victoria, a winter rainfall area. Intake of parasitic larvae was measured in oesophageal extrusa samples collected from 2 animals of each species, 4 times in one week, on 7 occasions between mid-March (autumn) and mid-June (winter). Pasture contamination with larvae was measured at the same times. The number of larvae per kg of green grass was lower than on green clover; the most heavily contaminated portion of the pasture was the mat of dead herbage on the ground. The diet selected by goats contained more green grass and dead herbage and less clover that that of sheep (P < 0.01). Goats ingested 643 infective trichostrongylid larvae per kg dry matter intake (DMI) versus 274 per kg DMI for sheep in autumn, increasing to 1892 versus 1143 in early winter. The heavier trichostrongylid burdens of goats compared with sheep, when grazed together, are due in part to greater rates of infection consequent on different grazing patterns as well as greater susceptibility to infection. 相似文献