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1.
To add to knowledge of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) community structure on the roots of Pinus thunbergii seedlings in a Japanese coastal forest, we sampled naturally regenerated current-year and 1- to 5-year-old seedlings. We
classified the 667 root tips on current-year seedlings and the 1,927 root tips on older seedlings into 13 phylotypes based
on morphological and genetic analyses. Cenococcum geophilum, members of the families Clavulinaceae, Russulaceae, or Thelephoraceae or the genus Trichophaea, were indicated to be fungi forming P. thunbergii ectomycorrhizas. Among them, C. geophilum and Clavulinaceae sp. 1 were the most or second most dominant species. A species accumulation curve based on the number of
samples nearly reached a plateau, with observed species richness equal to 11 species and the Jackknife2 and Chao2 richness
estimators indicating 14 and 12 species, respectively. In addition, Simpson’s 1/D was 3.89 and Shannon–Wiener’s H′ was 1.71, indicating a relatively low taxonomic diversity. There was no significant difference in the ectomycorrhizal formation
rate, or the occurrence frequency and the number of ECM phylotypes between current-year and older seedlings. These results
indicated that less diverse fungi were involved in ectomycorrhizal formation on coastal pine seedlings compared with those
in comparable inland forests in the study area. 相似文献
2.
Commercially produced vegetative inocula of Laccaria laccata and Hebeloma crustuliniforme successfully formed ectomycorrhizae with Douglas-fir transplanted container (plug+1) seedlings. After 4.5 months in containers, 83% and 90%, respectively, of short roots were mycorrhizal. L. laccata- or H. crustuliniforme-inoculated seedlings had significantly more mycorrhizal and total short roots than Pisolithus tinctorius-inoculated (4% mycorrhizal root tips) or uninoculated control seedlings. No significant differences were detected in seedling growth at the end of the container phase.After transplantation and growth in nursery beds for 17 months, mean new short root colonization of all seedlings was 80%. H. crustuliniforme persisted as a dominant mycorrhizal fungus on seedlings initially inoculated with this fungus. L. laccata-inoculated seedlings had 40% of their short roots colonized by L. laccata and another 40% by native fungi Rhizopogon and Thelephora spp. All mycorrhizae of control seedlings and those inoculated with P. tinctorius were formed by fungi native to the nusery beds. A significant fungal treatment effect was detected for shoot height only. Control seedlings were significantly taller than L. laccata-inoculated seedlings after transplanting.This article is part of senior author's thesis in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Forest Science at Oregon State University, Corvallis. 相似文献
3.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(6):444-449
Adventitious rooting of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) hypocotyl cuttings was promoted by binucleate Rhizoctonia (BnR) and to a lesser extent by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Four BnR isolates (251, 266, 268 and 269) differentiated root meristems and significantly induced adventitious rooting in young derooted seedlings. Rooting rates were significantly higher in BnR treatments than in either indol-3-butyric acid (IBA) pretreatment (200 µm) or co-cultivation with the ectomycorrhizal fungi Suillus bovinus or Laccaria bicolor. In pre-IBA-treated cuttings, adventitious root numbers were higher in the treatments with isolates 251 and particularly 268, while more similar in other BnR treatments. In the 251, roots emerged from distal positions along the hypocotyl and not from the cut base as in the other three BnR isolate treatments. Loss of turgor and hypocotyl wilt was commonly detected up to the point of root initiation. Lateral roots and dichotomous short roots subsequently appeared at high frequency from primary adventitious roots. Mechanisms involved in root meristem differentiation, e.g. auxin production, wound response and oligosaccharide signals, are discussed with respect to host-fungal signalling mechanisms. These beneficial BnR and ectomycorrhizal fungi could provide promising new tools in the development of efficient clonal propagation methodology for this highly recalcitrant Pinus species. 相似文献
4.
Isolation of symbiont and associated fungi from ectomycorrhizas of Sitka spruce from three Irish forest plantations is described. Frequent emergence of dark sterile mycelia and Oidiodendron spp., predominantly O. maius, restricted the recovery of potential symbionts. Inhibition of the former by benomyl resulted in a sixfold increase in basidiomycetes isolated. Pure culture syntheses confirmed the ectomycorrhizal ability of potential symbiont isolates and demonstrated the parasitic nature of dark sterile mycelial types. Antagonism of Mycelium radicis atrovirens, Phytophthora cinnamomi and Heterobasidion annosum by O. maius observed in paired cultures supports the possible involvement of this species in biological control of conifer root pathogens. 相似文献
5.
Ivan Repáč 《New Forests》1996,12(1):41-54
Perlite-peat substrate (2:1 v:v) fumigated with Basamide was inoculated with vegetative inocula (a mixture of perlite and peat moistened with the MMN liquid medium) of ectomycorrhizal fungi Suillus bovinus (isolate TUZ 105) and Inocybe lacera (isolate X/14) immediately before seeding with Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in a nursery bed. Suillus inoculum was applied at rates of 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 litres per m2, Inocybe inoculum at rates of 0.5 and 1.5 litres per m2. At the end of the first growing season, all inoculation treatments showed a significantly greater mycorrhizal infection of bareroot seedlings compared to that found in both fumigated and unfumigated controls. The ectomycorrhizal 1-year-old seedlings were transplanted into containers. At the end of the second year, ectomycorrhizal infection of the 2-year-old container-grown seedlings was considerably less than that of the 1-year-old barerooted seedlings, probably as a consequence of too high fertility and/or insufficient porosity/aeration of pure peat moss medium. There was no difference in seedling growth between inoculated and uninoculated seedlings throughout the experiment. 相似文献
6.
Miyake-Jima, a round island of about 8 km in diameter, is located about 200 km south of Tokyo, Japan (34°08′ N, 139°53′ E).
In July 2000, the central cone of this island collapsed and a new eruption started with the falling of volcanic ash and SO2 emission. In October 2001, we measured the distribution of bacteria, and Frankia, a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing actinomycete that forms root nodules, and ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with alder in newly
deposited ash and its underlying soil by cultivation of Alnus sieboldiana seedlings in these soils. There were fewer bacteria growing on the nutrient broth agar and fewer bacteria growing on 100-fold
diluted nutrient broth agar in newly deposited volcanic ash than there were growing in the buried old soil. In four out of
five sites, little or no nodulation was observed in newly deposited ash; abundant root nodules were formed in the underlying
soil. Ectomycorrhizae formed in the seedlings cultivated in the underlying soil. In May 2003, the distribution of Frankia and ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil at different depths (up to 160 cm) was also investigated. Frankia and ectomycorrhizal fungi were relatively abundant in surface soil layers. 相似文献
7.
Maman?Turjaman Yutaka?Tamai Hendrik?Segah Suwido Hester?Limin Joo Young?Cha Mitsuru?Osaki Keitaro?Tawaraya
Trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae are the dominant trees in Southeast Asian tropical forests where they play an important ecological role and are also important commercially. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of dipterocarp species in peat soils. Seedlings of Shorea pinanga were inoculated with spores of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus arhizus and Scleroderma sp. were grown in pots containing sterilized peat soil for 7 months. The percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization on S. pinanga exceeded 86%. Colonization of S. pinanga roots by ectomycorrhizal fungi resulted in increased shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and shoot fresh and dry weight. Survival rates of S. pinanga were greater for inoculated seedlings than control seedlings. These results suggest that inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi can improve the early growth of S. pinanga grown in tropical forests and that this technique will accelerate the rehabilitation of degraded dipterocarp forests. 相似文献
8.
Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) seedlings taken from a nursery were grown in liquid culture with all roots entirely submerged in water. The aims of the present study were to observe the reactions of preformed ectomycorrhizae to liquid culture and to examine new infections by ectomycorrhizal fungi on newly formed root tips in liquid culture. Inoculation levels were controlled by trimming the ectomycorrhizal roots to one of three selected root lengths. The results showed that the mantles of pre-formed ectomycorrhizae were lost during the 8 weeks of the liquid culture and that these preformed root tips became blackish and wrinkled, but Hartig nets remained in these blackish root tips. On the newly formed lateral root tips, no ectomycorrhizal mantles were formed, although Hartig nets were found. In addition, the level of inoculum did not affect the frequency of Hartig nets in newly formed root tips, suggesting that the density of inoculum was more important than the amount of inoculum for new infection. In conclusion, ectomycorrhizal fungi endured and infected new roots while submerged; however, only Hartig nets were formed and not mantles. 相似文献
9.
《Forest Ecology and Management》1997,98(3):221-228
Nursery-grown Quercus petraea and Q. robur seedlings were inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungi Paxillus involutus, Hebeloma crustuliniforme or Laccaria laccata. At the end of the first growing season, the seedlings with roots colonized with the inoculated fungi were outplanted at two sites in northeastern France in 1985 or 1988. P. involutus was found to be the most competitive and efficient of the three fungi tested; its mycorrhizas were present 7 yrs after outplanting and it markedly improved the growth of both oak species. In the case of Q. robur, the growth stimulation was more marked on years with a dry summer. These results are discussed in terms of water relations and of competitiveness of the introduced versus resident symbiotic fungi. 相似文献
10.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):400-408
Plant biomass, root colonization by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and root peroxidase (POD) activity were monitored in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) nursery seedlings during the first growing season after planting (after 4, 8 and 16 weeks, in July, August and October, respectively) in forest humus in outdoor open-top chambers with gaseous atmospheric pollutants (combinations of low levels of ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides). The number of ECM morphotypes as well as root biomass increased towards the end of the growing season, while root POD activity decreased. Fungal biomass estimated as ergosterol concentration peaked in August, 8 weeks after planting. The seedling growth, mycorrhizal status and POD activity in the roots were not affected by the gaseous pollutants. 相似文献
11.
Pinus tabulaeformis (Chinese pine) is a widely planted conifer species in northern China and is used for soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau. Due to its strong reliance on ectomycorrhizae and low survival rate from damping-off during seedling cultivation and in nurseries, we explored the early influence of three ectomycorrhizal fungi (Handkea utriformis, Suillus lactifluus, and Suillus tomentosus) on the growth, root morphological characters, root vitality, and survival of P. tabulaeformis seedlings from subsequent damping-off in a pot experiment. In addition, the in vitro suppression of three ectomycorrhizal fungi on the damping-off pathogen (Fusarium solani) was evaluated and observed using a scanning electron microscope. We found that all three ectomycorrhizal fungi could colonize more than 40% of the roots of P. tabulaeformis, promote plant shoot and root growth, increase the proportion of large-diameter roots, improve root vitality, and increase survival rates 3 months after inoculation. All three ectomycorrhizal fungi suppressed the growth of F. solani to a different extent in vitro. Ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae proliferated and wrapped around the hyphae of F. solani when the hyphae encountered each other. The colonization rate of P. tabulaeformis roots was highly correlated with root vitality and root growth parameters, while the survival rate of P. tabulaeformis seedlings was highly correlated with the colonization rate of P. tabulaeformis roots, root vitality and growth. Our results suggest that early contact between P. tabulaeformis and ectomycorrhizal fungi could improve plant growth and resistance against damping-off. 相似文献
12.
Infection of feeder roots of Pinus echinata by the ectomycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius, resulted in an approximate 40-fold increase in the level of 3-carene, and Ccnococcum graniforme induced an approximate 30-fold increase in β-phellandrene. Vapors of these volatile compounds affected the vegetative growth of different ectomycorrhizal and root pathogenic fungi to different degrees in laboratory experiments. 相似文献
13.
在实验室条件下模拟环境因子进行沙地樟子松林下常见3种外生菌根真菌的纯培养试验,探讨培养基、pH值、水分和温度对外生菌根真菌生长的影响,以期得到3种外生菌根真菌的最适生长条件.结果表明:外生菌根真菌在含有松针汁、马铃薯汁、酵母粉和维生素的培养基里生长较好;pH值对外生菌根真菌的生长影响较小,L.deliciosus 和B.sp.的最适生长pH分别为6.0和5.0,L.sp.在较广的pH范围内均可生长得良好,且在中性和弱碱性的培养基中长势均好于另外两种;水分对实验菌株的影响较大,在较低的PEG浓度(100 g PEG·kg-1 H2O)下,三种菌株生长良好,最适得生长PEG浓度为10%;高温容易导致外生菌根真菌死亡,3种外生菌根真菌的最适生长温度范围是25-28℃. 相似文献
14.
Sphagnum peat (peat), spruce bark compost (compost), peat +perlite (1 : 1, v : v) and compost + perlite (1 : 1, v : v)substrates were inoculated with vegetative alginate-bead inoculumof Hebeloma crustuliniforme, Hygrophorus agathosmus or Paxillusinvolutus or left uninoculated prior to the addition of Norwayspruce seed. Growth and percentage of mycorrhization of barerootseedlings cultivated in a greenhouse were evaluated after thefirst growing season. Seedlings grown in peat-based substrateshad significantly larger aboveground and total dry weight, butsignificantly lower mycorrhization percentage than those grownin compost-based substrates. There were no significant differencesbetween fungal treatments (including control) for both the percentageof mycorrhization and growth of seedlings. The artificiallyintroduced fungi were not efficient in mycorrhizal formation– naturally occurring fungi were common in all treatments.However, a significant interaction between substrate and fungustreatments in root dry weight was detected. Hebeloma-inoculatedseedlings grown in peat showed the highest value of root dryweight. This fact indicates other possible effects of the fungion root growth independent of mycorrhization. Growth parameterswere negatively correlated with the extent of mycorrhization,indicating allocation of host photosynthates to the fungi. Tothe best of our knowledge, operational inoculation of Norwayspruce seedlings with the test fungi has not been reported previously. 相似文献
15.
Damping-off caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht in Pinus banksiana Lamb, was reduced significantly when inoculated with an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk. and Br. In paired culture, growth of F. oxysporum was significantly reduced by L. laccata. The number of colony forming units of F. oxysporum was reduced significantly in the rhizosphere of P. banksiana seedlings when inoculated with L. laccata. Spore germination and germ tube length of F. oxysporum was inhibited strongly by culture filtrate of L. laccata and root exudate of P. banksiana inoculated with L. laccata. Mycorrhizal seedlings had significantly higher amount of total soluble phenols than nonmycorrhizal ones. 相似文献
16.
Effects of different forest floor vegetation types in secondary forest and of conversion to plantation on the quality and
quantity of ectomycorrhizas are mostly unknown.Betula platyphylla var.japonica seedlings were used for bioassays of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum using soils from four 50-year-oldB. platyphylla var.japonica forests that had different types of forest floor vegetation: two with shrub types, one with aSasa type, and one with a grass type. Seedlings were also grown in soil from a nearby monospecific plantation ofChamaecyparis obtusa. Ectomycorrhizas formed 13 to 26% of root length of seedlings grown in soil from the five different sites. The maximum percentage
of ectomycorrhizal formation was obtained from the grass-type forest. The dominant type of ectomycorrhiza in the two shrub-type
forest soils was the same as that in theSasa-type forest soil. The dominant types of ectomycorrhizas in the grass-type forest soil and in theC. obtusa plantation soil were different from that in the two shrub-type forest soils and in theSasa-type forest soil. The results of this investigation suggest that the type of forest floor vegetation, accompanied with changes
in thickness of the A0 horizon, might affect the ectomycorrhizal fungi in the soils ofB. platyphylla var.japonica forests. Establishment of artificial plantations ofC. obtusa might change the ectomycorrhizal fungi that could associate withB. platyphylla var.japonica seedlings in soil. 相似文献
17.
Darta Klavina Audrius Menkis Talis Gaitnieks Sannakajsa Velmala Andis Lazdins Tiina Rajala 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2016,31(2):156-165
In 2010, dieback of Norway spruce (Picea abies) was observed in Latvia. As mostly stands on seasonally or permanently water-saturated soils were damaged, we hypothesized that the recorded foliar damage might be associated with belowground factors. We established 48 sample plots in stands with damage symptoms for soil parameter evaluation and fine root sampling to determine the number of fine roots in different growth stages and to describe the associated fungal community. Among sample plots on organic soils, there were fewer viable older fine roots and greater number of dead fine roots in more damaged sites than in less damaged. These root parameters were significantly correlated with higher groundwater level and soil pH. The fungal community was dominated by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) species (the most common was Tylospora asterophora), the endophyte Oidiodendron maius and saprotrophic species Cryptococcus magnus. Saprotrophic species had higher abundance in more damaged sites, suggesting a shift in fungal communities from ECM fungi. In conclusion, the results of this work suggest Norway spruce root system response to short-term climatic stress, which should be considered when planning spruce forest management, especially on organic soils with a high groundwater level. 相似文献
18.
Marina Katanić Elena Paoletti Saša Orlović Tine Grebenc Hojka Kraigher 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(4):735-743
The antiozonant ethylene diurea is proven to prevent growth reductions in forest trees induced by ozone. The community of mycorrhizal fungi could be useful indicator of environmental stress. In this study, response of mycorrhizal fungi and fine roots to a 4-year exposure to ambient ozone and treatment with antiozonant was investigated in ozone-sensitive poplar clone under field conditions. The community of ectomycorrhizal fungi and root length colonization with ectomycorrhizal, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and root endophytic fungi was analyzed in antiozonant-treated poplar plants and in poplar plants irrigated with water. In general, plants protected by antiozonant showed higher total number of fine roots, number of ectomycorrhizal types, Shannon–Weaver diversity index, and Species richness index compared to the plants treated with water. The ectomycorrhizal community shifted from contact exploration type in the trees irrigated with water to short-distance exploration type in ethylene diurea-treated trees. Ozone protectant may beneficially affect the belowground community of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots of ozone-sensitive poplar clone. 相似文献
19.
Quercus virginiana (Fagaceae), native to the southeastern United States, has recently been introduced to the Yangtze Delta (China) and is often planted in landscaping and in coastal shelter forests. Here, we performed pot inoculation assays to evaluate the effects of two types of basidiomycetous root fungal symbionts, across four orders, on the growth and nutrient absorption of Q. virginiana seedlings. The results indicated that two isolates showed plant growth-promoting activities 2 months after inoculation. In particular, the ectomycorrhizal Sistotrema sp. (Cantharellales) had a pronounced effect on root development and morphology. With regard to nutrient absorption, the total nitrogen content in aboveground tissues was improved in inoculated seedlings, although most differences were not significant. Meanwhile, the total phosphorus contents in seedlings were either positively or negatively affected, probably depending on the symbiont type. Interestingly, the total potassium content in stems and leaves was significantly enhanced in all treatment groups. In addition, indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid production were determined in Sistotrema sp. and Atractiella rhizophila (Pucciniomycotina) by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Our findings suggest that both endophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi have beneficial effects on Q. virginiana growth, and highlight the potential for the development of mycobiome-based seedling raising techniques. 相似文献
20.
接种苗木在生长量和生物量上均表现出极其显著的生长优势,ＥＣＭ真菌蜡蘑菌单接种及其与４种ＶＡ菌根菌剂混合接种,对苗木生长的促进作用尤为显著。在接种后１６周时,与对照苗相比,蓝桉和尾叶桉接种苗木的高生长量最大增幅分别为２８．８６％（ＬＳ）和８６．６５％（ＬＧ）;两种桉树地上部分平均干质量最大增幅分别为１２９．９３％（ＬＳ）和１３３．３４％（Ｌ）,地下部分分别为１１９．９３％（ＬＦ）和１７４．８３％（Ｌ 相似文献