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1.
Song Yifei Yang Xianming Zhang Haowen Zhang Dandan He Wei Wyckhuys Kris A. G. Wu Kongming 《Journal of pest science》2021,94(4):1053-1063
Interspecific interactions (e.g., competition, predation) are core determinants of insect population evolution, geographical distribution, trophic dynamics and ecosystem functioning. Following its recent invasion of eastern Asia, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) co-inhabits maize fields with native lepidopteran herbivores, such as the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura. Here, drawing upon laboratory and field studies, we demonstrate how late-instar S. frugiperda larvae directly prey upon S. litura immature stages and competitively displace them from the maize whorl. Individual maize plants did not mediate the above interactions, with herbivore-damaged leaves not affecting the development rate of either species. In the field, ecological niches of S. frugiperda and S. litura overlapped, with species-specific occupancy rates of whorl-stage leaves (vegetative phase) and ears or tassels (reproductive phase) exceeding 70% and 90%, respectively. Field cage trials showed that S. frugiperda larvae either preyed upon or repelled S. litura larvae from maize plants, routinely resulting in more than 90% mortality of the latter. Field visits and cage studies in Yunnan (SW China) also revealed how—within an approx. 1-year time period—S. frugiperda has become a dominant species in local maize fields and co-infestation of both herbivores on the same plant is rare. Overall, our work shows how the invasive S. frugiperda exhibits a clear competitive advantage over native lepidopterans and could replace certain species within local agroecosystems. This study not only unveils the mechanistic causes of rapid ecological shifts within S. frugiperda-invaded cropping systems, but may also guide subsequent monitoring and management interventions.
相似文献2.
Christian Ulrichs Inga Mewis Sujit Adhikary Atanu Bhattacharyya Arunava Goswami 《Journal of pest science》2008,81(2):79-84
Antifeeding and toxic effects of chemical extracts from Porteresia coarctata Takeoka on the insect pest Spodoptera litura (F.) were investigated in the laboratory. Hexane extracts of P. coarctata leaves were re-dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and applied in water to leaves of Ricinus communis L. (castor). A concentration of 1,000 and 2,000 ppm extract exhibited significant antifeeding and toxic effects to third
instar larvae when compared to the same concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in water as control. One day after feeding on
extract-treated castor leaves, the mortality of S. litura larvae was 50%. Mortality increased to 95% after 11 days at a dosage of 2,000 ppm. Compared to the control, third instar
larvae fed on castor leaves treated with P. coarctata leaf extract at different concentrations showed significant reduction in protein and DNA content in the fat body and midgut
tissues. Results demonstrate the insecticidal and antifeedant properties of P. coarctata leaf extract against the generalist pest S. litura leading to biochemical changes in the insect body. Thus, P. coarctata contains phytochemicals, and the extract, in crude and pure form, has potential as a botanical insecticide in alternative
control strategies against Lepidoptera pests. 相似文献
3.
Zhao Jing Hoffmann Ary Jiang Yiping Xiao Liubin Tan Yongan Zhou Changyong Bai Lixin 《Journal of pest science》2022,95(1):159-168
Spodoptera frugiperda has been reported in China since the beginning of 2019, threatening maize production and raising questions about interactions with indigenous pests on maize. Spodoptera frugiperda is in the same feeding guild as the indigenous species Ostrinia furnacalis, with both pests attacking maize plant tissues such as whorls and tassels. In this study, the interaction of these species was assessed under laboratory and field conditions by examining the survival and predation rate of larvae in maize whorls and tassels. Intraspecific and interspecific interactions of larvae were assessed to characterize movements in arenas in the presence and absence of food. When S. frugiperda and O. furnacalis were present at an equal ratio, S. frugiperda prevailed over O. furnacalis with a high survival rate (over 90%) and predation rate of O. furnacalis (over 40%) under most scenarios in both laboratory and field conditions. When both species occurred at different ratios in the field, S. frugiperda had on average almost 16 times the number of survivors as O. furnacalis on whorls, and 8.3 times the number on tassels, highlighting a substantial advantage in these environments. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae undertook a low frequency of lethal attacks (strikes) and showed a higher incidence of defensive movements compared to O. furnacalis. A field survey showed that S. frugiperda larvae can colonize vegetative plant stages in maize, but it remains to be seen if competitive interactions can be linked to population dynamics of both species though they are expected to favor S. frugiperda.
相似文献4.
The genus Spodoptera contains some of the most destructive crop pests in the world owing to the worldwide distribution of the different species and their wide host ranges. Uses of semiochemicals for insect control have been recently reviewed, but strategies developed specifically against Spodoptera species are scarce. In this review, we present an updated account of the semiochemicals and other natural product-based approaches to monitor and control the most damaging Spodoptera spp. In general, successful control of Spodoptera littoralis, S. frugiperda, S. litura, and S. exigua have been reported through mass trapping, mating disruption, and attract-and-kill methods. An updated survey of the pheromone components of these species and an outlook of future perspectives against these pests are also outlined. 相似文献
5.
[目的]松材线虫病是我国对森林危害和威胁最严重的病害,控制其传播媒介昆虫松褐天牛是防治松材线虫病的主要手段。作者发现的松褐天牛深沟茧蜂(Iphiaulax monochamusi Yang)是寄生松褐天牛中老龄幼虫的重要天敌。为明确松褐天牛深沟茧蜂的寄生率与寄主树木、寄主和环境因子的关系,开展了本研究。[方法]通过解剖46株松褐天牛危害致死的马尾松,调查了松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率与马尾松、松褐天牛和环境因子之间的关系。[结果]调查研究表明:寄主树木的高度、胸径和树龄对松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率没有显著影响,松褐天牛的数量对松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率亦没有显著影响,而松褐天牛幼虫龄期和松褐天牛幼虫在树干上的位置显著影响松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率。松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率与松褐天牛龄期呈显著正相关,其偏好寄生3~5龄幼虫;就天牛在其危害寄主树木上的位置而言,松褐天牛深沟茧蜂偏好寄生马尾松主干上部和在韧皮部危害的松褐天牛幼虫,其对位于马尾松树干上部的寄主幼虫寄生率最高,达27.38%,对在韧皮部生活、危害的寄主幼虫寄生率为20.18%,显著高于位于木质部生活的寄主幼虫寄生率(5.46%)。逐步回归分析表明:影响松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率的关键环境因子是寄主树木的坡位和其它天敌寄生率,其中,坡位与松褐天牛深沟茧蜂呈显著正相关,其它天敌寄生率与松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率呈显著负相关。[结论]以上研究初步明确了松褐天牛深沟茧蜂的寄生率与寄主树木、寄主害虫和天敌之间的关系,为今后利用该重要天敌控制松褐天牛打下了基础。 相似文献
6.
Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), (= A. marcopoli Obenberger), is an important bark beetle attacking ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). It is very difficult to detect and control because of its highly concealed life history. This pest mainly distributed
in partial Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia) and Far East Russia, while in China it presented in Heilongjiang,
Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Taiwan Provinces and Tianjin City, etc. The important timber species F. mandshurica and gardening tree F. velutina were damaged severely in northern China. Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an important ectoparasitic wasp of the EAB larvae. This parasitoid has the potential to
use as an excellent biological control agent for suppressing populations of EAB. The differences of emergence date between
overwintered S. agrili and its host, parasitism rates at different periods, relations between parasitism rates and host densities, and relationships
between ovipositions of braconid wasp and body sizes of host larvae were studied using methods of regular surveys in forests
and observations in laboratory. Results revealed that the emergence of S. agrili was more than one month later than that of its host. It suggests good synchrony between parasitoid emergence and host availability.
The overwintered S. agrili emerged from mid June to mid August with the peak in July in 2003, and it lasted from late May till late July with the peak
during late June to early July in 2004. While the EAB emergence period ranged from mid May to late May in 2003, it ranged
from mid April to mid May in 2004 (in laboratory). The emergence date of parasitoid asynchronously inosculated with the optimum
developmental instars of the earliest host larvae, which was the result of a long-term co-evolution between the two species.
It was also suggested that the parasitoid S. agrili could be a specialized natural enemy for EAB. The natural parasitism rates on the whole gradually increased in field with
time. The body sizes of host larvae, i.e. larval instar, affected the decision of parasitoid S. agrili to lay eggs or not. Under natural conditions, this parasitoid usually oviposited only on those host larvae with a prontum
and body width more than 1.5 mm, and a body length in excess of 12 mm, i.e. the third or fourth instar larvae. These findings
would consequentially contribute to the further successfully biological control of the trunk borer.
__________
Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(4): 1,103–1,109 [译自: 生态学报] 相似文献
7.
José P. F. Bentivenha Edson L. L. Baldin Débora G. Montezano Thomas E. Hunt Silvana V. Paula-Moraes 《Journal of pest science》2017,90(2):433-445
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) are among the main pests of maize. Both species exhibit cannibalistic behavior and quite often share the same feeding guild in maize (maize ears), which can result in several interspecific and intraspecific interactions. Paired interaction scenarios of intraspecific and interspecific larvae were assessed in arenas in the presence and absence of food to characterize movements resulting from interactions of these insects. There was a difference in the frequency of behavioral movements in all the interactions, except for S. frugiperda in the presence of food. Head touching and recoiling were the predominant movements in most of the interaction scenarios. Spodoptera frugiperda exhibited a predominance of defensive movements when competing against H. zea in the same instars. Cannibalism and predation occurred frequently in interactions involving 6th instar of H. zea against opponents in 4th instar. Larvae of H. zea show a higher aggressive movement than S. frugiperda. The larvae of S. frugiperda take advantage during the interactions, although they present more defensive movements compared to H. zea. This study provides relevant information regarding the interaction of these species and intraguild interaction, which might influence the population dynamics and the competitive displacement of pest species that share the same ecological niche. 相似文献
8.
G. Georgiev 《Journal of pest science》2005,78(3):161-165
The major bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), were studied from 1987 to 2003. Poplar shoots infested with P. tabaniformis larvae were collected in 11 localities in Bulgaria and examined in the laboratory, and infestations were also studied in the field. B. intercessor was recorded in seven localities and was found to be a gregarious external larval parasitoid of P. tabaniformis. Two generations of the parasitoid developed on the host. The first (summer) generation was associated with early and mid-stage (up to third instar) host larvae, and the second (overwintering) generation with third- to fifth-instar larvae. The average number of parasitoid individuals feeding on a host was 4.5 and 12.4 in summer and overwintering generations, respectively. The maximum number recorded was 25 individuals per host in the overwintering generation. B. intercessor overwintered as a mature larva on the host and completed its development in early spring. The adults from the overwintering generation appeared in April, about 1 month prior to emergence of P. tabaniformis. The life cycle of B. intercessor was not in close synchrony with the development of P. tabaniformis in the spring, but the parasitoid adults which fed on honey-sugar solution lived for up to 31 days (males) and 86 days (females), respectively. This suggests that, in the field, B. intercessor females eclosing in the spring could survive until the host larvae appear if nectar is available. Adults of the summer generation emerge from July to September when sufficient suitable host larvae are available. B. intercessor was responsible for 1.5% of the average mortality of the P. tabaniformis overwintering larvae. The host mortality caused by the summer generation of the parasitoid ranged from 3.2% to 5.8%. 相似文献
9.
Using multiple pest-mortality sources is a basic tenet of IPM, but they may not always be compatible. To that end, we examined compatibility of parasitism and nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) infected. Specifically, we examined the effects of prior oviposition experience by Microplitis pallidipes on its ability to distinguish NPV-infected from healthy larvae of Spodoptera litura. We found that time spent searching for hosts was significantly lower, while the number of attacks, percentage of first attacks, and parasitism rate were all significantly higher in healthy versus virus-infected hosts for parasitoids that had experienced healthy hosts. Meanwhile, parasitoids that had experienced infected hosts spent significantly more time searching for infected hosts starting on day 2. For these parasitoids, the number of attacks, percentage of first attacks, and parasitism rate were all significantly lower from day 2 in virus-infected versus healthy larvae. We found no significant differences between parasitoids without experience versus ones experienced with infected hosts in search time for infected hosts, number of infected host attacks, or percentage of first attacks on infected hosts. In comparison, parasitoids that had experienced healthy hosts spent less time searching for healthy hosts than parasitoids without experience, and displayed a higher frequency of attack on healthy hosts and a higher percentage of first attacks on healthy hosts. Experience with healthy larvae aided parasitoids in distinguishing healthy from virus-infected larvae, but experience with virus-infected larvae did not convey the same discrimination. This information provides a better understanding of how to integrate NPV applications with naturally occurring parasitism for this pest in crops. 相似文献
10.
Effect of some host plants on development and reproduction of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lep., Noctuidae) Investigations were performed to study the effect of some hostplants on development and reproduction capacity of the Egyptian cotton leaf-worm,Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd,), Larval and pupal weights, life span, average number of eggs laid per female and percent digestability for fifth instar larvae were measured. Cotton leafworm was able to complete its life cycle only when reared on eigher castor bean leaves, clover, sweet potato leaves, or the outer green cabbage leaves. Chlorophyl-free inner white cabbage leaves, maize, and grape vine are nutritionally insufficient to support growth and development of larvae and, in turn, cause increase in span of survived larvae and none of these larvae metamorph to pupae. It seems that there is a positive correlation between larval and pupal weights and average number of eggs laid per female; the greater the weight of larvae and pupae the higher the number of eggs laid. Castor bean leaves seem to be the most favorable host plant for rearing cotton leafworm in the laboratory. The differences and variations in the growth and development of cotton leafworm due to feeding on different host plants are discussed. 相似文献
11.
A new technique was performed to simulate exposure of the host Pieris rapae larvae to both botanical treatment and the parasitoid Hyposoter eheninus in different sequences. It was found that: host larvae subjected to both parasitoid and 1?% neem treatment showed significant or insignificant reductions both in pupal formation as well as adult emergence percentages when treatment preceded or followed parasitism, respectively. Both neem treatments revealed significant prolongation in the development of unparasitized and parasitized larvae (on average 4 to 5 days delay), whereas chinaberry caused significant prolongation only among parasitized larvae (on average 2.7 days delay in egg-larval duration). Fate of parasitism among untreated hosts was found to be faster than among neem-treated ones. Parasitism percentages among 1 and 0.5?% neem-treated third instar host larvae held 7 days before parasitism reached 3 and 2 times that achieved among those reared on untreated diet for the same period, respectively. It was concluded that prolongation of the preferred target instars of the host, due to neem treatments, increased the chance for parasitism. Nevertheless, treatment with neem at the LC50 level exhibited a great reduction in parasitoid progeny. However, a lower concentration (LC25) could reasonably potentiate parasitism without drastic losses in parasitoid emergence. 相似文献
12.
研究测定了松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛1～3龄幼虫的控制作用,采用林间和室内罩网相结合的方法研究了2组松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫的寄生情况.结果显示:在室内试验条件下,松褐天牛肿腿蜂产卵之前的刺蛰、补充营养取食能直接造成松褐天牛1～3龄幼虫死亡,对1、2及3龄幼虫的平均致死率分别为95.66％、85.91％、57.88％,并可产卵寄生2、3龄幼虫;林间释放2组松褐天牛肿腿蜂后,在刺蛰和补充营养取食后能有效寄生寄主的肿腿蜂雌蜂数量比例变化较大,有效肿腿蜂率最高为14.9％,最低为2.3％.松褐天牛肿腿蜂寄生行为不受寄主聚集程度的影响,但刚羽化出茧肿腿蜂雌蜂的寄生效率比经饲喂后的雌蜂高近5倍.从肿腿蜂单一个体来看,每头雌蜂补充营养取食和产卵寄生致死的松褐天牛幼虫数为2.1～7.7头.松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂的补充营养习性及刺蛰、取食致死寄主行为在防治中有很重要的作用,表明该种肿腿蜂是防治松褐天牛的重要天敌,在生物防治松褐天牛幼龄幼虫上具有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
13.
14.
Dr. S. A. Temerak 《Journal of pest science》1984,57(3):54-56
Sesamia cretica larvae infected with the bacterium,Serratia marcescens orBacillus thuringiensis were exposed toBracon brevicornis females, separately and in combination with non-infected larvae in the laboratory. Host larvae were exposed to the parasitoid under two manipulations “the larvae still alive or dead completely”. Bracon brevicornis females could not absolutely discriminate between healthy and moribund larvae (due toB. t. orS. m.) when those larvae exposed in a live appearance separately or jointly. However, they could discriminate between dead larvae (due to parasitoid's venom) and dead larvae due to Bacteria (B. t. orS. m.). 相似文献
15.
Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris L. is a strategic crop of sugar industry in Egypt. It is threatened by several insect pests among most important of them
is the beet beetle Cassida vittata. This work deals with the biological control of this insect using four Egyptian and imported entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs).
The nematodes included Steinernema carpocapsae S2, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora S1, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora (1-3). Daily mortality of larvae, pupae and adults of C. vittata were recorded after treatment with serial concentrations (from 500 to 4,000 infective juveniles/ml) of each of four studied
EPNs. Development of nematodes in insect bodies was followed up. S. carpocapsae S2 was chosen for the application against different stages of the pest in a sugar beet field. In the field, single application
of S. carpocapsae S2 killed 65% of the larvae, 92% of the pupae and 57.3% of the adults of C. vittata within a week. This work is the first report on using the EPNs to control sugar beet beetle. 相似文献
16.
Field experiments in clover field showed that releasing of 10 matedM. rubens females/m2, increased parasitism amongA. ipsilon larvae from 16.7% at 0 to 43,3% after 10 days. Also, releasing 10 females/m2 after spraying 3% molasses in tomato field increased parasitism from 4% at 0-day to 27.5% after 10 days amongA. ipsilon larvae. Spraying molasses and kairomone together on maize plants, increased markedly the rate of parasitism amongS. cretica larvae comparing with parasitism obtained when each of them was sprayed alone. The release ofM. rubens in a rate of 10 females/m2 after spraying molasses and kairomone induced a significant increase in the rate of parasitism amongS. cretica larvae after 10 and 15 days compared to releasing 3 or 4 females of the parasitoid. A significant increase in parasitism amongS. cretica larvae on tomato after 10 and 15 days was recorded whenM. rubens was released at the rates of 5 and 10 females/m2, after spraying molasses and kairomone, compared to other treatments. 相似文献
17.
IV. Summary 1. Four or five species of egg parasites ofNeodiprion sertifer have been found in central Europe.2.Dipriocampe diprioni is a primary parasite which overwinters as a first instar larva within the host's egg, The larvae complete feeding in early spring and enter an obligatory diapause which lasts until July–August. Under the influence of the parasite, the egg shell of the host turns brownish. The adults emerge from mid-August onward. The univoltine parasite is thus well synchronized with its major host,N. sertifer.3. A second species, or form, ofDipriocampe has been found, the taxonomic status of which is still unresolved. It is here referred to asDipriocampe sp. forma ignorata. Although not yet separable fromD. diprioni morphologically, its biology is quite different. The larvae mature before the winter and the adults emerge in April–May of the following year, being dependent on alternate hosts. This form is exceedingly rare in lowland areas but possibly common at high altitudes. It remains to be seen whether it is a separate species or a polymorphic, non-diapausing form ofD. diprioni. Host eggs attacked byDipriocampe sp.forma ignorata turn blackish.4. Two species ofAchrysocharella have been found,A. ruforum andA. ovulorum. In lowland areas,Achrysocharella spp. attack the eggs ofN. sertifer in a hyperparasitic capacity, developing at the expense of the larvae and pupae ofDipriocampe spp. or of larvae and pupae of their own kind. There are two or three such hyperparasitic generations during the summer, the last entering hibernation before the new eggs ofN. sertifer make their appearance, thus failing to attack them in a primary capacity.In mountainous areas, where the eggs ofN. sertifer appear earlier,Achrysocharella spp. pass the first generation as primary parasites in the sawfly eggs, and the second (summer) generation as hyperparasites of larvae and pupae ofDipriocampe spp. or of larvae and pupae of their own kind.5.Tetrastichus oophagus has been associated with the eggs ofN. sertifer in a few cases only, but has been more common as a parasite of the eggs ofDiprion pini.6. The importance of the egg parasites ofN. sertifer has to date been underestimated. Egg parasitism is apparently density-dependent and can reach high values during, and immediately after, the break-down of the sawfly populations. 相似文献
18.
M. Rostás 《Journal of pest science》2007,80(1):35-41
Maize seedlings contain high amounts of glucosidically bound 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA). The effects
of DIMBOA on the feeding behaviour and performance of two noctuids, Spodoptera exigua Hübner and S. frugiperda Smith, were compared. The question was raised whether S. frugiperda, preferring maize and other Poaceae, is better adapted to DIMBOA than S. exigua. In addition, the effects of DIMBOA on the mycelial growth of the plant pathogen Setosphaeria turcica Leonard et Suggs (causal agent of northern corn leaf blight) was assessed in vitro. DIMBOA had an antifeedant effect on S. exigua but stimulated feeding in S. frugiperda in dual-choice experiments. In a no-choice setup, larvae of S. exigua gained less biomass and had a prolonged development when feeding on an artificial diet containing DIMBOA. However, pupal
weight was not significantly different between treatments. In contrast, larvae of S. frugiperda were not affected by DIMBOA. Strong detrimental effects of DIMBOA were found on the mycelial growth of the pathogen S. turcica. 相似文献
19.
Dendrolims superans produced one generation every two years. Large larvae and small larvae exist at the same time. It broke out in Daxiang an
Mountains in 1990, and seriously destroyed growth ofLarix gmelini Rupr. In order to controlD superans, the population properties ofD superans were studied from 1991 to 1992, including sexratio, age distribution, pattern etc.. The sex ratio ofD. superans population is ♀∶♂ − 1.06:L. The larvae age distribution indicates that larvae over 5 instar is less than younger larvae under
4 instar in Yongqing forest farm, but the younger larvae under 4 instar is more than larvae over 5 instar in Hanjiayuanzi
Forest Farm. The population ofD. superans in Yongqing Farm has been declining. and mereasing in Hanjiayuanzi. Pupae and eggs are mainly distributed in middle and lower
crowns layer of trees respeetively account for 66% and 59.5% of total individuals. The pupae in higher crown layer is lightly
regular distribution and clumping distribution middle and lower crowns layer of trees. The eggs in higher crown is light clumping
distribution and random in middle and low crown of tree.
(Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong) 相似文献