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1.
The distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the babirusa were studied immunohistochemically using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. Thirteen types of gut endocrine cells were detected; they were immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), glucagon, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MENK8), motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY). Cells that were immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin and glucagon were found in all portions of the gastrointestinal tract. MENK8-immunoreactive cells were observed in the stomach and small intestine. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the pyloric region and duodenum. PYY-immunoreactive cells were found in the small and large intestine. Cells immunoreactive for motilin, CCK, GIP, and secretin were observed in the proximal small intestine and those immunoreactive for neurotensin were found only in the ileum. Although the distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of babirusa was similar to those reported for pig, restricted distribution of several endocrine cells, gastrin, BPP, MENK8, motilin, CCK, GIP, secretin and neurotensin and wider distribution of glucagon and PYY were observed in the babirusa. The unexpected presence of MENK8 in all glandular regions of the stomach and PYY in the small intestine was also noted. The distribution of gut endocrine cells might be related to the regulatory characteristics of the babirusa digestive tract.  相似文献   

2.
The regional distribution and relative frequency of argyrophil cells, and of cells immunoreactive for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), substance P (SP), somatostatin, glicentin, glucagon, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), gastrin, leucine-enkephalin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, and neurotensin were studied in 9 segments from the gastrointestinal tract of cows (greater than 1 year old) and calves (less than 3 months old). Argyrophil cells, 5-HT-immunoreactive cells, and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, whereas the other immunoreactive cells were more restricted in distribution. Most endocrine cells were more numerous in the calf than in the cow. This feature was most conspicuous in the abomasum. In the abomasum, argyrophil cells in the cow and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the calf were found predominantly in the fundic region, whereas somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and gastrin-immunoreactive cells in the cow and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the cow were most numerous in the pyloric region. Substance P-, glucagon-, BPP-, and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were rarely detected. In the small intestine, argyrophil cells, 5-HT-, SP-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, GIP-, cholecystokinin-, secretin-, and motilin-immunoreactive cells were most numerous in the duodenum. Neurotensin-, glicentin-, glucagon-, and BPP-immunoreactive cells were detected with the highest frequency in the ileum. In the large intestine, argyrophil cells and 5-HT-, glicentin-, BPP-, somatostatin-, glucagon-, and SP-immunoreactive cells occurred with the highest frequency in the rectum.  相似文献   

3.

Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of Orbivirus genus (family Reoviridae), is a non-contagious infection of domestic and wild ruminants. The current study was designed to detect various serotypes of BTV in small ruminants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province of Pakistan, along with their effects on hemato-biochemical parameters. A total of 408 serum samples in four districts (Mansehra, Abbottabad, Swabi, and Kohat) of KPK from small ruminants were screened based on competitive ELISA (cELISA). A total of 204 (50%) samples were found positive for BTV group–specific antibodies. The seropositive samples were processed for the detection of BTV serotypes through real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Out of 204 cELISA-positive samples, 60 (29.41%) were found positive through qPCR. Three serotypes [6, 8, 9] were detected from Mansehra District and two from Kohat [2, 8] and Abbottabad [6, 8], while only one from Swabi [8]. The serotype “8” was found consistently in all the four study districts. A significant (p?<?0.05) increase in the level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was recorded in goats, whereas aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in sheep infected with BTV, compared to healthy animals. The hematological parameters showed significantly (p?<?0.05) raised total leucocyte count (TLC) in both sheep and goats, whereas only hematocrit (HCT) value was increased significantly (p?<?0.05) in infected sheep. This is the first report on serotyping of BTV among small ruminants in Pakistan.

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4.
The distribution and frequency of occurrence of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis) were studied by immunohistochemistry. Fourteen types of immunoreactive (IR) endocrine cells were revealed. Among the cell types, only chromogranin, serotonin, and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) were present in the entire gut, while the others showed restricted distribution: somatostatin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin in the abomasum and small intestine; methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8, motilin, neurotensin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, and substance P in the small intestine; peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in the large intestine: and glucagon in the whole intestinal tract. Most of the cell types showed peak density in the pyloric, duodenal, or rectal region. The highest cell type heterogeneity was observed in the duodenum. The distribution profile of the gut endocrine cells in the carabao is closely related to that in the Holstein cattle. Important findings include the occurrence of BPP-IR cells in the entire gut and the high frequency of PYY-IR cells in the large intestine.  相似文献   

5.
The distribution and morphology of immunoreactive estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)- containing cells were examined in the cattle brain. The brains were collected from two cows and a male calf. One of the cows was sacrificed one week after parturition. ERalpha expressions in the preoptic area of the rostral forebrain and the medial basal hypothalamic area were evaluated immunohistochemically using a mouse monoclonal antibody. In all animals, the signals that indicate ERalpha were detected in the medial preoptic area, the level of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In the caudal hypothalamic region, they were detected in the arcuate nucleus, the periventricular and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. ERalpha-containing cells were characterized by a dense nuclear reaction product. In all the subjects examined, ERalpha signals were clearly detected in the cytoplasm as well. The density of ERalpha expression was different among the three cattle; the number of ERalpha containing cells in the postpartum cow was much lower than that in the other cow and the male calf. The present findings suggest that ERalpha expression in the forebrain is influenced by the reproductive status in the cattle.  相似文献   

6.
Live attenuated homologous vaccine against peste des petits ruminants of sheep and goats was produced on a large scale basis in roller culture bottles using seed virus developed at the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Muktheswar, India. Vero cells between 130–150 passages with six percent foetal calf serum were used for the production of vaccine. The cells were infected with 0.01 multiplicity of infection and harvested when the cytopathic effect was 80%. The vaccine was freezedried in order to maintain the stability of the vaccine. Identity test and titration was performed and the vaccine titre was monitored to be minimum of 105/100 doses. In-house sterility tests and quality control tests using experimental animals and small ruminants were performed. The vacuum and moisture content of the vaccine were also regulated to be within the normal limits.  相似文献   

7.
Moxidectin is an antiparasitic drug widely used in cattle, sheep and companion animals. No data were available on its metabolism in wild species or in monogastrics. The in vitro metabolism of 14C-moxidectin was studied using hepatic microsomes from several different species: cow (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis ovis), goat (Capra hircus), deer (Cervus dama), rat (Rattus norvegicus), pig (Sus scrofa and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). After separation and quantification by HPLC, the extent of metabolism of 14C-moxidectin was greatest with microsomes from sheep (32.7%) as compared to those from cows (20.6%), deer (15.4%), goats (12.7%), rabbits (7.0%) or rats (3.0%). The least metabolism occurred with microsomes from pigs, with 0.8% of total detected metabolites. A C29 monohydroxymethyl metabolite was detected in the greatest amounts, providing 0.4% out of the total detected radioactivity in pigs and 19.3% in sheep. In addition, the importance of P450 3A in the metabolism of 14C-moxidectin was confirmed by using in vivo induced P450 in combination with various P450 inhibitors.  相似文献   

8.
Larval counts were made on herbage samples collected from 14 calf pastures and 14 cow pastures at each of three different localities in Lower Saxony, Western Germany, in September 1974. Significantly higher numbers of larvae of the genera Ostertagia, Cooperia and Nematodirus were demonstrated on calf pastures than on cow pastures in all three areas. The results suggest that, in the absence of available “clean” pasture, improved control of trichostrongyle infection during late summer and autumn might be achieved by the transfer of calves to cow pastures at that time.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

AIM: To make valid recommendations on the use of serological test methods for the detection of serum antibodies in ruminants against Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever), by comparing the performance of the complement fixation test (CFT) and two ELISA, and by identifying reasons for discrepancies between the test methods.

METHODS: A total of 73 serum samples from infected cattle, 69 from infected goats, and 100 samples from non-infected cattle and 57 samples from non-infected sheep, as well as 95 samples from infected cattle herds (mix of seropositive and seronegative samples), were tested using the CFT, the IDEXX ELISA (I-ELISA) and the Pourquier ELISA (P-ELISA). A mixed panel of 12 serum samples from sheep from inter-laboratory proficiency testing (proficiency panel) was also tested using the CFT and both ELISA, and further investigated using IgG- and IgM-specific ELISA.

RESULTS: Generally, the two commercial ELISA were more sensitive than the CFT for the detection of infected ruminants. Good agreement between ELISA for positive and negative results was found for samples from the infected herd, while results for the positive panels varied between the two ELISA. For the total of the positive serum panels, the I-ELISA detected 95% of samples as positive or suspicious, while the P-ELISA detected only 81%. In the P-ELISA, more samples were considered suspicious (18%) than in the I-ELISA (14%). All sera from noninfected sheep and cattle tested negative in the serological test methods employed, except for one positive sample from a sheep in the P-ELISA. Further investigation revealed that a CFT-positive but ELISA-negative result was due to high IgM and low IgG reactivity.

CONCLUSIONS: The two commercial ELISA were more sensitive than the CFT in all panels from infected ruminants. However, they could only detect IgG. The I-ELISA should be the serological test method of choice for cattle, sheep and goats for import testing of animals into New Zealand because it was more sensitive than the P-ELISA and was equally specific to the PELISA and the CFT. For other animal species, such as deer and camelids, the CFT should still be used since none of the ELISA has been evaluated for these species. This study has shown that the two commercial ELISA will detect the majority of infected ruminants but may miss animals that have not developed an IgG response.  相似文献   

10.
The effect of bombesin and of substance P was investigated in smooth muscle strips of the chicken crop. Bombesin in picomolar concentration (0.1×10-12–5×10-12mol/l) caused a concentration-related contraction of the muscle strips. Substance P in nanomolar concentration (0.1×10-9–10×10-9mol/l) was effective in the same manner. Tetrodotoxin (2×10-7mol/l) did not influence the contraction responses to either bombesin or substance P. The excitatory effect of bombesin and of substance P did not follow activation of cholinergic receptors since their effect on the crop smooth muscle was not antagonized by atropine (10-4mol/l) or by hexamethonium (10-4mol/l). Strips stored for 24 hours in the Tyrode's solution at 4°C without a supply of oxygen maintained their full sensitivity to bombesin and to substance P. These results are consistent with a direct action of bombesin and substance P on the crop smooth muscle.  相似文献   

11.
The synchronization of follicular waves with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) and oestradiol‐17β (E2‐17β) prior to ovarian superstimilation in anoestrous ewes reduces the variability in superovulatory responses by an unknown mechanism. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a primary promoter of antral follicular development, but the relevance of circulating FSH concentrations to the superovulation performance in ewes has not been examined. Eighteen anoestrous Rideau Arcott ewes (May–June) were superovulated with Folltropin®‐V (porcine FSH), with (n = 8; treated ewes) or without (n = 10; control ewes) a single i.m. dose of 350 μg of E2‐17β, given on the sixth day of a 14‐day treatment with MAP‐releasing intravaginal sponges (60 mg). The superovulatory treatment, begun 6 days after E2‐17β injection, consisted of six i.m. applications of Folltropin®‐V given twice daily (at 08:00 and 16:00 h), followed by an i.m. injection of GnRH (50 μg). Blood samples collected every 8 h throughout the 3‐day treatment, were analysed by radioimmunoassays for concentrations of ovine and porcine FSH, using species‐specific standards and primary antibodies. Serum concentrations of oFSH were greater (p < 0.05) in the controls compared to treated ewes at 40, 64 and 72 h and the variability in mean oFSH concentrations was greater (p < 0.05) in control ewes at 40, 48, 64 and 72 h after the 1st Folltropin®‐V injection. There were no differences (p > 0.05) between the two groups in serum concentrations of pFSH. Significant correlations were recorded between the number of corpora lutea (CL) and oFSH concentrations at 8 h (r = 0.72, p < 0.05), 16 h (r=0.63, p < 0.05) and 64 h (r = 0.84, p < 0.01) after the 1st Folltropin®‐V injection. The total number of recovered embryos was positively correlated to oFSH concentrations at 56 h (r = 0.69, p < 0.05). We concluded that changes in endogenous FSH concentrations during ovarian superstimulation with pFSH might contribute to the variability in superovulatory responses in ewes.  相似文献   

12.
Four isolates of predacious fungi, two each of Arthrobotrys oligospora isolated from a sheep and a male crossbred calf and of Duddingtonia flagrans isolated from a sheep and a female buffalo in western India, were studied for their suitability as biocontrol agents against parasitic nematodes of ruminants, using growth assay, predatory activity, germination potential and ability to survive passing through the ruminants gut as criteria. The study showed that isolates of D. flagrans grew well in artificial media, had encouraging predatory activity, produced profuse chlamydospores that germinated easily at 25°C and could survive passage through the ruminant gut. The ovine isolate of D. flagrans was superior in all respects to the isolate from buffalo and was the most promising candidate for biological control of nematode parasites of ruminants.  相似文献   

13.
AIM: To measure the background concentration of phylloerythrin in plasma from clinically healthy sheep, goats, cattle and horses on pasture.

METHODS: Blood samples were taken from 34 sheep of the Dala breed, 20 female Norwegian dairy goats, 35 Norwegian Red cows and 34 horses of different breeds. All animals were grazing green pasture when blood samples were taken. Blood samples were collected from each of four clinically healthy newborn lambs, goats, calves and foals, and pooled into one sample per species. Plasma samples were analysed for phylloerythrin by fluorescence spectroscopy, using a Perkin-Elmer LS-50B luminescence spectrometer equipped with a red-sensitive photo- multiplier. The fluorescence spectra of phylloerythrin in plasma from the adult ruminants were compared with those in plasma from the neonatal ruminants, to which a known concentration of phylloerythrin had been added.

RESULTS: Plasma obtained from the adult ruminants had spectral characteristics similar to those of phylloerythrin, namely weak emission peaks at 650 and 711 nm, when excited at 425 nm. Emission spectra obtained from plasma from the neonatal ruminants showed no fluorescence at these wavelengths. On average, 0.012 (SD 0.004), 0.06 (SD 0.04), and 0.05 (SD 0.03) μmol/l phylloerythrin were present in plasma samples from the sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. The fluorescence spectra of plasma from the newborn foals were similar to spectra of plasma from adult horses, with weak emission at 669 nm.

CONCLUSION: Small concentrations of phylloerythrin were detected in plasma from clinically healthy sheep, goats and cattle, but none could be detected in plasma from clinically healthy horses.  相似文献   

14.

A total of 1000 clinically healthy small ruminants comprising 500 sheep and 500 goats from five districts within Riyadh Province in Saudi Arabia were investigated by routine Giemsa staining for hematozoan parasites. Out of these, 100 sheep and 95 goat samples were investigated by PCR using three pairs of hemoprotozoan-specific primers. Based on microscopic examination, 33.2% of sheep and 25.2% of goats were found infected with hemoprotozoan parasites, while PCR detected hematozoan infection in 46% of sheep and 33.7% of goats. Extensive molecular characterization of hematozoan infection using six pairs of species-specific primers revealed the dominance of Theileria ovis, rather than any other species, which is recorded for the first time in small ruminants in Saudi Arabia. Prevalence of T. ovis in sheep and goats was found to be the highest in Riyadh (32, 48%) followed by AL-Kharj (31, 35%), Ad-Dawadimi (31, 33%), AL-Majmaah (15, 27%), and Rumah (17, 23%). The highest parasite prevalence was recorded in the 3 years of age and >?4 years of age ruminants, while the lowest prevalence was recorded in <?1 year of age ruminants. No noticeable differences in parasite prevalence between male or female ruminants were recorded. Partial sequencing of 18S rRNA gene revealed the infection of the studied ruminants with four new isolates of T. ovis. Further characterization of the pathogenicity and the clinical effects of these T. ovis isolates in sheep and goats is highly needed. The current results can be helpful in protecting and improving livestock industry in the countries that depend on a high number of small ruminants.

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15.
The occurrence and density of distribution of nerves and endocrine cells that are immunoreactive for neuropeptides in the bovine pancreas were studied by immunohistochemistry. The six neuropeptides localized were galanin (GAL), substance P (SP), methionine-enkephalin (MENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The exocrine pancreas was shown to have an appreciable number of GAL- and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibres but few fibres showing immunoreactivity for VIP and CGRP. Numerous MENK-, GAL-, SP-, and NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. Nerve cell bodies in the intrapancreatic ganglia showed immunoreactivity for all of the neuropeptides except CGRP. Endocrine cells showing immunoreactivity for GAL and SP were observed in the large islets and islets of Langerhans, respectively. The present results indicate a characteristic distribution of neuropeptides in the bovine pancreas, which may regulate both exocrine and endocrine secretions of pancreas.  相似文献   

16.
Introduction Based on morphological and physiological differences in their digestive systems H ofmann and S tewart (1972) classified ruminants into three feeding types: concentrate selectors (CS), grass and roughage eaters (GR) and intermediate, opportunistic, mixed feeders (IM). In evolutionary terms CS most closely resemble the original ruminants (H ofmann 1989). They have a relatively small forestomach with large openings between the different parts of the stomach. The retention time of ingesta is short and therefore less suited to optimizing cellulose digestion. They have relatively large saliva glands, producing high volumes of saliva (F ickel et al. 1998), which may facilitate the passage of soluble nutrients down their highly developed ventricular groove. The CS ruminants choose easily digestible forage, especially dicotyledons, which are rich in soluble plant cell contents (PCC, T ixier et al. 1997; D uncan et al. 1998). With evolution, the forestomach of the ruminants became larger relative to body size, and also more subdivided. These evolutionary adaptations optimized the selective retention of feed particles and increased retention time, leading to improvement of cellulose digestion. Large GR are well adapted to digest plant cell walls (PCW), i.e. structural carbohydrates (cellulose); they consequently feed mainly on monocotyledons. Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) are very small ruminants which select concentrated feed. As energy requirements increase proportional to metabolic body weight (K leiber 1961) roe deer require relatively more energy per unit body mass for maintenance compared to that required by large ruminants (V an S oest 1994; D uncan et al. 1998). Easily digestible forage is not sufficient to satisfy the energy requirements of roe deer. It is proposed therefore that these animals may have other methods of avoiding energy losses due to microbial fermentation, either bypassing nutrients down the ventricular groove (rumen bypass) or by ruminal escape of unfermented and/or partially fermented nutrients (H ofmann 1989). The relatively high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids present in the depot fat of roe deer due to only partial rumen biohydrogenation (M eyer et al. 1998) supports the alternative hypothesis of rumen bypass or ruminal escape. Once reaching the small intestine, partially fermented or bypassed soluble carbohydrates can be further hydrolysed by maltase and sucrase to monosaccharides. These monosaccharides are then available for absorption. The intestinal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) in the brush border membrane (BBM) of the enterocytes is a stable indicator for the presence of sugars in the small intestine. The expression and activity of SGLT1 protein are regulated by the level of sugars reaching the small intestine (F erraris and D iamond 1989). Infusion of d -glucose into the intestinal lumen of ruminant sheep for 2 h stimulates the expression of SGLT1 which can be detected 4 days later in the newly formed mature enterocytes (S hirazi -B eechey et al. 1995). When dietary carbohydrate is removed, it takes 3 days before the brush border glucose uptake capacity decreases significantly from control values (F erraris 1994). This reflects the time of physiological cell renewal. In GR, such as sheep, the capacity of the intestine to absorb sugars decreases up to 500-fold during development (S hirazi -B eechey et al. 1995). This decrease in the intestinal absorptive capacity is a reflection of the decline in SGLT1 transport activity and protein abundance. It is not due to modifications in the structure of the absorptive surface and cannot be explained in terms of an age-related process (S hirazi -B eechey et al. 1991). It has been shown that there is a direct correlation between the level of monosaccharides reaching the lumen of the small intestine and the expression of functional SGLT1 protein (D yer et al. 1997). Therefore in this study we aimed to investigate the presence of functional SGLT1 in the small intestine of roe deer as a stable indicator of the availability of glucose in the luminal content of the small intestine. The presence of SGLT1 protein in the small intestine will support the hypothesis of rumen bypass and/or ruminal escape of nutrients. Furthermore we measured the maltase activities in the BBM, as part of the carbohydrates reach the intestinal lumen as polysaccharides and have to be broken down to monosaccharides before absorption.  相似文献   

17.
Spring-calving multiparous Angus x Hereford cows were used to determine the efficacy of intramuscular treatment with oxytetracycline to reduce the incidence of mastitis-causing bacteria, decrease milk somatic cell counts (SCC), and increase calf growth. During 2 yr, milk samples were collected from each quarter from a total of 319 cows at 8 to 14 d after calving and at weaning, to determine the presence of bacteria and SCC. A California mastitis test (CMT) was performed on milk from each quarter of each cow at the initial sample collection. Cows with a CMT score of 1, 2, or 3 in at least one quarter, were randomly assigned to receive either an intramuscular injection of oxytetracycline (n = 63) or the control vehicle (n = 60), and cows with a CMT score of 0 or trace in all four quarters were not treated (n = 196). Calf weights were determined at birth, early lactation, and weaning. The number of somatic cells in milk and the percentage of quarters that were infected increased as CMT score increased (P < 0.01). The presence of mastitis-causing bacteria at calving increased (P < 0.05) the incidence of infection at weaning. The presence of mastitis-causing bacteria at weaning was associated with increased SCC for quarters and average SCC for cows (P < 0.01). Average SCC per cow at weaning increased (P < 0.05) as the number of infected quarters per cow increased. Treatment did not alter (P > 0.10) the percentage of cows or quarters infected with mastitis-causing bacteria or SCC of cows or quarters at weaning. Average SCC per cow was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with calf weights at early lactation, but not with weaning weights of calves. Treatment did not influence (P > 0.10) calf weights at early lactation or at weaning. Cows with one or more dry quarters after calving had calves that weighed less at early lactation and weaning than cows with four functional quarters (P < 0.01). Intramuscular oxytetracycline treatment of beef cows that had CMT scores of 1 or greater after calving did not reduce intramammary infection rates or increase calf weights at weaning.  相似文献   

18.
Moxidectin (MOX) is an antiparasitic drug widely used in cattle, sheep and companion animals. As a result of the implication of cytochrome P450 3 A in the metabolism of MOX and the role of competitor substrates of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in modification of the bioavailability of endectocides, we studied the influence of verapamil (a multidrug-resistance reversing agent) on the metabolism of 14C moxidectin in cultured rat hepatocytes over 72 h. The metabolism of MOX remained low: 10.79 +/- 1.99% of the total 14C moxidectin for the main detected metabolite in verapamil-treated cells and 7.17 +/- 0.74% for the control cells after 24 h. The main detected metabolite in rat hepatocytes was the same as that detected in rat hepatic microsomes (the C29 monohydroxymethyl metabolite). Verapamil increased the quantity of MOX in the cells after 24, 48 and 72 h. Examination of the Area Under the concentration time Curve (AUC) of the main detected metabolite revealed a significant increase in the exposure of cells to MOX after verapamil treatment throughout the experiment. It is hypothesized that verapamil interfered with MOX as a substrate for Pgp during the initial incubation period. After this initial interaction, verapamil metabolites were able to interfere with Pgp. This experiment demonstrated the implication of Pgp in the transport of MOX and allowed prediction of the drug-drug interactions which might modify the bioavailability of endectocides.  相似文献   

19.
The existence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in domestic ruminants and camels in Sudan during 2008–2012 was investigated. Lung tissues and serum samples were randomly collected from sheep, goats, cattle, and camels at different areas of Sudan. A total of 12,384 serum samples were collected from clinically healthy 7413 sheep, 1988 camels, 1501 cattle, 1459 goats, and 23 gazelles at different areas in the Sudan. They were examined for PPR antibodies using competitive ELISA (cELISA). The overall detected seroprevalence of PPR in tested sera was 49.4%; seroprevalence values within species were 67.1, 48.2, 25.8, 2.1, and 21.7% in sheep, goat, cattle, camels, and gazelles, respectively. The highest seroprevalence (68.1%) was observed in sera collected from Darfur states, then the central states (54.3%). A total of 1276 lung tissue samples (623 sheep, 324 cattle, 220 camels, and 109 goats) were collected. The majority of lung samples were collected from clinically healthy animals that showed lesions on PM in slaughterhouses (95%) and during PPR outbreaks; samples were tested for PPR antigen using immunocapture ELISA (IcELISA). PPR antigen was detected in 233 out of the 1276 tested samples (18.3%). Positive results were observed in samples collected from clinically healthy and diseased animals. The observed prevalence values in each species were 33.6, 21.1, 15.4, and 12.3% in camel, goat, sheep, and cattle, respectively. PPR antigen was detected in samples from different areas; however, the highest prevalence (63.9%) was found in samples collected from the eastern states, then Khartoum state (28%). Trials for virus isolation were done in different cell cultures. Out of 30 IcELISA-positive samples inoculated in primary bovine and ovine kidney cells, Vero cells, the PPR virus was successfully isolated from 15 (eight sheep, five camels, and two goats) samples in the three cell culture types. Using RT-PCR, PPRV nucleic acid was detected in all 25 IcELISA-positive tested samples.  相似文献   

20.
The distribution of methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive nerves in the forestomach of calves and cows was studied, using immunohistochemical methods. Methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive nerves were found in all regions of the bovine forestomach. Cell bodies were found mainly in myenteric ganglia, and nerve fibers were found principally in muscular layers. Nerve fibers and ganglia were concentrated in the lips of the reticular groove, but were least numerous in ruminal and omasal walls. The reduced number of immunoreactive nerves in cows, compared with the number of those in calves, was striking, especially in the lips of the reticular groove and the omasal leaves. Results may indicate that the importance of methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-containing nerves in the physiologic regulation of the forestomach of the calf is different from that of the cow.  相似文献   

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