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1.
以歧化松香为原料先制得脱氢枞酸,然后通过对脱氢枞酸进行酯化、溴代、硝化、加氢还原、C—N偶联等方法合成了一种含双萘的脱氢枞酸三芳胺化合物——13-[N,N-双(α-萘)]胺基-脱异丙基脱氢枞酸甲酯,并用IR、~1H NMR、13C NMR和MS等手段对其结构进行表征。研究了化合物在甲醇、二氧六环、四氢呋喃、二氯甲烷和环己烷5种不同极性溶剂中的紫外吸收和荧光发射特征,以及化合物的荧光寿命和量子产率,结果显示:化合物有3个紫外吸收峰,在甲醇、二氧六环和环己烷中,第一个吸收峰在218 nm处,而在四氢呋喃和二氯甲烷中吸收峰有较大红移,且吸光度有较大不同;在265、342 nm处的两个吸收峰,不同溶剂中的吸收波长一致,且吸光度相差不大;在这5种溶剂中,化合物在甲醇中发射波长最大(448 nm),荧光强度最小,在环己烷中发射波长最小(405 nm),而荧光强度最大,在二氧六环、四氢呋喃和二氯甲烷溶液中,随着溶剂极性减小,发射波长依次增大;化合物有明显的溶致变色效应。化合物在甲醇溶液中的荧光寿命为3.72 ns,量子产率为8.32%。  相似文献   

2.
以2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛肟(莰烯醛肟)和苯乙烯为原料,通过环加成反应合成了未见报道的3'-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)-5'-苯基-异噁唑啉,并采用FT-IR、GC-MS、~1H NMR以及~(13)C NMR等手段对产物进行表征,确定了产物结构。探讨了溶剂种类、催化剂种类及用量、氧化剂过硫酸氢钾复合盐(Oxone)用量、苯乙烯用量以及反应时间对反应转化率和得率的影响,得到适宜的工艺条件为:50%甲醇为溶剂,氯化钾为催化剂,n(莰烯醛肟)∶n(氯化钾)∶n(Oxone)∶n(苯乙烯)=1.0∶0.5∶1.5∶2.0,反应时间10 h,在此条件下,产物得率为88.07%。  相似文献   

3.
以脱氢松香酸甲酯(Ⅱ)为起始原料,通过在12位溴代得到12-溴-脱氢松香酸甲酯(Ⅲ),再经过在13位选择性硝化后还原制得中间体13-氨基脱异丙基脱氢松香酸甲酯(Ⅴ),Ⅴ继续与甘油在浓硫酸作用下缩合得(4R,12bS)-4,12b-二甲基-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12b-八氢化萘并[1,2-g]喹啉-4-羧酸甲酯(Ⅵ)和(7R,10aS)-7,10a-二甲基-5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-八氢化萘并[2,1-f]喹啉-7-羧酸甲酯(Ⅶ)两种松香基喹啉衍生物,这两种产物的产率分别为51.2%和20.3%,质量分数分别为71.6%和28.4%,产物的结构通过IR,1HNMR和元素分析进行了表征。  相似文献   

4.
以松节油为原料,分别经选择性氧化、环化、脱氢等反应,合成了新型吡嗪系化合物,并通过FT-IR、GCMS、1H NMR、13C NMR等分析手段对松节油基吡嗪系化合物的结构进行表征。将合成得到的松节油基吡嗪系化合物作为催化剂,采用化学滴定法研究其对六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)与异丁醇的预聚反应的催化性能,通过数学模型法对预聚反应的表观动力学进行分析,并计算不同松节油基胺类催化剂作用下的反应速率常数。研究结果表明,2-甲基-2,3-二氢樟脑并[2,3-e]吡嗪对聚氨酯的催化作用明显大于N,N-二甲基环己胺;樟脑并[2,3-b]吡嗪的催化作用与N,N-二甲基环己胺接近;2,3-二氢樟脑并[2,3-e]吡嗪、樟脑并[2,3-b]-5,6-二氢吡嗪并[e]环己烷、2-甲基樟脑并[2,3-b]吡嗪、樟脑并[2,3-b]吡嗪并[e]环己烷基本无催化效果。本研究结果表明结构中连接甲基等推电子基团时,可增强催化剂的碱性,从而使其达到较好的催化效果。  相似文献   

5.
为提高大豆蛋白胶黏剂的胶合强度,在离子液体(1-丁基-2,3-二甲基咪唑氯盐[BDMIM][Cl])中,采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法将甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)接枝到大豆蛋白分子主链,制备大豆蛋白胶黏剂。对原料大豆蛋白进行预处理,采用红外光谱和核磁氢谱对大豆蛋白结构和大豆蛋白接枝共聚物进行表征,并通过正交试验确定优化工艺条件。结果表明:改性胶黏剂的优化工艺参数为GMA 140 mL,CuBr(溴化亚铜)147.2 mg,油浴时间3 h,在此条件下制备的胶黏剂胶合强度达到1.44 MPa,符合国家标准GB/T 9846—2015Ⅱ类胶合板要求。  相似文献   

6.
以木质素模型化合物香草醛、二乙醇胺及多聚甲醛为原料,1,4-二氧杂环己烷为溶剂,通过Mannich反应合成了香草醛胺基多元醇,研究了物料配比、反应温度、时间及溶剂用量等因素对Mannich反应的影响。实验结果表明:反应物料按物质的量比n(香草醛)∶n(甲醛)∶n(二乙醇胺)1∶1∶1,甲醛与二乙醇胺60℃反应2 h生成1,3-氧氮杂环戊烷,再将其滴入香草醛中,80℃反应3 h,二氧六环溶剂用量为100 mL/mol(以香草醛的物质的量计),二乙醇胺的转化率最高可达到84.92%。采用HPLC、LC-MS、FT-IR及1H NMR表征了香草醛胺基多元醇的化学结构,相对分子质量269。  相似文献   

7.
以木质素模型化合物香草醛、二乙醇胺及多聚甲醛为原料,1,4-二氧杂环己烷为溶剂,通过Mannich反应合成了香草醛胺基多元醇,研究了物料配比、反应温度、时间及溶剂用量等因素对Mannich反应的影响.实验结果表明:反应物料按物质的量比n(香草醛):n(甲醛):n(二乙醇胺)1:1:1,甲醛与二乙醇胺60℃反应2h生成1,3-氧氮杂环戊烷,再将其滴入香草醛中,80℃反应3h,二氧六环溶剂用量为100 mL/mol(以香草醛的物质的量计),二乙醇胺的转化率最高可达到84.92％.采用HPLC、LC- MS、FT-IR及H NMR表征了香草醛胺基多元醇的化学结构,相对分子质量269.  相似文献   

8.
研究了3个系列D-A结构化合物在5种不同极性溶剂中的荧光发射光谱及紫外吸收光谱,探讨了化合物的溶致变色规律,结果表明:3个系列化合物在不同极性溶剂中的荧光发射波长发生明显位移,在甲醇中发射波长最大,在环己烷中最小,但在二氧六环、四氢呋喃、二氯甲烷中,随着溶剂极性逐渐减小,发射波长发生红移;在不同极性溶剂中的荧光强度也各不相同,其中,在环己烷中最大,在甲醇中最小。化合物的紫外吸收波长受溶剂极性的影响,均在甲醇中有最小吸收波长,在不同极性溶剂中化合物的吸光度也不相同,在甲醇及环己烷中的吸光度较大。3个系列化合物均具备作为荧光分子探针探测外部环境极性大小的潜能。  相似文献   

9.
以莰烯醛肟与卤代物为原料经亲核取代反应合成了9个未见报道的莰烯醛O-取代肟类化合物,分别为2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-苄基肟(2a)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-丁基肟(2b)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氯丁基)肟(2c)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(3-溴苄基)肟(2d)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-叔丁基苄基)肟(2e)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氯苄基)肟(2f)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(4-氰基苄基)肟(2g)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(2,6-二氯苄基)肟(2h)、2-(3,3-二甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-亚基)乙醛O-(邻氟苄基)肟(2i)。利用FT-IR、GC-MS、1H NMR以及13C NMR对产物结构进行了表征。以化合物2a为例,探索了不同工艺条件对产物得率的影响,在甲苯为溶剂,n(莰烯醛肟)∶n(氯化苄)∶n(四丁基溴化铵)为1.0∶1.8∶0.08,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为20 h的最佳工艺条件下,产物的得率为84.1%。通过体外抗肿瘤活性测试,探讨了化合物2a^2i对肝癌细胞HepG2和人乳腺癌细胞MCF7的抑制作用,结果表明:化合物2b对HepG2细胞的抑制作用较好,其半数抑制浓度(IC 50)值为36.3μmol/L;化合物2d、2h、2i对MCF7有一定的抑制作用,其中化合物2h对MCF7的抑制作用较好,其IC50值为19.2μmol/L。  相似文献   

10.
以α-蒎烯为原料与Br2进行加成、异构化反应合成2,6-二溴莰烷,以2,6-二溴莰烷为中间体制备冰片二烯.α-蒎烯合成2,6-二溴莰烷的条件:Br2和α-蒎烯为2.5∶1(物质的量之比),反应温度为0℃,反应时间24h,反应溶剂为二氯甲烷,此条件下α-蒎烯转化率为97.6％,定向转化为2,6-二溴莰烷的选择性最高(48.8％).提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷纯度为99.0％,得率为45.6％.以提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷为原料制备冰片二烯的适宜反应条件:反应温度100℃,反应时间5h,叔丁醇钾为消除试剂,叔丁醇钾与2,6-二溴莰烷投料比4∶1(物质的量比),DMF为溶剂.2,6-二溴莰烷转化率为99.12％,冰片二烯的选择性为99.0％,提纯后的冰片二烯纯度可达98.5％.采用FT-IR、GC-MS和1H NMR等方法对2,6-二溴莰烷和冰片二烯进行了结构鉴定.  相似文献   

11.

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.  相似文献   

12.

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.  相似文献   

13.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

14.
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.  相似文献   

15.

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.  相似文献   

16.

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.  相似文献   

17.

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.  相似文献   

18.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。  相似文献   

19.
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.  相似文献   

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