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1.
Body size evolution and habitat colonization across 100 million years (Late Jurassic–Paleocene) of the actinopterygian evolutionary history 
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下载免费PDF全文 Fishes are characterized by their capacity to occupy all aquatic environments and by their amazing range of size and morphology. While it is known that habitat influenced the diversity dynamics of fish clades, studies on environmental colonization events through the evolutionary history of ray‐finned fishes have yielded conflicting results as to the origin of modern clades and preferential directions of shifts. The effects of habitat over morphological evolution such as body size remain poorly known in vertebrates. However, body size evolution is more frequently addressed in terms of variation through time and numerous studies have demonstrated that successive taxa within a clade tend to increase in size through time (Cope's or Depéret's rule). We use phylogenetic comparative methods on a genus‐level actinopterygian super‐tree based on extant and fossil data covering the Late Jurassic‐Paleogene interval. Results indicate marine ancestry for freshwater lineages and a dominance of colonizations from marine clades towards other habitats. Similar trends in environment occupancy among different ray‐finned clades are explored. Three main trends affecting non‐closely‐related clades are recognized: (i) the freshwater invaders, (ii) the predominantly marine dwellers and (iii) the environmentally labile fishes. Habitat effects on body size evolution are not statistically supported, but most actinopterygian subclades originate from small‐sized ancestors and tend to increase in size in the course of their evolutionary history. This trend is clear for lineages restricted for long periods of time in the same environments, either marine or freshwater, but it is not observed in environmentally labile fish lineages. 相似文献
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为研究出现在中国南海美济礁的黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)幼鱼的形态特征及其各性状特性与体重的关系,对其附近海域捕捞的52尾野生黄鳍金枪鱼幼鱼的外部形态特征进行观察分析,并对其全长、体长、头长、体高、头高、眼径、眼间距、口裂、吻长、尾柄长、尾柄高和体重12个可量性状进行测量.通过相关分析、通径分析和决定分析方法,分析各形态性状对体重的影响程度,运用多元线性回归分析法建立主要性状对体重的多元回归方程.结果显示,鱼体呈纺锤形,粗壮而圆,向后逐渐细尖,尾柄细长,背部较暗,呈深蓝色,腹部银白色,体表具有浅银灰色间隔的纵向条纹,并有明亮的光泽,尾鳍末端呈黄褐色;体长、体高和尾柄高与体重的相关性达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),是影响体重的主要性状.体长对体重的通径系数最大(0.479)、决定系数最高(0.229),体长、体高主要通过直接作用对体重产生影响,而尾柄高主要通过体高、体长对体重起间接作用;以体重为因变量(y),体高(x1)、体长(x2)、尾柄高(x3)为自变量,得到估算体重的最优多元回归方程为y=30.482 x1+18.328 x2+ 199.490 x3-500.785. 相似文献
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Alan M. Friedlander 《Aquarium Sciences and Conservation》2001,3(1-3):135-150
Extensive and unregulated harvest of marine ornamental fishes can lead to localized depletion of target species and habitat degradation from inappropriate collecting techniques. One potential solution to these problems is the creation of marine reserves where fishing is prohibited. Marine reserves have been shown to increase fish abundance and protect ecosystems from habitat destruction associated with fishing. If protective areas are to be effective, they must include the diversity of habitats necessary to accommodate the wide range of fish species that are of interest to the marine ornamental fish trade.Fish assemblages with high diversity and abundance are often associated with habitats of high structural complexity. A relationship between fish size and reef complexity suggests the importance of shelter as a refuge for certain fishes in avoiding predation. Many species tend to aggregate to spawn in structurally complex habitats to reduce their risk of predation. Closing of spawning areas during aggregation periods has been shown to be a highly effective management strategy for these species. The limited home ranges and high degree of habitat specificity associated with many marine ornamental fishes should make marine reserves a highly effective strategy for managing these resources. 相似文献
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A new approach to prioritizing marine fish and shellfish populations for conservation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
There has been increasing awareness of the vulnerability of marine organisms to population extirpation and species extinction. While very few documented cases of species extinction exist in the marine environment, it is anticipated that managers will face the dilemma of prioritizing populations of marine fish and shellfish for protection in the near future. Current prioritization procedures have been developed from salmonid models with the intent of applying them to all marine organisms, and in some cases to freshwater and terrestrial taxa. In this review we provide evidence for the relevance of such a process for marine species and further suggest five broad categories of marine organisms that have distinctive traits influencing their genetic structure. The current prioritization models have been adapted to account for each of these species groups. Emphasis is placed on ‘Classical Marine Species’ which represent the opposite end of the continuum from the salmon model, displaying high within‐population genetic variance. From this category, three cod (Gadus morhua) stocks were selected to evaluate a revised scheme developed specifically for ‘Classical Marine Species’ that includes performance measures such as (i) reduction in number of spawning populations; (ii) reduction of Ne : Nc (ratio of effective to census population size); (iii) changes in life‐history traits; (iv) critical density for spawning success; and (v) patchy vs. continuous distribution pattern. When the salmonid scheme was applied, the cod examples were allocated low values, indicating that they were not under threat. However, when the revised scheme was applied, all three cod stocks were allocated high values, indicating that the revised scheme was more reflective of the particular life‐history traits of this category of organisms. 相似文献
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Genetic analysis of the main growth traits using random regression models in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Jingli Zhao Yunfeng Zhao Zongcheng Song Haoming Liu Yongxin Liu Runqing Yang 《Aquaculture Research》2018,49(4):1504-1511
For body weight (BW) and morphological traits measured repeatedly during growth in Japanese flounder, random regression models (RRMs) were constructed to genetically analyse growth curves and relative growth of morphological traits to BW or body length (BL). In the RRM of growth curves, genetic effects were optimally modelled using Legendre polynomials of two orders for six growth traits. Family and permanent environmental effects remained constant for morphological traits, whereas family effects changed linearly for BWs. During the measuring periods, the heritabilities of the traits increased with age and ranged from 0.256 to 0.843 for BW, 0.379 to 0.806 for body height, 0.338 to 0.773 for BL, 0.286 to 0.665 for head length, 0.159 to 0.708 for length of caudal fin and 0.335 to 0.774 for width of caudal peduncle. Genetic correlations for each trait decreased with increased lag in days of age. In the RRM of relative growth, all morphological traits analysed were significantly associated with BW and BL. The heritabilities for the allometries of morphological traits to BWs ranged from 0.251 to 0.755, whereas those to BLs ranged from 0.412 to 0.871. The majority of genetic correlations among these allometry scalings were negative. These estimated parameters can be utilized to not only guide the efficient selection of traits, but also to genetically regulate synchronous growth of body shape with BW in Japanese flounder. 相似文献
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Biogeographical region and environmental conditions drive functional traits of estuarine fish assemblages worldwide 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Sofia Henriques François Guilhaumon Sébastien Villéger Sandra Amoroso Susana França Stéphanie Pasquaud Henrique N Cabral Rita P Vasconcelos 《Fish and Fisheries》2017,18(4):752-771
Assessing trait–environment relationships is crucial for predicting effects of natural and human‐induced environmental change on biota. We compiled a global database of fish assemblages in estuaries, functional traits of fishes and ecosystem features of estuaries. And we quantified the relative importance of ecosystem features as drivers of patterns of fish functional traits among estuaries worldwide (i.e. drivers of the proportions of fish traits). In addition to biogeographical context, two main environmental gradients regulate traits patterns: firstly temperature, and secondly estuary size and hydrological connectivity of the estuary with the marine ecosystem. Overall, estuaries in colder regions, with larger areas and with higher hydrological connectivity with the marine ecosystem, have higher proportions of marine fish (versus freshwater), macrocarnivores and planktivores (versus omnivores, herbivores and detritivores) and larger fish, with greater maximum depth of distribution and longer lifespan. The observed trait patterns and trait–environment relationships are likely generated by multiple causal processes linked to physiological constraints due to temperature and salinity, size‐dependent biotic interactions, as well as habitat availability and connectivity. Biogeographical context and environmental conditions drive species richness and composition, and present results show that they also drive assemblage traits. The observed trait patterns and trait–environment relationships suggest that assemblage composition is determined by the functional role of species within ecosystems. Conservation strategies should be coordinated globally and ensure protection of an array of estuaries that differ in ecosystem features, even if some of those estuaries do not support high species richness. 相似文献
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闽东渔场鱼类资源生态容量和最大可持续开发量 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
以海洋生态系统营养动力学为理论依据,根据历次调查所获得的闽东渔场初级生产力资料,通过对该渔场浮游植物有机碳含量和生态效率的测算、52种主要鱼类营养级及其有机碳含量的检测,采用营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算鱼类资源生态容量(自然生产量),采用Cadima模式和MSY简单模式估算鱼类资源最大可持续开发量。估算结果:闽东渔场鱼类资源生态容量平均为6.308×10~5t,最大可持续开发量为3.268×10~5t。1994年以来闽东渔场实际年渔获量3.435～4.685×10~5t,平均4.267×10~5t,已连续9年超过鱼类资源最大可持续开发量,呈现过度捕捞态势。必须实行渔获量负增长制度才能使鱼类资源得到有效恢复。 相似文献
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2010年在广东省饶平县柘林湾进行了七带石斑鱼（Epinephelus septemfasciatus）海水网箱人工养殖研究,观察和研究了人工养成的七带石斑鱼的形态特征和生物学性状。通过观察、测量、解剖,对114尾七带石斑鱼的外部形态、可量比性状和内部结构进行了研究。结果表明,七带石斑鱼体呈椭圆形,侧扁,体侧具7条褐色横带,第1条横带仅伸达主鳃盖骨上方边缘,第6条横带分成2条,体侧横带具有不规则的白色斑纹,各鳍边缘白色,背鳍鳍棘部褐色和白色横带相间,鳍条部具有由白色横带延伸而成的3个白斑。胃呈卜型,幽门盲囊发达;肠道长度为体长的0.7～1.4倍,与七带石斑鱼为肉食性鱼类的特征相一致。 相似文献
10.
David A Feary Morgan S Pratchett Micheal J Emslie Ashley M Fowler Will F Figueira Osmar J Luiz Yohei Nakamura David J Booth 《Fish and Fisheries》2014,15(4):593-615
Climate change is resulting in rapid poleward shifts in the geographical distribution of many tropical fish species, but it is equally apparent that some fishes are failing to exhibit expected shifts in their geographical distribution. There is still little understanding of the species‐specific traits that may constrain or promote successful establishment of populations in temperate regions. We review the factors likely to affect population establishment, including larval supply, settlement and post‐settlement processes. In addition, we conduct meta‐analyses on existing and new data to examine relationships between species‐specific traits and vagrancy. We show that tropical vagrant species are more likely to originate from high‐latitude populations, while at the demographic level, tropical fish species with large body size, high swimming ability, large size at settlement and pelagic spawning behaviour are more likely to show successful settlement into temperate habitats. We also show that both habitat and food limitation at settlement and within juvenile stages may constrain tropical vagrant communities to those species with medium to low reliance on coral resources. 相似文献
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Rates of piscivory predict pharyngeal jaw morphology in a piscivorous lineage of cichlid fishes 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Edward D. Burress Alejandro Duarte Wilson S. Serra Marcelo Loureiro 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2016,25(4):590-598
The pharyngeal jaw apparatus is a key innovation hypothesised to increase foraging efficiency and facilitate utilisation of novel resources among teleost fishes. Here, we tested whether dietary characteristics could predict pharyngeal jaw morphology among eight species of Neotropical Crenicichla. Additionally, we tested the hypothesis that pharyngeal jaws may impose a functional constraint on piscivory via pharyngeal gape. We quantified the shape of the lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ) using linear and geometric morphometrics and quantified diet using the relative volumetric proportions of prey items. We used principal component analysis to describe major axes of variation in LPJ shape and dietary patterns. The major axis of dietary variation significantly predicted LPJ morphology, which was driven by a significant relationship between LPJ shape and rates of piscivory. We also found that rates of piscivory predicted size‐corrected LPJ depth. Size‐corrected pharyngeal gape also significantly predicted rates of piscivory such that pharyngeal jaws may constrain piscivory by limiting pharyngeal gape. Strong form‐to‐function linkage between pharyngeal morphology and trophic patterns suggests an adaptive quality of the pharyngeal apparatus but may also impose functional constraints when consumers must switch prey or when prey availability is temporally or spatially unpredictable. 相似文献
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Diogo S. M. Samia Eduardo Bessa Daniel T. Blumstein Jos A. C. C. Nunes Ernesto Azzurro Lorenzo Morroni Valerio Sbragaglia Fraser A. Januchowski‐Hartley Benjamin Geffroy 《Fish and Fisheries》2019,20(5):817-829
In an increasingly anthropic world, humans have profound impacts on the distribution and behaviour of marine fishes. The increased human presence has modified fishes’ antipredator behavioural responses, and consequently flight decisions, as a function of their changed perceptions of risk. Understanding how fish react to human presence can help identify the most vulnerable functional groups/species and estimate impacts caused by human disturbance. Shoal and body size are known to influence fish flight initiation distance (FID; the distance between the predator and prey when the prey begins to escape); however, few studies attempt to test the moderators of these relationships. Here, we present a comprehensive meta‐analysis evaluating FID of fish in response to human presence. Specifically, we investigated six candidate moderators that could influence the relationship between FID with shoal and body size. Our results showed that individual fish size was strongly and positively correlated with FID and the most important moderator that explained the variance in individual body size‐FID relationship was shoaling behaviour. However, and somehow surprisingly, we detected no significant relationship between shoal size and FID. We discuss how these results can inform the development of fish conservation strategies and ultimately assist in the management of marine protected areas. 相似文献
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Abstract. Based on a pooled sample of 367 specimens of juvenile Atlanlic salmon, Salmo salar L., from eight geographically distinct home rivers, stocks from Scotland and Newfoundland can be distinguished by meristic and morphometric character sets using discriminant analysis procedures. Reduced character sets require meristic counts of pectoral fin rays, dorsal fin rays, gill rakers and vertebrae, and morphometric measurements of standard length, pectoral and pelvic fin lengths, body depth and gape width. Regional differences based on these morphometric and meristic sets are substantiated by monomorphism at each MDH locus in Scottish fish in contrast to polymorphism at the MDH-1 and MDH-3 loci in Newfoundland fish. Only the morphometric discriminant function is highly accurate (>80%) in identifying home river origins of the fish examined with the discriminating power increasing with increased fish size. These findings for juvenile fish indicate that, while meristic, morphometric and electrophoretic criteria provide a likely means for distinguishing regional fish stocks, morphometric character sets would seem to offer the best possibility for identifying home river origins of adult Atlantic salmon in mixed fisheries. 相似文献
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A market survey and review of government statistics were carried out to establish imports and exports of marine ornamental fishes into and out of Hong Kong, and to examine the local trade in terms of volume, value and species composition. Official government import figures for marine aquarium fishes were available from 1984 to 1991 and from 1997 and 1998. When compared with net imports, export and re-export volumes over the 15-year period were small, indicating that most imports entered the local market, or were exported unrecorded. The market survey of marine aquarium shops in Hong Kong was carried out between August 1996 and January 1997. From this survey, an annual estimate of 957,563 coral reef fish was calculated for the local trade, valued at HK$57,453,780, with a mean retail price of HK$60 per fish. These figures account for an estimated 2–3% of the global value and volume of marine aquarium fish trade, according to 1992 figures and, compared with government figures, indicate that official declarations of imports are underreported by at least 2–3 fold. A total of 342 marine aquarium fish species, from 49 families, were recorded with about 60% belonging to the families Labridae, Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae and Pomacentridae. It was estimated that a large proportion of the trade was in juvenile fishes and almost all fish were less than 10cm in standard length. It was common to see fishes in poor condition, species hard to maintain in captivity, or those listed for conservation concern, on sale. There are no regulations for local traders of live marine fishes other than those relating to either protected species or animal welfare. Licensing of traders in marine fishes could be introduced under existing Hong Kong legislation if fishes were to be re-classified as animals. This is strongly recommended as a step towards regulating and managing the trade in Hong Kong. 相似文献
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H. Yamanaka 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2013,20(6):465-472
Body size dependency of the refuge effects of gape limitation and differences in hypoxia tolerance between the predator largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède) and the prey fish, nigorobuna carp Carassius buergeri grandoculis Temminck & Schlegel, were modelled to simulate the relative effect of size and physiological refuges for prey inhabiting the hypoxic macrophyte zone along a lakeshore. The model simulation suggested that a physiological refuge, maintained by the difference in hypoxia tolerance, could protect far smaller prey than a size refuge that is based solely on predator gape size and prey body depth. The dissolved oxygen gradient observed in the macrophyte zone located in Yamanoshita Bay, Lake Biwa, Japan, which was extremely low at the inner part and higher offshore, was determined to provide a physiological refuge that would be effective in terms of space. 相似文献
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Little is known about the food habits of juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon in marine environments of Alaska, or whether their diets may have contributed to extremely high marine survival rates for coho salmon from Southeast Alaska and much more modest survival rates for Southeast Alaskan Chinook salmon. To address these issues, we documented the spatial and temporal variability of diets of both species collected from marine waters of Southeast Alaska during summers of 1997–2000. Food habits were similar: major prey items of both species included fishes, crab larvae, hyperiid amphipods, insects, and euphausiids. Multivariate analyses of diet composition indicated that the most distinct groups were formed at the smallest spatial and temporal scales (the haul), although groups also formed at larger scales, such as by month or habitat type. Our expectations for how food habits would influence survival were only partially supported. As predicted, Southeast Alaskan coho salmon had more prey in their stomachs overall [1.8% of body weight (BW)] and proportionally far fewer empty stomachs (0.7%) than either Alaskan Chinook (1.4% BW, 5.1% empty) or coho salmon from other regions. However, contrary to our expectations, coho salmon diets contained surprisingly few fish (49% by weight). Apparently, Alaskan coho salmon achieved extremely high marine survival rates despite a diet consisting largely of small, less energetically‐efficient crustacean prey. Our results suggest that diet quantity (how much is eaten) rather than diet quality (what is eaten) is important to marine survival. 相似文献
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Takahito Shikano 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(12):1248-1253
To understand quantitative genetic characteristics of hatchery‐produced Japanese flounder in the wild, heritability and genetic correlation of growth‐related and morphometric traits were examined in yearling released individuals at a coastal region in northeast Japan. Quantitative genetic parameters were estimated with restricted maximum likelihood following reconstruction of pedigree by a likelihood method using seven microsatellite loci. Estimates of heritability were 0.65 and 0.51 for growth‐related traits (body length and the proportion of body length to body depth) and 0.45–0.62 for morphometric traits (vertebral count and dorsal and anal fin ray counts). Genetic correlation was significantly positive (0.61) between dorsal and anal fin ray counts, indicating the possibility of pleiotropic genes or gametic phase disequilibrium for these traits. All the estimates of heritability and genetic correlation in the released individuals were close to those of hatchery‐reared juveniles, suggesting that yearling released individuals had similar quantitative genetic characteristics of growth and morphometric traits in the wild to hatchery‐reared juveniles. 相似文献
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Osmar J. Luiz Julian D. Olden Mark J. Kennard David A. Crook Michael M. Douglas Thor M. Saunders Alison J. King 《Fish and Fisheries》2019,20(6):1100-1110
Species traits are a new data currency to enhance our understanding of ecological patterns and processes. Trait‐based studies of fishes are numerous in comparison with other animal groups, reflecting the diversity of fish forms and functions they provide to aquatic ecosystems. We conduct a retrospective examination of literature to identify knowledge gaps and provide guidance for future research in trait‐based fish ecology. We apply an automated text mining and topic modelling to track the evolution of research topics within peer‐reviewed articles of functional traits in marine and freshwater fishes published over the past half century, explore the inter‐connections among those topics and identify emerging avenues for investigation. By mapping the topic landscape of the literature, 16 latent topics emerged that vary in their prevalence. Our results show a decline in the frequency of studies using reproductive traits to model and explore the way fish allocate energy for reproduction, and increase in studies reporting functional diversity metrics and utilizing the concept of multivariate functional space. Research focused on contributions of fish traits to ecosystem functioning also has increased in frequency. We revealed large gaps in information between growing and decreasing topics and that these gaps were derived from different types of traits being considered. We suggest that scientists break‐free from the traditions of their research field by targeting investigations that: (a) apply functional diversity metrics to a broader assortment of traits, (b) focus on traits influencing energy allocation to growth/reproduction and (c) integrate trophic‐web and behavioural studies with other topics. 相似文献