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1.
To improve the abiotic stress tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.), doubled haploid (DH) plants were produced by in vitro selection of microspores exposed to tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BuOOH) as a powerful prooxidant This study investigated the tolerance of the progenies of t‐BuOOH‐selected DH lines to oxidative stress, cold and drought in controlled environment pot experiments by analyses of photosynthetic electron transport and CO2 assimilation processes, chlorophyll bleaching and lipid peroxidation of leaves. Our results demonstrated that the t‐BuOOH‐selected DH plants exhibited enhanced tolerance not only to oxidative stress‐induced by t‐BuOOH but also to cold and drought stresses. In addition, they showed elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S‐transferase when compared with the DH lines derived from microspores that were not exposed to t‐BuOOH and to the original hybrid plants. The results suggest that the simultaneous up‐regulation of several antioxidant enzymes may contribute to the oxidative and cold stress tolerance of the t‐BuOOH‐selected DH lines, and that the in vitro microspore selection represents a potential way to improve abiotic stress tolerance in maize.  相似文献   

2.
Drought stress is a major limiting factor for crop production in the arid and semi‐arid regions. Here, we screened eighty barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes collected from different geographical locations contrasting in drought stress tolerance and quantified a range of physiological and agronomical indices in glasshouse trails. The experiment was conducted in large soil tanks subjected to drought treatment of eighty barley genotypes at three‐leaf stage and gradually brought to severe drought by withholding irrigation for 30 days under glasshouse conditions. Also, root length of the same genotypes was measured from stress‐affected plants growing hydroponically. Drought tolerance was scored 30 days after the drought stress commenced based on the degree of the leaf wilting, fresh and dry biomass and relative water content. These characteristics were related to stomatal conductance, stomatal density, residual transpiration and leaf sap Na, K, Cl contents measured in control (irrigated) plants. Responses to drought stress differed significantly among the genotypes. The overall drought tolerance was significantly correlated with relative water content, stomatal conductance and leaf Na+ and K+ contents. No significant correlations between drought tolerance and root length of 6‐day‐old seedling, stomatal density, residual transpiration and leaf sap Cl? content were found. Taking together, these results suggest that drought‐tolerant genotypes have lower stomatal conductance, and lower water content, Na+, K+ and Cl? contents in their tissue under control conditions than the drought‐sensitive ones. These traits make them more resilient to the forthcoming drought stress.  相似文献   

3.
Brassica rapa L. is a genetically diverse parent species of the allotetraploid species, oilseed rape (B. napus) and a potential source of drought tolerance for B. napus. We examined the effect of a 13‐day drought stress period during the early reproductive phase, relative to a well‐watered (WW) control, on subsequent growth and development in nine accessions of B. rapa and one accession of Brassica juncea selected for their wide morphological and genetic diversity. We measured leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, water use, and leaf and bud temperatures during the stress period and aboveground dry weight of total biomass at maturity. Dry weight of seeds and reproductive tissue were not useful measures of drought tolerance due to self‐incompatibility in B. rapa. The relative total biomass (used as the measure of drought tolerance in this study) of the 10 accessions exposed to drought stress ranged from 47 % to 117 % of the WW treatment and was negatively correlated with leaf‐to‐air and bud‐to‐air temperature difference when averaged across the 13‐day stress period. Two wild‐type (B. rapa ssp. sylvestris) accessions had higher relative total and non‐reproductive biomass at maturity and cooler leaves and buds than other types. We conclude that considerable genotypic variation for drought tolerance exists in B. rapa and cooler leaves and buds during a transient drought stress in the early reproductive phase may be a useful screening tool for drought tolerance.  相似文献   

4.
Among plant species rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves can be characterised with a very high level of salicylic acid content; however, its exact role is still poorly understood. In the present work, rice genotypes with different levels of drought tolerance have been subjected to PEG‐induced drought or cold stress at 10 °C in order to find relationship between the salicylic acid metabolism and the level of stress tolerance; and between the salicylic acid level and other protective mechanisms. Although the drought‐sensitive genotypes usually contained slightly higher amount of salicylic acid than the tolerant ones, there was no strong correlation between the salicylic acid contents and the degree of drought tolerance. Because the expression pattern of the chorismate synthase and isochorismate synthase genes did not correlate with the level of salicylic acid, but there was a correlation between the levels of salicylic acid and ortho‐hydroxy‐cinnamic, it is assumed that the salicylic acid synthesis via ortho‐hydroxy‐cinnamic acid may play a more decisive role than the chorismate–isochorismate–salicylic acid pathway in rice. While the activity of the glutathione reductase enzyme did not show correlation with drought tolerance, the glutathione S‐transferase activities were usually higher in the leaves of the drought‐tolerant varieties than in the sensitive ones. The salicylic acid contents in the leaves were not substantially affected by the applied stress conditions; however, other stress‐related compounds polyamines showed marked, stress‐specific responses. Correlation data suggest that there is no direct link between the abiotic stress‐induced polyamine changes and the salicylic acid metabolism in rice.  相似文献   

5.
The impact of the genotype‐specific leaf morphological and anatomical characteristics on the ability of wheat plants to preserve leaf water balance and cell membranes stability under drought stress was investigated. Seedlings of six modern semi‐dwarf (carriers of Rht, Reduced height genes) and six old tall bread wheat varieties were subjected to soil drought by withholding watering for 6 days. Morpho‐anatomical traits (leaf area, perimeter, thickness, stomata and trichome density) of daily watered (control) plants were characterized by light microscopy, scanning and image analyses. The leaf water status in both control and stressed plants was determined by measuring the relative water content (RWC). The leaf cell membranes stability in stressed plants was estimated by conductometric determination of the membranes injury index. On average, the modern semi‐dwarf varieties had less leaf area and leaf perimeter, and less dissection index, a parameter characterizing the leaf shape. Under drought stress, the modern genotypes maintained better water balance evidenced by significantly higher leaf RWC and better‐preserved the cell membranes stability supported by significantly lower Injury index. The correlations between morpho‐anatomical traits in control plants and drought tolerance‐related traits showed that the higher the leaf dissection index (i.e. more oblong leaves), the greater the water loss and the leaf membrane damages after desiccation were. The effect of shape of the evaporating surface on the water loss was modelled using wet filter paper. Similar to plant leaves, the evaporation and, respectively, water loss from paper pieces of more oblong shape (i.e. higher dissection index) was more intensive. The elucidation of the impact of the leaf shape on transpiration might contribute to better understanding of the mechanisms used by plants to maintain water reserves during drought stress and could be a basis for developing of simple and fast screening methods aiding the selection of drought tolerant genotypes.  相似文献   

6.
To study the effects of early drought priming at 5th‐leaf stage on grain yield and nitrogen‐use efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress, wheat plants were first exposed to moderate drought stress (drought priming; that is, the leaf water potential reached ca. ?0.9 MP a) at the 5th‐leaf stage for 11 days, and leaf water relations and gas exchange rates, grain yield and yield components, and agronomic nitrogen‐use efficiency (ANUE ) of the primed and non‐primed plants under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress were investigated. Compared with the non‐primed plants, the drought‐primed plants possessed higher leaf water potential and chlorophyll content, and consequently a higher photosynthetic rate during post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. Drought priming also resulted in higher grain yield and ANUE in wheat under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. Drought priming at vegetative stage improves carbon assimilation and ANUE under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress and their combination in wheat, which might be used as a field management tool to enhance stress tolerance of wheat crops to multiple abiotic stresses in a future drier and warmer climate.  相似文献   

7.
为揭示不同种源红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)幼苗在不同季节水分生理参数的差异,以武威扎子沟(WMZ)、武威小坝口(WMX)、张掖山丹(ZYS)、张掖临泽(ZYL)、酒泉金塔(JQJ)及酒泉肃州(JQS)种源红砂幼苗为研究对象,运用压力容积(PV)技术,研究了Ψw、Ψssat、Ψstlp、ROWCtlp、AWC、Va/Vo、εmax随种源和季节变化规律。结果表明:红砂幼苗水势不同种源之间表现为WMZ>ZYS>WMX>ZYL>JQJ>JQS,其季节变化表现为5月>7月>9月;主要水分参数Ψssat、Ψstlp值在不同种源之间表现为WMZ>WMX>ZYS>ZYL>JQJ>JQS,其季节变化也表现为5月>7月>9月;然而,Va/Vo和εmax值却随季节变化表现为5月<7月<9月。以上研究表明,不同种源红砂幼苗忍耐水分胁迫的能力随干旱胁迫增加而增加,不同种源红砂幼苗在其生长季受到了干旱胁迫,其耐水分亏缺能力随生长季逐渐增强,这与植物的生长发育节律和地理位置相吻合。  相似文献   

8.
This paper describes experiments concerning improvement of drought tolerance in narrow‐leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) by maternal effects. The first step involved harvesting seeds from plants exposed and not exposed to drought during flowering and seed ripening. The next‐generation plants grown from these seeds were exposed to drought and the effects of this stress on their physiological processes were examined. To find out whether drought applied to parent plants may affect tolerance to this stress in progeny plants such features as plant growth, tissue water content, abscisic acid concentration and yield‐related parameters were assessed. The study revealed that the progeny plants grown from the seeds of drought‐treated plants were more tolerant to this stress than the plants grown from the seeds harvested from optimally watered maternal plants. Drought tolerance was manifested by a reduced concentration of abscisic acid, increased plant height and maintaining high leaf water content. Most importantly, these plants produced significantly higher yield when exposed to drought than the plants grown from the seeds harvested from optimally watered plants.  相似文献   

9.
A. González  L. Ayerbe 《Euphytica》2010,172(3):341-349
The effect of drought on barley leaf epicuticular wax load (EWL), residual transpiration rates (RTR) and grain yield was examined by subjecting 12 barley genotypes to controlled irrigation and terminal water stress conditions. The mean leaf epicuticular wax load was found to be 9% greater in the plants subjected to terminal water stress than in those provided irrigation, while the mean residual transpiration rate of the irrigated plants was 20% higher than in those subjected to water stress. Under these stress conditions, the correlation between grain yield and the epicuticular wax load was positive (P < 0.01), while that between the grain yield and the residual transpiration rate was negative (P < 0.05). Under the water stress conditions, the breeding lines studied showed a greater mean epicuticular wax load than the commercial varieties, while the residual transpiration rate was greater in these varieties than in the breeding lines. The greater epicuticular wax load of the breeding lines favoured their tolerance of drought, improving their yields over those of the commercial varieties.  相似文献   

10.
An experiment was conducted with three wheat genotypes differing in their sensitivity to moisture and/or temperature stress to study the relationship of the chloroplast antioxidant system to stress tolerance. Both moisture stress and temperature stress increased glutathione reductase and peroxidase and decreased membrane stab-iltty, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index in all genotypes. Under moisture stress. DL 153–2 showed the highest membrane stabihty index, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index, glutathione reductase activity and peroxidase activity. However, under elevated temperature conditions, HD 2285, and to a lesser extent DL 153–2, showed higher membrane stability, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index and activities of glutathione reductase and peroxi-dase. Raj 3077, which is sensitive to both drought and temperature stress, showed the lowest membrane stability, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index and glutathione reductase and perosidase activity under elevated temperature as well as drought conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that tolerance of the genotype to moisture and/or temperature stress is closely associated with its antioxidant enzyme system.  相似文献   

11.
Quinoa (ChenopodiumquinoaWilld.) is a highly nutritious Andean seed crop which shows great potential to grow under a range of hostile environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences of drought tolerance of a Bolivian (Achachino) and a Danish (Titicaca) variety, and especially drought‐related adaption strategies. Soil water status was expressed as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Relative stomatal conductance (RSC), relative transpiration (RT) and relative leaf water potential (RLW) were calculated by determining stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf water potential of the drought‐treated plants relative to those of fully irrigated plants. The responses of RSC, RT and RLW to decreasing FTSW were described by a linear‐plateau model. The critical value of FTSW was the threshold of FTSW where the parameters studied decreased. The thresholds increased CS for stomatal conductance, CT for transpiration and CLfor leaf water potential. Achachino showed significantly lower CT and CL when compared with Titicaca, implying that transpiration and leaf water potential were less affected under mild drought conditions in the Bolivian variety. CS in Achachino was significantly higher than CL and CT, which indicated that stomatal conductance declined before transpiration and leaf water potential were reduced. Such difference was found in Titicaca where reduction of leaf area had more effect on transpiration than stomatal closure. Slower growth rate and smaller leaf area in combination with a lower stomatal conductance was found to contribute to drought resistance in Achachino. ABA concentration in the xylem sap tended to increase in both varieties after 2 days onset of drought, prior to decline in leaf water potential. Titicaca showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher ABA concentration when compared with Achachino under both fully irrigated and drought conditions. Titicaca had higher xylem nutrient concentration in comparison with Achachino in both fully‐watered and drought plants at day 2 after onset of soil drying. It was concluded that Titicaca was more sensitive to progressive drought than Achachino which avoided water loss by means of lower growth rate and smaller leaf area.  相似文献   

12.
We investigated heat tolerance at the reproductive stage in six spring‐type B. rapa accessions and one B. juncea accession as a control. Plants were subjected to two temperature treatments for seven days in controlled environmental rooms, beginning one day before the first open flower on the main stem inflorescence. The high‐temperature treatment ranged from 25 °C to 35 °C during 16 h light and 25 °C during 8 h dark. The control temperature treatment was set at 23 °C during 16 h light and 15 °C during 8 h dark. Soil moisture was maintained at close to field capacity to avoid drought stress. Main stem buds that emerged during the treatment period were tagged, and pod and seed production was recorded at each reproductive node. Leaf temperature depression and leaf conductance increased in the high‐temperature treatment which indicated that plants were not drought stressed. A leafy vegetable type of B. rapa from Indonesia was the most tolerant to high temperature, as defined by its ability to set seed equally well in the control and high‐temperature treatments, followed by an oilseed type from Pakistan. Pollen viability remained above 87 % in all accessions and treatments. We conclude that bud number and length, and pod number produced under high temperatures, might provide a useful preliminary screen for high‐temperature tolerance and that B. rapa may be a valuable source of heat tolerance in canola (B. napus).  相似文献   

13.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a promising crop for food security in dry areas. Studies have been conducted to define nitrogen (N) fertilization levels and to understand the responses of quinoa to drought, but little is known about the response of this crop to N fertilization under drought stress. The aim of this study was to investigate whether N fertilization could improve quinoa yield and physiology under limited water. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with quinoa grown at four N fertilization levels (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g N pot?1) and two watering treatments (progressive drought and full irrigation; 10 and 98 % of pot water holding capacity, respectively). Results of this experiment showed that N may confer a certain degree of drought tolerance to quinoa as seed quality and yield of N‐fertilized plants were not affected by drought stress. Responses such as faster stomatal closure, reduced leaf water potential, higher leaf abscisic acid (ABA) concentration and particularly an improved N remobilization in N‐fertilized plants may have played a role in sustaining seed yield in the drought‐stressed treatment. These results under controlled conditions serve as a basis to elucidate drought tolerance mechanisms activated with N fertilization and to define the use of N in management practices under semi‐arid environments.  相似文献   

14.
15.
Temperature and other abiotic factors, such water and nutrient availability, play an important role for plants in response to the changing environments. At this regard, both warming and drought might affect the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and growth of Megathyrsus maximus a C4 forage grass of high interest for cattle feeding. However, the nutrient requirements of this species under climate change are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the individual and combined effects of two levels of temperature: ambient and elevated temperature (2°C above ambient temperature), and two levels of soil water availability: irrigated plants and non‐irrigated plants on accumulation of leaf nutrients, NUE and biomass production of M. maximus. Temperature control was performed by a temperature free‐air‐controlled enhancement (T‐FACE) system under field conditions. In general, we observed that warming under well‐irrigated conditions increased the leaf accumulation of most nutrients, improving the NUE of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn and Zn. Plant growth was also enhanced under warming effects, with higher leaf dry mass accumulation and root development. Meanwhile, drought decreased NUE of K, Ca, B and leaf dry biomass, while root growth was stimulated. The combined effects of warming and drought on nutrient accumulation, NUE and plant growth tended to be greater than the individual effects expected from a single factor; thus, warming mitigated the negative impacts of individual drought. In summary, our findings suggest that warming and drought, both as individual and combined factors, will change the nutrient requirements of M. maximus in tropical ecosystems.  相似文献   

16.
Solanum tuberosum (potato) as a drought sensitive plant is also one of the most promising plants to meet the demands for food and starch of a growing population. Distinguishing genotypes into tolerant and susceptible is therefore of utmost interest. We subjected eighteen potato genotypes and two wild species, S. tarijense and S. chacoense, to osmotic stress applied in vitro by addition of 0.2 m sorbitol to a solid medium. Here, we report that a ratio of root:shoot dry mass (DM) together with the SSI (stress susceptibility index, equivalent to drought susceptibility index by Fischer and Maurer, Aust. J. Agron. Res., 29, 1978) of shoot DM were found to be relevant parameters to characterize genotypes in vitro for their osmotic stress tolerance. Drought stress data from pot trials in a rainout shelter (2013 and 2015) correlated poorly with the data obtained in in vitro experiments. However, the most tolerant and most sensitive genotypes in vitro were also categorized to be more tolerant or sensitive than the average to drought stress in vivo. Both, under in vitro and in vivo conditions, proline displayed an increase under osmotic stress conditions in nearly all potatoes tested, but no direct correlations were found to stress tolerance. However, a genotype classified as tolerant displayed earlier proline accumulation. Proline is thought of as one factor for plants to withstand stressful conditions, but cannot be used to distinguish potato genotypes for their stress tolerance to osmotic stress in vitro. Analysis of the osmotic potential of in vitro and in vivo stressed plants displayed a general increase compared to the control.  相似文献   

17.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses of two hexaploids viz., C 306 (water stress tolerant) and Hira (water stress susceptible), and two tetraploids, HW 24 (Triticum dicoccum) and A 9‐30‐1 (Triticum durum) wheat genotypes to water stress under pot culture condition. Water stress was imposed for a uniform period of 10 days at 50, 60 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) and observations were recorded at 60, 70 and 80 DAS. Total dry matter and plant height were recorded at harvest. Water stress caused a decline in relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll and carotenoid content, membrane stability and nitrate reductase activity and increased accumulation of proline at all stages and abscisic acid (ABA) at 80 DAS in all the genotypes. Both the tetraploids showed a lower reduction in RWC and highest ABA accumulation under water stress. Among the hexaploids Hira showed the most decline in RWC and the lowest ABA accumulation. The tetraploids also showed comparatively higher carotenoid content and membrane stability, closely followed by C 306, while Hira showed the minimum response under water stress. Nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll content under irrigated conditions were highest in Hira but under water stress the lowest per cent decline was observed in C 306, followed by HW 24, A 9‐30‐1, and Hira. Proline accumulation under water stress conditions was highest in hexaploids C 306 and Hira and lowest in tetraploids HW 24 and A 9‐30‐1. Tetraploids HW 24, followed by A 9‐30‐1 maintained higher plant height and total dry matter (TDM) under water stress and also showed a lower per cent decline under stress than hexaploids C 306 and Hira. From the results it is clear that proline accumulation did not contribute to better drought tolerance of tetraploids than hexaploids. It is also apparent that water stress tolerance is the result of the cumulative action of various physiological processes, and all the parameters/processes may not be positively associated with the drought tolerance of a particular tolerant genotype.  相似文献   

18.
Worldwide rice productivity is being threatened by increased endeavours of drought stress. Among the visible symptoms of drought stress, hampered water relations and disrupted cellular membrane functions are the most important. Exogenous use of polyamines (PAs), salicylic acid (SA), brassinosteroids (BRs), glycinebetaine (GB) and nitrous oxide (NO) can induce abiotic stresses tolerance in many crops. In this time course study, we appraised the comparative role of all these substances to improve the drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Super‐Basmati. Plants were subjected to drought stress at four leaf stage (4 weeks after emergence) by maintaining soil moisture at 50 % of field capacity. Pre‐optimized concentrations of GB (150 mg l?1), SA (100 mg l?1), NO (100 μmol l?1 sodium nitroprusside as NO donor), BR (0.01 μm 24‐epibrassinolide) and spermine (Spm; 10 μm ) were foliar sprayed at five‐leaf stage (5 weeks after emergence). There were two controls both receiving no foliar spray, viz. well watered (CK1) and drought stressed (CK2). There was substantial reduction in allometric response of rice, gas exchange and water relation attributes by drought stress. While drought stress enhanced the H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA) and relative membrane permeability, foliar spray of all the chemicals improved growth possibly because of the improved carbon assimilation, enhanced synthesis of metabolites and maintenance of tissue water status. Simultaneous reduction in H2O2 and MDA production was also noted in the plants treated with these substances. Drought tolerance was sturdily associated with the greater tissue water potential, increased synthesis of metabolites and enhanced capacity of antioxidant system. Of all the chemicals, foliar spray with Spm was the most effective followed by BR.  相似文献   

19.
Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is an indeterminate grain legume considered adapted to dry environments, but the mechanisms of its adaptation are not well understood. Grass pea plants were exposed to terminal drought from podding, and the development of water deficit was measured together with its effects on leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, carbon remobilisation to the seeds, flower production and abortion, pod production and abortion, seed set, seed growth and the neurotoxin β‐N‐oxalyl‐L‐a, β‐diaminopropionic acid (β‐ODAP) concentration. Predawn leaf water potential (Ψleaf), stomatal conductance (gs), rate of leaf photosynthesis (Pn), flower production, pod production, filled pod number, seed number, seed size and yield decreased, while flower abortion, pod abortion and seed abortion increased, and the concentration of β‐ODAP was unchanged under terminal drought conditions. gs and Pn began to decrease at a higher plant‐available soil water content (PAWC) (67.2 ± 2.3 % and 62.9 ± 2.3 %) than Ψleaf (43.7 ± 1.1 %). Flowers and pods ceased being produced only when the PAWC decreased below 40.1 ± 4.6 % and 35.3 ± 3.0 %, respectively, but seed set and seed growth ceased when PAWC decreased below 55.5 ± 1.6 % and 58.0 ± 3.7 %, respectively. The mobilization of 13C labelled assimilates from the stems was greater under terminal drought than under well‐watered conditions, but the transfer to the seed was small. We conclude that seed set and seed growth decreased as the soil dried due to a reduction in current photosynthesis as a result of stomatal closure.  相似文献   

20.
Rice is highly susceptible to drought and cold. The goal of this study was to identify the QTLs affecting the rice heading date (HD), leaf area (LA) and chlorophyll content (CC) under cold and drought stress. A total of twenty‐nine and thirty‐eight additive QTLs were detected from two crosses of ‘Dongnong422’/‘Kongyu131’ and ‘Xiaobaijingzi’/‘Kongyu131’, respectively. qHD1‐7‐1, qHD1‐7‐2, qHD1‐2‐1, qLA1‐7‐1, qLA1‐6‐3 and qCC1‐7‐1 show adaptive effects under cold treatment, while qHD2‐2‐3, qHD2‐2‐2, qLA2‐7‐3 and qCC2‐5‐1 were important for explaining the genetic mechanism during drought tolerance. Additionally, nine and five additive × environment interaction QTLs were detected for two RILs, respectively. RIL26 and RIL73 were two lines that are associated with cold and drought for HD. 339 QTLs related to HD, CC and LA of rice from database and our research were projected onto the genetic map. Nine cloned genes and nineteen homologous candidate genes related to HD, CC, cold tolerance and drought tolerance were mapped by meta‐analysis. These results lay the foundation for the fine mapping of QTLs related to HD, LA and CC for marker‐assisted selection.  相似文献   

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