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1.
Kerstin Hund-Rinke Werner Kördel Dieter Hennecke Adolf Eisenträger Stefanie Heiden 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2002,2(1):43-50
For the assessment of contaminated or remediated soils, in addition to chemical analyses, ecotoxicological tests are performed which focus on the retention function of soils (determined by tests with aqueous soil extracts) and on the habitat function (determined by tests with soil). While numerous standardized test guidelines exist to investigate effects by chemical substances, respective test procedures for soil assessments are lacking. To close this gap, a round robin test was performed to support standardization. Four contaminated soils were tested using a total of fifteen test systems including ecotoxicological and genotoxicological tests with soil extracts and soil. The results obtained from the tests with soil extracts are presented in this article. 相似文献
2.
Ecotoxicological tests are often recommended for the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of contaminated soils. In comparison to chemical residue analysis that focuses on individual contaminants, ecotoxicological tests are able to integrate the effects of the overall contamination, including interactions between individual contaminants, as well as between the contaminants and the various soil properties. However, their use is limited by the fact that the most sensitive tests are chronic tests such as the earthworm reproduction test which lasts 56 days. In order to promote the use of ecotoxicological tests for the routine assessment of contaminated test soils, the usage of short-term earthworm avoidance tests were investigated in the German project ERNTE. According to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guideline no. 17512-1, such a test has a duration of just 48 h which, although less than chronic tests, is still quite long in comparison to modern methods of chemical analysis whereby results are often available within 24 h (“on-site analysis”). Therefore, we assessed the effects of shortening the duration of the earthworm avoidance test from 48 to 24 h on the resulting ecotoxicological data. Eight uncontaminated natural soils and 22 contaminated natural soils containing a wide range of chemicals were tested concurrently for 24 and 48 h. Additionally, seven of the uncontaminated natural soils (one was excluded due to its low pH) plus Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) artificial soil or LUFA (Landwirtschaftliche Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalt, Speyer, Germany) St. 2.2 soil were spiked with two model chemicals (zinc nitrate-tetrahydrate and tributyltin-oxide (TBT-O)) and tested accordingly. It was also investigated whether the results would differ when using either standard LUFA St. 2.2 or OECD artificial soil as a control when contaminated natural soils were tested. Statistical analysis of the data indicates that a decrease in test duration in general did not result in a different assessment of the test soils. In view of the fact that an ERA of contaminated soils is increasingly starting with an on-site analysis (i.e. data are available within 24 h) it is recommended to change the existing ISO guideline, i.e. to decrease the test duration from 48 to 24 h. In doing so, the use of a multi-concentration design increases the robustness of the test results. Both OECD and LUFA St. 2.2 soils are equally suitable as controls. 相似文献
3.
For ecotoxicological assessments of contaminated or remediated soils pointing to the habitat function of soils for biocenoses,
standardized tests with earthworms (acute test, reproduction test) are available among others. Tests used for routine applications
should be sensitive and indicate impacts on test organisms after short test periods. The usually applied earthworm tests do
not satisfactorily fulfil these criteria. Therefore, in the present work, a behavioural test with earthworms (test criterion:
avoidance) was investigated in detail using uncontaminated, artificially contaminated and originally contaminated soils. It
was demonstrated that the avoidance behaviour is primarily determined by pollutants, and not by chemical-physical soil properties.
The sensitivity of the presented test reaches the sensitivity of established tests. For waste sites, a considerably higher
sensitivity was determined. An avoidance behaviour of at least 80% of the worms leaving the soil to be assessed is proposed
as a criterion for toxicity. 相似文献
4.
Background, Goal and Scope Bioassays are frequently used to investigate the water extractable ecotoxicological and genotoxicological potential of contaminated
soil samples. A laboratory intercomparison study was performed for validation of miniaturised biological test systems for
the assessment of contaminated and remediated sites. The successful performance of this study resulted in an optimisation
of microplate assays with respect to the testing of chemicals and environmental samples.
Methods For this purpose, miniaturised bioassays were chosen, which, because of their stage of development, are suitable for routine
application in the characterisation of the water extractable ecotoxicological and genotoxicological potential of soils. These
ecotoxicological and genotoxicological assays were performed with contaminated soil samples by three institutions at the same
time.
Results and Discussion The toxicological assessment of the contaminated and remediated soil samples using LID-values, as a rule, was highly uniform.
Some minor deviations could, for the most part, be explained by the heterogeneity of the soil samples and, to a lesser extent,
by methodical aspects. The difference in sensitivity towards contaminants of the two bacteria Vibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas putida was pointed out. In the algae test with Desmodesmus subspicatus, the influence of the highest sample concentrations on the growth controls became obvious. It was recommended to modify the
experimental setup of the microtitration plate, i.e. to place growth controls located next to both the lowest and the highest
dilution steps of the sample. The Ames-test did in some cases provide new information on the genotoxicity of the samples,
but is not considered useful in a test battery for the evaluation of the genotoxic potential because of its great expense
in time and work.
Conclusions The investigations in this laboratory-intercomparison study for the assessment of the water extractable toxic potential of
soil samples show that different bioassays are needed, which, in contrast to chemical-analytical methods, can detect the complete
effects of all present pollutants in contaminated and remediated soils and solid substrates path-specifically.
Recommendations and Outlook If the recommended modifications for the performance of the bacterial and algae growth inhibition assays on microplates are
taken into consideration, these tests can substitute the tests performed on a macro scale. The usefulness of the umu-test
and the NM2009-test for the investigation of the genotoxic potential has been proven. Although the tests performed on microplates
require much lower sample amounts, it is recommended that sample amounts be eluted in accordance with current guidelines to
ensure representativity of the sample. Further work should focus on toxicity identification studies in the future by combining
chemical and toxicological analyses. 相似文献
5.
Background and Scope Information on a potential contamination of soils or soil materials are derived by chemical analysis which takes place specifically
for a given substance. For a comprehensive assessment, information on the bioavailable and mobile contaminant fraction, including
all metabolites, is desirable. During the last years several research projects were initiated in Germany, to supplement the
chemical analyses and to elaborate a suitable testing strategy. The main goal of this contribution is to elucidate the results
of these research projects and to summarize the test strategy, which is recommended based on these results.
Results and Conclusion Ecotoxicological tests, which are standardized for the assessment of chemicals, were regarded as a suitable starting basis
for a cost effective, pragmatic approach. Aquatic tests (testing of aqueous soil extracts) focus on the retention function
of soils and terrestrial tests (testing of soil) on the habitat function. Suitable reference systems for the terrestrial tests
and assessment criteria for both test types (terrestrial and aquatic) were elaborated. On the basis of a round robin test
and a laboratory comparison test, a minimal test battery was established. This minimal test battery can be supplemented by
further tests if more or specific information is required.
Outlook The recommendations should encourage the discussion regarding the application of biological methods for the assessment of
soil quality. Such an assessment is or at least can be required by soil protection laws which have been adopted in some European
countries within the last years. 相似文献
6.
Background, Aim and Scope
A number of biotests are available for the characterisation of solid matters such as soil or sediment. Among these, bacterial
biotests using single test species often analyse the toxicity of water-soluble contaminants in aquatic extracts, but there
is also a need for a fast and inexpensive bacterial solid-contact test. In this study, a solid contact test with added bacteria
(Arthrobacter globiformis) was optimised (through miniaturization) for the development of a test kit with conserved bacteria.
As in other tests, the results can be influenced by natural soil factors, often masking anthropogenic impacts. For this reason,
a further goal of this study was the investigation of the influence of natural soil characteristics on the result of the solid
contact test. The project is part of the joint research project 'Optimization of ecotoxicological test methods for routine
use' (abbreviated as ERNTE-Forschungsvorhaben: 0330305).
Materials and Methods:
This method is based on an existing German standard (DIN 38412 L 48) using Arthrobacter globiformi for testing whole soils
and sediments. The test principle is the measurement of the dehydrogenase activity of the test organism A. globiformis after
an incubation time of two hours with the solid material. To attain the miniaturization in microplates, dye measurement was
changed from spectrophotometrical determination of the substrate resazurine to the fluorimetric measurement of the product
resorufin. A second step towards optimisation was the use of freeze-dried bacteria. Seven selected uncontaminated soils were
tested in order to determine the influence of natural soil characteristics on the results of the solid contact test with A.
globiformis. Freshly spiked and polluted field soils were analysed in order to obtain information about the sensitivity of
the test.
Results:
It is possible to perform the contact test in microplates. The fluorimetric dye measurement can be carried out in the presence
of the solid material, so the work-intensive step of centrifugation and filtration is no longer necessary. The measurement
in the optimised contact test is based on the kinetics of the enzyme reaction. The investigation showed that conserved bacteria
have the same activity and sensitivity as cultivated bacteria.
Discussion:
The study of the uncontaminated soils demonstrated the influence of various soil characteristics on the results of the solid
contact test. This information is the basis for the selection of the control and reference soils and is crucial for setting
the threshold value in toxicity testing. The investigation of freshly spiked and contaminated soils showed a different sensitivity
dependent on the kind of the contamination.
Conclusions:
The solid contact test was successfully optimised using microplates, whereas now less than six hours are necessary for the
analysis. The optimised test is rapid and sensitive, requiring small samples and no stock culture of the bacteria A. globiformis
if using freeze-dried bacteria. In this study, the effect of natural soil factors such as pH-value was shown. This information
is used to define the threshold value for toxicity. Therefore, the optimised contact test can be used for an efficient assessment
of soil or soil substrates. Further studies will clear up if this optimisation is also valid for aquatic sediments and waste.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
Due to its short analysis time, the test is suitable for screening different kinds of solid matter and can be used for on-site
analysis. - The optimised contact test with freeze-dried bacteria as part of a battery of tests is appropriate for the assessment
of contaminated soils, sediments and waste. 相似文献
7.
Background and Objective Terrestrial ecotoxicity data are required for many research purposes. The data are derived either from the literature or elaborated by own investigations. As the terrestrial toxicity tests are usually time-consuming and labour intensive, the experiments are performed with a limited number of test organisms and soils. In the context of a project sponsored by CEFIC-LRI (European Chemical Industry Council – Long-Range Research Initiative), EC50-values were systematically elaborated for eight chemicals with a wide range of logKow-values (CdCl2, Trinitrotoluene, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4-dichlorophenol, Tributyltinchloride, Pentachlorophenol, Benzo(a)pyrene, p,p-dichloro-2,2-diphenyl-1,1,1-trichloroethane). The substances were selected covering a broad range of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological properties. As toxicity endpoints, microbial activities, plant germination and growth as well as reproduction of earthworms and collembola were determined. As such systematic investigations are rarely performed and for some substances no data existed, the data pool is made available to the scientific community.Methods All toxicity tests were conducted on three different soil types (sandy soil, silty soil, loamy soil), according to ISO and OECD guidelines Results, Discussion, Conclusion and Outlook The different toxicities of the chemicals, the influence of soil properties on bioavailability as well as different sensitivities of test organisms and test parameters are reflected by the EC50-values. The results showed that the EC50-values calculated on the basis of nominal concentrations can significantly vary from EC50-values derived from analytical concentrations for some substances. To avoid false conclusions, this has to be considered especially when concentrations determined in the field are compared with toxicity data obtained from the literature or calculated on the basis of nominal concentrations. Moreover, the results indicate that terrestrial ecotoxicological tests should be accompanied by chemical analyses, to be sure to derive sound EC50-values.
As the tests were performed according to international guidelines, the comprehensive data pool relevant for the terrestrial ecotoxicity of eight chemicals is considered to be of great value for further research and discussions dealing with the habitat function of soils. 相似文献
8.
Stable Isotope Probing Identifies Novel m-Xylene Degraders in Soil Microcosms from Contaminated and Uncontaminated Sites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Shuguang Xie Weimin Sun Chunling Luo Alison M. Cupples 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,210(1-4):113-122
Toxicity of contaminated soils cannot be assessed only by chemical analyses, therefore bioassays are increasingly used. Widely accepted ecotoxicological methods include organisms from all levels of the food-chain but plant-based ones are usually restricted to germination and growth tests. In our study the toxicity of heavy metal contaminated soil samples were examined not only by germination and bacterial tests of their extracts but also by the measurement of physiological parameters of two plant species (cucumber and wheat) that were grown directly on the contaminated substrate. Changes in chlorophyll concentration, stomatal conductance, fluorescence characteristics, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level (showing oxidative damage to lipids in leaves) undoubtedly indicated the mobilisation and toxic effect of contaminants. The results showed that the sensitivity of plant physiological parameters was higher than that of the extract-based ecotoxicological tests. Whereas these latter could not reveal the toxic effect of the highly contaminated soils the plants have reacted in a more complex way and their physiological parameters have changed significantly in all cases validating their use in such studies. The applied measurements also allow quicker and more reliable testing even under field conditions (stomatal conductance) or the detection of a more complex response if detailed analyses is needed (MDA, fluorescence imaging) thus underlining the importance of plant-based methods. 相似文献
9.
Background Petroleum products are widely used in various sections of industry and they are one of the most abundant sources of environmental
contamination. These products are classified by their physico-chemical properties such as boiling point, density and viscosity.
Oil contamination in the environment is primarily evaluated by measuring the chemical concentrations of petroleum products
in the solid or water phase. The results of chemical analyses do not correspond directly with the harmful environmental effects
of petroleum products on the soil flora and fauna, because the interactions between oil compounds and the production of their
methabolites in soil are not measured in chemical assessments. These kinds of effects of complex chemical mixtures in soil
can be estimated by bioassays. Therefore, ecotoxicological tests are important for estimating soil quality in the risk assessment
of oil-contaminated soil sites.
Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the oil-contaminated soil site of a closed petrol station with both chemical and
ecotoxicological methods. The goals of this study were to compare the sensitivity of the terrestrial and aquatic bioassays
and to compare the toxicity responses of aquatic bioassays determined from three different extraction procedures. In addition,
our aim was to characterise a cost-effective battery of bioassays that could be applied to a comparison of oil-contaminated
soils. It was in our interest to investigate oil-contaminated soil with oil concentrations of 2500–12000 mg/kg and to find
out the possible differences between terrestrial and aquatic toxicity tests.
Methods Six soil samples from a closed petrol station were examined for toxicity with terrestrial and aquatic tests. Terrestrial tests
includedEnchytraeus albidus survival and reproduction assays and seed germination assays using wheat, cress, lettuce, and red clover seeds and growth
inhibition assays of onions. The toxicities of the water-extractable fractions of the soil samples obtained from three different
extractions were tested with aquatic bioassays based on plants (onion and duckweed growth inhibition tests), microbes (luminescent
bacteria test), and enzyme inhibition (reverse electron transport test, RET). Chemical analyses of the solid samples were
carried out simultaneously. Results. Oil concentrations ranged from 2500 to 12000 mg/kg, BTEX varied from 300 to 2800 mg/kg,
and fuel additives: MTBE and TAME from 0.0 1 to 260 mg/kg. Only the sample contain-ing 12000 mg/kg oil had a significant toxic
impact on all test organisms. Soil samples with oil concentrations 2500–6200 mg/ kg had no or only slight adverse effects
on the test organisms with one exception, theE. albidus reproduction test. TheE. albidus survival and reproduction tests were the most sensitive bioassays of the terrestrial tests, and the luminescent bacteria
test of the aquatic tests. 相似文献
10.
-
PREAMBLE According to the German Federal Soil Protection Act (BBodSchG 1998), the habitat function of soils must be protected. Despite the fact that in the Federal Soil Protection Ordinance (BBodSchV 1999) it has not been established how this goal can be reached reliably, it is clear that such a biological function can only adequately be assessed using biological test methods. This is especially true when a soil is contaminated by a mixture of often unknown chemicals. In such a case the use of chemical analysis aiming at a small range of known substances is not sufficient and must therefore be supplemented by biological methods. For this reason, several standardised test methods are available (e.g. using earthworms, collembolans or plants; Römbke and Knacker 2003; ISO 2003). Since acute tests are usually not sensitive enough for the assessment of potentially contaminated soils (e.g. Hund-Rinke et al. 2002), chronic tests like the earthworm reproduction tests (ISO 1998) are recommended for this purpose.-
A chronic plant test for the determination of phytotoxicity was missing until quite recently. The term phytotoxicity is understood here as the capacity of a compound or a contaminated soil to cause temporary or long-lasting damage to plants (EPPO 1997). Therefore, the German Ministry for Education and Research sponsored a project (1997 – 1999) in which – based on existing standardised methods – such a chronic plant laboratory test was developed and partly validated (Kalsch and Römbke 2000). The new test can be used for the evaluation of single chemicals (see Part 1 of this mini-series) as well as for the assessment of contaminated or remediated soils (see Part 2 of this mini-series).-
ABSTRACT Background and Scope. A new chronic plant test system which is based on experiences with various acute plant tests (e.g. published by OECD or ISO) and existing North American Plant-Life-Cycle Bioassays was standardised in a project sponsored by the German government. Characteristic properties of the test system, which can be performed either with Brassica rapa (turnip rape) or Avena sativa (oat), are described in Part I of this mini-series.Methods
This new test was used to assess the effects of natural soil samples contaminated with TNT (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene) or PAHs (poly-aromatic hydrocarbons). The soils were tested after taken from the field as well as after being remediated. Different control and reference soils were used to evaluate the test results. In addition, they were compared with the results of tests in which either TNT or Pyrene was spiked to field and standard soils (see Part I of this mini-series).Results
All contaminated soils showed clear effects in the Chronic Plant Test (usually B. rapa was more sensitive than A. sativa). LUFA 2.2 standard soil and OECD artificial soil are well-suited as control and mixture substrates, while reference soils collected at uncontaminated sites were several times phytotoxic. In most of the latter cases, soil properties could be identified as the main cause of these effects (e.g. the pH value). While in general the sensitivity of the reproduction and biomass endpoints did not differ much, it is recommended to measure different endpoints (i.e. biomass and reproduction) due to the different mode-of-action of contaminants. In the case of TNT a good agreement between the results of single chemical tests and tests with TNT-contaminated soils was found (due to the minimal effects of Pyrene the same statement is not possible for PAHs).Outlook
The results of this work have been used to prepare a draft test guideline, which has recently been standardised by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). Based on these experiences, recommendations are given how this chronic test system could be used as part of a test battery for the assessment of contaminated soils. 相似文献11.
-
PREAMBLE According to the German Federal Soil Protection Act (BBodSchG 1998), the habitat function of soils must be protected. Despite the fact that in the Federal Soil Protection Ordinance (BBodSchV 1999) it has not been established how this goal can be reached reliably, it is clear that such a biological function can only adequately be assessed using biological test methods. This is especially true when a soil is contaminated by a mixture of often unknown chemicals. In such a case the use of chemical analysis aiming at a small range of known substances is not sufficient and must therefore be supplemented by biological methods. For this reason, several standardised test methods are available (e.g. using earthworms, collembolans or plants; Römbke and Knacker 2003; ISO 2003). Since acute tests are usually not sensitive enough for the assessment of potentially contaminated soils (e.g. Hund-Rinke et al. 2002), chronic tests like the earthworm reproduction tests (ISO 1998) are recommended for this purpose.-
A chronic plant test for the determination of phytotoxicity was missing until quite recently. The term phytotoxicity is understood here as the capacity of a compound or a contaminated soil to cause temporary or long-lasting damage to plants (EPPO 1997). Therefore, the German Ministry for Education and Research sponsored a project (1997 – 1999) in which – based on existing standardised methods – such a chronic plant laboratory test was developed and partly validated (Kalsch and Römbke 2000). The new test can be used for the evaluation of single chemicals (see Part 1 of this mini-series) as well as for the assessment of contaminated or remediated soils (see Part 2 of this mini-series).-
ABSTRACT Background and Scope. As part of the efforts to improve the biological testing of contaminated soils, the German government sponsored the standardisation of a chronic plant bioassay. This new test is based on experiences with various acute plant tests (e.g. published by OECD or ISO) and existing North American Plant-Life-Cycle Bioassays. In this contribution the characteristic properties of the test are described.Methods
The test can be performed either with Brassica rapa (turnip) or Avena sativa (oat). Its duration is 35 to 64 days with OECD artificial soil and a German standard field soil acting as controls. Water and nutrients are provided by an automatic wick irrigation system. Besides measuring biomass and shoot length, the number of pods, seeds and flowers are applied as chronic measurement endpoints. During the development of the test, TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and Pyrene were used as model test substances.Results
Pyrene did not affect B. rapa (turnip) in concentrations of up to 10.000 mg/kg soil (due to the often low sensitivity of A. sativa (oat) no further test with this substance was performed). Depending on the endpoint the results varied in the tests with TNT. With few exceptions, the NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) values were determined as 55.5 mg TNT/kg soil for B. rapa (turnip) and as 75 (unfertilised) and 150 (fertilised) mg TNT/kg soil for A. sativa (oat). The EC50-values varied between 96.3 and 207.2 mg TNT/kg soil for B. rapa (turnip) and 183.1 – 505.6 mg TNT/kg soil for A. sativa (oat), depending on the endpoint.Outlook
The results of this work have been used to prepare a draft test guideline, which has recently been standardised by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). Practical experiences with this test system are described in Part II of this mini series. 相似文献12.
The aim of this contribution was to evaluate whether the sensitivity of the earthworm avoidance test is comparable to that of the earthworm reproduction test (standard test guidelines for both are available). The objective was to determine if relatively simple short-term tests are useful as an initial screening step for the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of potentially contaminated soils prior to performing long-term, elaborate tests. Therefore, the effects of two model substances, zinc nitrate-tetrahydrate and tributyltin-oxide (TBT-O) on the reproduction and the avoidance behavior of the earthworm Eisenia andrei were compared using Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) artificial soil as well as eight natural soils, including LUFA St. 2.2 soil, covering a wide range of pH-values, organic matter content and texture. Almost all tests fulfilled the validity criteria defined in the two standard guidelines published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), despite the fact that the properties of natural soils differed clearly from those of OECD artificial soil. The median effective concentration (EC50) values estimated for zinc nitrate-tetrahydrate in 48-h avoidance tests and in 56-day reproduction tests were often similar when using the same soil (seven out of nine soils). However, in the case of TBT-O, the outcome was more complex: in two test soils the avoidance EC50 values were by a factor >3 higher than the reproduction EC50 values. In one of the test soils it was the other way around and the remaining soils showed comparable EC50 values in both tests. Summarizing the results obtained here and according to experiences reported in the available literature, the earthworm avoidance test may be recommended as an initial screening tool in the ERA of potentially contaminated soils. However, further research is needed to understand the factors that contribute to the difference in sensitivity between reproduction and avoidance tests. 相似文献
13.
Goal, Scope and Background The earthworm avoidance test is a sensitive screening test. Currently, two test designs, a two-chamber system and a six-chamber
system, are under standardization. In the scope of the present study, the two test systems are compared. To assess the results,
two procedures are applied, which are based on a threshold value and a statistical method. Moreover, the sensitivity of the
avoidance test is compared with the sensitivity of the reproduction test.
Methods The avoidance behaviour of E. fetida towards five chemicals (Cd, Cu, PCP, TBT, TNT) was tested in a sandy and a loamy soil.
The ecotoxicological test was performed according to the draft guideline ISO/DIS 17512-1. The results were compared with the
number of offspring determined in the reproduction test carried out according to ISO 11268-2.
Results and Discussion The results demonstrate that the avoidance behaviour towards organic chemicals and heavy metals is a suitable screening method
showing first tendencies of a chemical's effects on the habitat function of soils. Effects caused by chemical substances become
visible at low concentrations and within short test periods. The sensitivity of the reproduction test and the avoidance test
is principally comparable; in some cases, the avoidance test showed more sensitive reactions. The dose-response-relationships
were more pronounced in the two-chamber test than in the six-chamber-system.
Recommendation and Outlook The two-chamber-system proved to be more feasible than the six-chamber-system. As the sensitivity of the avoidance test and
the reproduction test is comparable, the avoidance test can be considered as a suitable screening test as well. A possible
field of application may be the selection of soil samples for which the reproduction assay seems necessary. To assess contaminated
or remediated soils, the earthworm reproduction test is recommended as an indicator for the habitat function of the soils.
To reduce costs, the labour intensive reproduction test could be largely replaced by the avoidance test in performing the
earth-worm reproduction test only for relevant samples.
Before the Draft International Standard of the guideline will be adopted as an ISO Guideline, there will be sufficient time
left to gain further international experience required to finalize the method. 相似文献
14.
Background and Aims
In soils, the most commonly mentioned hazardous substances are metals. One of the sources of its accumulation is the application of sewage sludge. However, little information is available regarding the estimation of the toxicity of sewage sludge or soil treated with sewage sludge, even by means of a battery of bioassays. In this study an evaluation of a battery of bioassays was carried out for toxicity assessment of sewage sludge and sewage sludge-treated soil. The objectives of this study were a) to compare the sensitivity of the different bioassays for the toxicity determination of sewage sludge contaminated with metals and soil treated with this sewage sludge, b) to elaborate a procedure for the attribution of sewage sludge samples to hazard classes based on the ecotoxicological data, and c) to evaluate the suitability of elutriate bioassays and microbial toxicity tests for the assessment of sewage sludge-treated soil. 相似文献15.
Aim, Scope and Background Hexyl is along with TNT a possible pollutant of ammunition contaminated soils. To assess the ecological risk of a pollutant
biotests are obligatory to gain information of the effects on the habitat function of the contaminated soil. The effect of
Hexyl was investigated using the standardised biotests for the springtailFolsomia Candida and the enchytraeidEnchytraeus crypticus.
Method The tests with Hexyl were performed in spiked standard soil (Lufa 2.2). The toxic endpoints were mortality (short-term test,
exposure time 7 days) and reproduction rate (long-term test, exposure time 28 days). The effect on the reproduction was further
investigated by transferring animals from contaminated soil material onto uncontaminated substrate. Then the number of offspring
was determined for the collembola and the cocoon- and hatching rates for the enchytraeid. Results. The mortality of the collembola
was not influenced by Hexyl, but the number of offspring was significantly reduced. On the bases of these data the influence
of the contaminant on the fertility of the adults itself was investigated. Therefore a reproduction test was performed with
adult springtails transferred from contaminated onto uncontaminated soil material. It was shown that the fertility of the
adults was not affected by Hexyl indicating a strong lethal effect on the juveniles. In case of the enchytraeid the mortality
as well as the reproduction was affected. The surviving enchytraeids turned yellow and rigid in the mortality tests. They
were also reduced in size compared to individuals in the uncontaminated control soil material. Thus the cocoon and hatching
rates of worms transferred from contaminated soil material onto agar-agar was further investigated. Indeed, the reproduction
(both cocoon production and juvenile hatching) was affected by the contaminant. However, the effect was not as strong as might
have been suggested by their change in colour and size. A rapid recovery of the worms was observed, too.
Conclusion Hexyl is toxic for the two terrestrial invertebrates, although in comparison to other explosives tested it is less toxic than
TNT, but more toxic than the other explosives such as Hexogen (RDX) and Octogen (HMX) or TAT, the end product of the microbial
reduction of TNT. So far, all these substances have only been tested with the luminescent bacteriaVibrio fischeri, for which Hexyl and TNT were classified as very toxic to aquatic organisms. With earthworms (Eisenia fetida andEisenia andrei) only TNT, Hexogen and Octogen have been investigated. TNT was also the most toxic of these substances.
Outook Hexyl is one of the main pollutants of ammunition-contaminated sites and has to be considered as a toxic compound. Therefore
an assessment of its full ecological impact is necessary and should include tests with animals from different trophic levels
as well as biotests with plants and microorganisms. 相似文献
16.
Goal, Scope and Background In terrestrial ecotoxicology, standardised test methods using plants, earthworms and insects are available for the evaluation
of effects induced by heavy metals, organic chemicals and, in particular, pesticides. Currently, these tests are performed
either by using so-called Artificial Soils or (more or less) arbitrarily selected natural soils. Consequently, the test results
depend not only on the intrinsic physico-chemical properties of the test chemical, but are also significantly influenced by
the variable properties of the chosen soil In order to standardise the. test conditions and, at the same time, to relate the
test results to representative soil types within the EU, it is proposed to modify the EURO-Soil concept for testing purposes.
Main Features The EURO-Soil concept, i.e. the selection of a limited number of soils that are representative for Europe, was originally
developed for the performance of standardised environmental fate tests. Despite many problems in detail, soils from six sites
all over Europe were identified that cover a wide range of soil properties (e.g. texture, pH, organic matter content) and,
therefore, very different conditions concerning the bioavailability and, in turn, the effects of chemicals. Obviously, the
routine use of EURO-Soils as a control or test substrate would require large amounts of soil. Therefore, it is proposed to
modify this concept in such a way that all soils similar to one of the six EUROSoils can be used for ecotoxicological tests.
Results and Discussion It is assumed that the six EURO-Soils are representative for wide areas of the European Union, but at the same time it is
neglected that some soils typical for, e.g. Northern Scandinavia, have to be identified in the future. All soils having similar
properties (i.e. texture, pH, C/N ratio, and organic matter content) as one of the original EURO-Soils are called SIM-Soils.
In this contribution, ‘ranges’ are proposed for four main properties and the six EUROSoils, thus allowing the identification
of the SIM-Soils. However, since these properties cover a continuum, soils cannot be classified easily into a small number
of classes; expert knowledge is required in order to decide whether a natural soil belongs to a certain SIM-Soil class or
not. In the long run, this classification must take biological parameters like their suitability for standard test organisms
into account as well.
Recommendation and Outlook The soils selected so far (at least one for each EURO-Soil) are actually tested using different biological test methods. Further
tests are necessary in order to decide which tests can be done in which soil and whether new test systems, e.g. covering acid
soils, have to be developed. However, it is already clear that the standard test species differ distinctly regarding their
sensitivity towards soil properties. It is recommended to use the SIMSoils in order to provide the authorities with more field-relevant,
data when assessing chemicals in the terrestrial environment. 相似文献
17.
Is pH increasing in the noncalcareous topsoils of France under agricultural management? A statistical framework to overcome the limitations of a soil test database 
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下载免费PDF全文 N. P. A. Saby C. Swiderski B. Lemercier C. Walter B. P. Louis P. Eveillard D. Arrouays 《Soil Use and Management》2017,33(3):460-470
Soil pH is one of the most common and important measurements used to assess soil quality and manage soil fertility. Soil acidification is a slow process that can have large consequences. Therefore, it is important to detect soil changes early. Using a French soil test database, we show that the soil pH increased in 36% of arable soils monitored from 1996 to 2010, which suggests that soils became less acidic across the country. Conversely, decreases in pH were rarely detected. To perform this assessment, we used a statistical framework to analyse 488 717 soil test results from the French national soil test database. We excluded calcareous soils due to their relatively stable pH. Two periods were analysed: 1996 to 2000 (period 1) and 2006 to 2010 (period 2). Then, we performed nonparametric Mann–Whitney U tests following a resampling step to account for the noncontrolled selection of spatial and temporal localization in the observations. Our statistical framework smoothed the effects of some limitations of the database related to the variable number of samples collected during both periods and uncertainties in sampling locations. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of using this type of database and a relevant statistical framework to detect long‐term changes in soil properties. 相似文献
18.
F. M. R. DA SILVA J&#NIOR P. F. SILVA F. S. GUIMAR&#ES K. A. DE ALMEIDA P. R. M. BAISCH A. L. MUCCILLO-BAISCH 《土壤圈》2014,24(2):280-284
The demand for simple and rapid bioassays in ecotoxicological evaluations is of paramount importance in order to speed up environmental monitoring programs. In this study we performed bioassays with lettuce seeds and two species of terrestrial isopods （Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellio dilatatus） for the ecotoxicological assessment of a landfarming soil from a petrochemical complex area. The solubilized content of test soil demonstrated a concentration-response type toxic effect on seed germination rate, and a delay on germination, but showed toxic effect on seedlings wet weight only at the highest concentration. Toxic effects were also observed in mortality rate and avoidance behavior of the two woodlice species. These results demonstrated the sensitiveness of the organisms studied, and highlighted the possibility to use these bioassays in environmental monitoring programs in areas contaminated with fossil fuels. 相似文献
19.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(5):467-484
Abstract A study was undertaken to evaluate the agreement among different university laboratories performing the Olsen, Bray P1, and Mehlich I tests for P on a diverse group of noncalcareous agricultural soils and to develop relationships among the Olsen, Bray P1, Mehlich I, and Mehlich III soil tests. For each test, the results from the individual laboratories were highly correlated (r2 ≥ 0.90) and in almost all instances the slopes of the equations describing the relationships among laboratories approached one, The results indicate that the Olsen, Bray P1 and Mehlich I soil tests may be performed with a high degree of precision when standard soil test procedures are followed. Of the three most commonly performed tests in the U.S. (Olsen, Bray P1, and Mehlich I), the Olsen and Mehlich I tests were the most highly correlated (r2 = 0.87) although the Mehlich I test removed approximately one and one half times more P than did the Olsen test. Bray P1 and Olsen and Mehlich I P were less highly correlated (r2 ≤ 0.72) and the relationships between these variables were influenced by the texture of the soils. The quantity of P removed by the Bray P1 test was on the order of two and three times greater than that removed by the Olsen and Mehlich I tests, respectively. The Bray P1 and Mehlich III soil tests were highly correlated (r2 = 0.97) and similar quantities of P were extracted from the soil by the two tests. 相似文献
20.
土壤中铅、镉、砷可能直接通过人的口部无意摄入进入人体,危害人体健康,而各研究者评价土壤重金属对人体健康风险所用的实验参数有别,结果缺乏可比性,因此探讨不同评价方法对结果的影响具有重要意义。以污染的棕钙土和红壤为研究对象,应用in vitro方法研究分析胃肠阶段不同土液比、pH以及土壤性质对铅、镉、砷生物可给性的影响。结果表明,重金属的生物可给性与in vitro系统中的pH、土液比、土壤类型以及重金属本身有关。在胃阶段,随着土液比升高,3种重金属生物可给性趋于降低;不同土液比处理下,红壤中铅生物可给性大于棕钙土,而砷则相反,红壤和棕钙土中镉的生物可给性差异不明显。在肠阶段,随着土液比升高,3种重金属生物可给性也趋于降低（除了红壤镉以外）,土液比1∶100的3种重金属生物可给性均显著大于1∶10。不同pH处理下,铅的生物可给性随pH的升高逐渐降低,而pH对镉和砷的生物可给性的影响与土液比有关。因此,肠胃实际吸收的重金属可能与摄入水量、食物成分与组成以及食物摄入引起的肠液pH变化有关。 相似文献