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1.
The progression of tracheal lesions induced by vaccination of day-old specific pathogen-free chicks with the La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was examined by relating surface changes as observed by scanning electron microscopy with subcellular changes seen by transmission electron microscopy. NDV infection resulted in hypertrophy of goblet cells, their rupture, and the formation of excess mucus. Activation of goblet cells peaked within 4 days postvaccination. Afterward, the activation levels gradually decreased. At the level of the ciliated cells, a marked increase in the proportion of nonciliated to ciliated cells and later an almost complete deciliation of the tracheal surface were observed because a simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium replaced the original pseudostratified epithelium. Fifteen days postvaccination, all epithelial damage was restored. Because the observed vaccination-induced lesions are detrimental to epithelial integrity and function as a barrier against invading microorganisms, they might explain at the ultrastructural level the secondary complications of vaccination with the La Sota strain against NDV. 相似文献
2.
Tracheal mucus transport rate (TMTR) and quantitative clearance of aerosolized Escherichia coli from the trachea, lung, and air sac were measured in healthy unanesthetized turkeys and in turkeys exposed by aerosol to a La Sota vaccine strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The TMTR of uninfected turkeys was 42.4 +/- 14.7 cm/min. The TMTR of NDV-infected turkeys was depressed on days 3 through 7 postexposure (PE); depression was significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) on day 7 PE. Tracheal E. coli clearance in NDV-infected turkeys was reduced on days 4 through 9 PE, significantly so on day 5 PE (P less than or equal to 0.01). Depression of TMTR and tracheal E. coli clearance were associated histologically with replacement of normal pseudostratified columnar epithelium by 3 to 8 layers of immature nonciliated cells. E. coli clearance by the lung and air sac of NDV-infected turkeys was depressed on days 5 through 9 PE. 相似文献
3.
Using the radiopharmaceutical 99mtechnetium-sulfur colloid, the tracheal mucus transport rate (TMTR) was measured in healthy unanesthetized turkeys and in turkeys infected with Bordetella avium. The TMTR of uninfected turkeys was 35.6 +/- 14.4 cm/min. The TMTR of B. avium-infected turkeys was normal on days 0 through 14 postexposure (PE), despite heavy bacterial colonization of the tracheal epithelium. On day 21 PE, the TMTR of B. avium-infected turkeys was significantly depressed (P less than or equal to 0.01) compared with that of control turkeys. Depressed transport was associated with extensive loss of ciliated epithelium from the tracheal mucosa and replacement of the normal mucosa by immature nonciliated epithelium or metaplastic squamous epithelium. 相似文献
4.
Quantitative clearance of aerosolized Escherichia coli from the trachea, lung, and air sacs was measured in turkeys infected with Bordetella avium. Clearance of E. coli in turkeys with B. avium-induced tracheitis was minimally affected early in infection. Sixteen to 23 days after infection with B. avium, sporadic, mild depressions in clearance of E. coli were observed in the tracheas, which had large areas of deciliated tracheal epithelium or replacement of normal epithelium by immature hyperplastic epithelium or metaplastic squamous epithelium. Clearance of E. coli from the lung and air sacs was minimally affected in turkeys infected with B. avium. 相似文献
5.
Pathological changes of tracheal mucosa in chickens infected with infectious laryngotracheitis virus 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Six-week-old chickens were inoculated via the posterior thoracic air sac with infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Chickens were sacrificed on various days through day 16 postinoculation (PI), and the trachea was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The pathological changes observed on day 1 PI were hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells. From day 3 PI, the epithelial cells protruded collectively and fused to form syncytia, which contained many intranuclear inclusion bodies. Subsequently, epithelial syncytia desquamated, one after another, and connective tissues were exposed in places. Serofibrinous exudate and detritus were abundant on the surface of the exposed connective tissues and seemed to form a pseudomembrane. On day 5 PI, the remaining epithelial cells began to repair the devastated mucosa just under the pseudomembrane. On day 6 PI, microvillus-rich regenerating epithelial cells were arranged like paving stones. On day 8 PI, the epithelial cells proliferated extensively and formed folds with cyst-like structures. By day 16 PI, the tracheal epithelium was covered with cilia and regained its normal histologic appearance. 相似文献
6.
7.
Evaluation of cytopathologic changes induced in chicken tracheal epithelium by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in vivo and in vitro 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M J Dykstra S Levisohn O J Fletcher S H Kleven 《American journal of veterinary research》1985,46(1):116-122
Changes in tracheal epithelial surfaces induced by Mycoplasma infection in vivo and in vitro included release of mucous granules followed by exfoliation of ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the loss of cilia from individual cells was infrequent. Epithelial cells typically lost their intercellular connections, rounded up, exfoliated, and then lysed--giving rise to a population of cellular organelles, such as mitochondria and cilia intermixed with mucus to form the exudate found within the tracheal lumen. Repair of the epithelial surface was effected by basilar epithelial cells differentiating and filling in the spaces formed by exfoliated cells. These cells were hypertrophied, nonciliated at 14 days after infection in vivo, and covered with microvilli. In sectioned material obtained during the infection, there was increasing epithelial thickness due to cellular infiltration and edema. Tracheal rings in vitro showed similar changes to those seen in vivo, except that exfoliation was more severe and occurred earlier. In addition, there were no cellular infiltration due to the lack of a vascular supply and only a small amount of mucus due to the smaller number of mucous cells available to release into the tracheal lumen. 相似文献
8.
In serum, tracheal wash fluid, and bile from chickens that were inoculated with live or inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the kinetics and immunoglobulin (Ig) class distribution of an antibody response were demonstrated. The Ig classes (IgM, IgG, and IgA) were captured using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Ig-capture ELISA). The antibody specificity of the captured Ig was confirmed by binding of NDV. After inoculation with live virus, antibodies of the IgG and IgM classes were mainly found in serum. IgM was produced early from day 4 postexposure (PE) onward, IgG was detected later from day 7 PE onward, and in the tracheal wash fluid and bile, all three Ig classes were demonstrated. After inoculation of inactivated virus, a delayed response of all three classes was observed in serum, and only IgM and IgG were recognized in the tracheal fluid and bile. The type of vaccine and the mute of antigen entrance may have determined the immunoglobulin class produced. The Ig-capture ELISA assay developed in this study can be useful for evaluating various strategies to improve the efficacy of Newcastle disease vaccines and to study the evoked immune mechanisms. 相似文献
9.
Morphologic observations on respiratory tracts of chickens after hatchery infectious bronchitis vaccination and formaldehyde fumigation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The histologic changes in the respiratory tracts of chickens were evaluated after hatchery fumigation with 40% formaldehyde vapors and vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus with live attenuated vaccine (Massachusetts serotype). One-day-old chickens were housed in four isolation units in controlled environmental conditions, fed and watered ad libitum, and separated into four groups: 1) fumigated and vaccinated birds (FV group); 2) nonfumigated and vaccinated birds (NFV group); 3) fumigated and nonvaccinated birds (FNV group); and 4) control group (C group). All birds were tested to be free from Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae. After necropsy on the first, eighth, and twenty-sixth days after birth, samples from tracheal upper portion and lungs were conventionally processed for light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Tissue response was monitored by microscopic examination of trachea and lung. On the first day of observation, fumigated and vaccinated birds (FV group) showed extensively damaged tracheal epithelium with exfoliated areas and some active glands with electrodense granules, and in the lung, the primary bronchi epithelium had disorganized cilia and abundant lymphocytes, with emphysematous areas in tertiary bronchus. On day 8 after vaccination, cubical and cylindrical tracheal cell proliferation was observed, and on day 26, ciliated columnar epithelium was almost regenerated with heterophil corion infiltration, and hyaline cartilage nodules appeared in parabronchi. The nonfumigated and vaccinated birds (NFV) revealed less injury on the epithelial surface and a more rapid response to epithelial regeneration than the in only fumigated animals (FNV). The control group did not show remarkable morphologic changes. Postvaccinal and fumigation effects on the upper respiratory tract were temporary, whereas in lungs, increased emphysema, cartilage nodules in the interchange zone, and general lymphocyte infiltration had caused intensive injury. 相似文献
10.
D J King 《Avian diseases》1985,29(2):297-311
Three-to-seven-week-old broiler-type chickens were inoculated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by eye-drop (ED) or intratracheally (IT), and virus isolation was attempted from oropharyngeal (oral) swabs and medium harvested from tracheal explant cultures (TEC). The TEC were maintained in screw-capped tissue-culture flasks for at least 1 month, and medium harvested at regular feeding times was assayed for NDV and NDV antibody. The earliest and latest sample times were 3 and 21 days after NDV inoculation. The three experiments done were: Expt. 1, infection of nonvaccinates with NDV strain La Sota; Expt. 2, infection of NDV vaccinates and nonvaccinates with NDV strain Largo; and Expt. 3, infection of NDV vaccinates and nonvaccinates with NDV wild-type strain Kansas-Manhattan (KM) and two temperature-sensitive (ts) clones derived by J. S. Youngner from the KM strain. All experiments yielded similar results. On day 3 postinoculation (PI), most chickens were shedding virus recoverable by oral swabs and detectable in harvests from TEC prepared on that day. On day 7 PI, there was a sharp reduction in the frequency of virus-positive oral swabs, but there was no decline in the frequency of virus-positive TEC. On day 14 PI or later, all oral swabs and TEC were virus-negative, except for one chicken in Expt. 3 that was oral-swab-positive. There was no evidence of NDV persistence in the TEC of oral-swab-negative chickens on or after day 14 PI. The results of these experiments are in contrast with previous reports of the detection of latent NDV by virus isolation from harvests of TEC prepared 18 or more days PI. The ts clones of strain KM used in Expt. 3 induced a markedly poorer antibody response and were shed for a shorter time than the KM parental virus. 相似文献
11.
Experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in conventional calves: ultrastructural respiratory lesions 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The morphogenesis and repair of airway and alveolar injury induced by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was studied ultrastructurally in conventional calves to characterize pulmonary cell types susceptible to viral infection and cytopathologic changes associated with infection. Viral nucleocapsids and budding virions were present in tracheal and bronchial ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells and mucous cells 3, 5, and 7 days after inoculation and in bronchiolar ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells 5 days after inoculation. Mild interstitial pneumonia was observed 5 days after inoculation and was characterized by swelling of type 1 and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells, interstitial edema, and infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages. Viral assembly and release in tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells was associated with loss of cilia from ciliated cells, formation of syncytial epithelial cells, swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and cell necrosis. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages were present in close association with the viral-infected and damaged epithelial cells. There was intercurrent hyperplasia of basal epithelial cells that, in association with other epithelial lesions, resulted in the loss of normal ciliated epithelium in these airways 5 and 7 days after inoculation. Regeneration of airway epithelium was largely completed by 10 days after inoculation, except in 1 of 4 calves that had failure of epithelial repair and that developed secondary bacterial pneumonia. Pulmonary ultrastructure in BRSV-inoculated calves 30 days after inoculation was indistinguishable from that in controls. The results demonstrated that BRSV can induce reversible alterations in airway epithelium, which may cause depression of mucociliary clearance and thereby enhance susceptibility to bacterial infection. 相似文献
12.
D. A. PURCELL Ph.D. M.A. M.V.B. M.R.C.V.S. V. L. THAM B.V.SC. D.T.V.M. M.R.C.V.S. P. G. SURMAN B.SC M.SC. 《Australian veterinary journal》1976,52(2):85-91
The histopathology of the infectious bronchitis caused by the Cumming "T" strain of virus is described in fowls exposed to infection by an aerosol method. Desquamation of the ciliated and glandular epithelium throughout the trachea was seen 24 hours after exposure to virus. This was followed by rapid proliferation presumably of residual basal cells with the production of a stratified undifferentiated epithelial covering. Small areas of the tracheal submucosa showed lymphocytic infiltration by the 4th day. Cilia were first observed in the regenerating epithelium on the 7th day when mucous cells were also seen to be numerous. Alveolar mucous glands developed over the following 4 days and by the 12th day regeneration appeared complete. Pulmonary lesions were generally not severe and the air sacs were only slightly oedematous for 4 days following exposure. Necrosis of a few tubules scattered throughout the kidneys was seen on the 4th day. By the 6th day cystic tubules containing epithelial debris and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were prominent in both cortex and medulla and necrotic tubules were scattered throughout the kidneys. PAS positive granules were present in the renal tubular epithelium and were most pronounced in the distal convoluted tubules. Infiltration of the interstitium by lymphocytes and plasma cells was generally marked on the 7th day. The cytoplasm of these plasma cells was strongly PAS positive and such cells were most numerous on the 12th and 13th days after exposure and then their numbers rapidly declined. Regeneration of tubular epithelium was advanced by the 10th day and much of the cell debris had been cleared from the lumina of the tubules. What appeared to be compressed areas were seen in the cortex from the 13th day where glomeruli and tubules were numerous through considerably reduced in size. These were not seen after the 35th day, however an occasional lymph nodule persisted in the intersitium. 相似文献
13.
Lam KM 《Avian diseases》2003,47(1):197-202
Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-induced damage to the embryonic chicken trachea, the tracheal explants, and red blood cells (RBCs) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. In the tracheae, NDV caused deciliation and depletion of the epithelial cells. In the tracheal explants, the same pathologic changes could be seen within 6 hr of virus infection. In RBCs, a perforation and a change in surface morphology were observed. 相似文献
14.
Kaneko K Uehara K Hayashidani H Ogawa M 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》1999,61(10):1171-1173
The present study was made to know the morphology of the initial invasion and lesions involved in the intestinal colonization of Yersinia enterocolitica serovar O3 in the epithelium of Peyer's patches of mice. Microfold (M) cells formed a specific structure like a pseudopodium and the bacteria were observed on the surface of the pseudopodium-like structure 4 hr after oral administration of serovar O3. The colonies of serovar O3 were observed in the epithelium and the lamina propria of the Peyer's patches dome region, and the bacteria grown in the Peyer's patches were in direct contact with the lumen without covered with the host tissue 24 hr after the administration. 相似文献
15.
Newly-hatched chickens were treated with 3 mg of cyclophosphamide (CY) per day for 4 consecutive days. At 2 weeks of age, these chickens, together with a group of untreated controls, were vaccinated intranasally or subcutaneously with the La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). All chickens were challenged intranasally with the GB strain of NDV 2 weeks later. CY-treated, intranasally vaccinated chickens were highly resistant to NDV challenge, yet none of the chickens produced any detectable humoral antibodies to NDV; antibodies to NDV were detectable in the tracheal washings, however. 相似文献
16.
R B Heath E P Steffey J C Thurmon E M Wertz D M Meagher T Hyyppa G L Van Slyke 《Equine veterinary journal》1989,21(6):434-437
Sequelae of routine orotracheal intubation under clinical conditions were characterised in 38 healthy horses presented at three veterinary medical teaching hospitals. Four of these were necropsied and their tissues studied histologically. To minimise variation, 30 mm id cuffed silicone endotracheal tubes or Cole cuffless tubes were used in all patients. Fibreoptic endoscopic examination of upper respiratory and tracheal areas was accomplished pre-intubation, immediately post extubation and after 24 h. Endoscopy revealed that intubation was associated with laryngeal and/or tracheal lesions in all horses. Observations included abundant tracheal mucus, epithelial ecchymoses, basement membrane haemorrhage and mucus covered diphtheritic membrane plaques. Histological examination of lesions from the upper respiratory system of the four necropsied horses confirmed that the damage was comparable to that associated with tracheal intubation and reported in other species. 相似文献
17.
Taniguchi K Taniguchi K 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(1):57-64
The details of the embryonic and postnatal differentiation of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and vomeronasal organ (VNO) were examined by light and electron microscopy in the Syrian hamster. At 10 days of gestation, the nasal placode is invaginated to form the olfactory pit on either side at the rostral end of the embryo. Abundant mitotic figures are observed near the free surface of the epithelium lining the olfactory pit. At 11 days of gestation, the mass of the epithelium lining a recess is separated from the medial wall of the olfactory pit to form the VNO. At 13 days of gestation, mitotic figures become observable in the basal layer of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium (VSE) in addition to the superficial to middle layers, while in the OE mitotic figures are observed mainly in the middle to basal layer. At 1 day after birth, the OE is almost complete in differentiation. On the other hand, the VSE differentiate slowly to retain some immature properties even at 10 days after birth. These findings suggest that the olfactory function seems to be solely ascribed to the OE for a while after birth. The significance of mitotic figures are discussed in the course of development with special reference to the origin of the nasal placode from the central nervous system. 相似文献
18.
Three contagious poultry diseases in Mauritania were studied. Serum samples and tracheal swabs were taken from 80 chickens in village poultry flocks in each of three different regions. Antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were detected in 4.8% of chickens, antibodies against Gumboro disease virus in 15.8% of chickens and antibodies against Salmonella pullorum in 6.2% of chickens. Six isolates of NDV were made, of which four formed plaques on chicken embryo fibroblast monolayers. Seropositivity was highest in the Trarza region, bordering the River Senegal, and four out of six of the NDV isolates were made from chickens in this region. 相似文献
19.
F Toofanian 《Research in veterinary science》1976,21(3):349-353
Histological changes in the small intestine of 85 ovine fetuses were studied, with particular reference to the mucosa. In 24-day-old fetuses the endoderm of the intestine consisted of a single layer of epithelium. By the 26th day the epithelium was flattened and stratified. The first evidence of rudimentary villus formation was noted in 39-day-old fetuses. Intestinal glands were first observed at 56 days. Other mucosal structures were present by 101 days. At birth the intestinal mucosa was fully mature. 相似文献
20.
Twelve lambs were inoculated transtracheally and intranasally with Mastadenovirus ovi 5 strain RTS-42 and killed sequentially. Pulmonary lesions were studied by light and electron microscopy. Four lambs served as sham inoculated controls. Pulmonary lesions consisted of multifocal areas of bronchiolitis and alveolitis associated with necrosis and sloughing of isolated type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells and nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells. This was followed rapidly by hyperplasia of the remaining epithelium and repair of the damage. A cellular infiltrate of neutrophils and macrophages began at 2 days after inoculation, peaked at 4 days after inoculation, gradually diminished until minimal at 12 days after inoculation, and was resolved at 21 days after inoculation. Surfactant was abundant and, along with debris, was removed from the alveoli by macrophages. Clinical disease was not seen, but lesions were believed to be sufficient to allow bacteria to colonize the lungs and cause severe disease. 相似文献