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1.
The pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion following single intramuscular administration of levofloxacin at a dose of 4 mg/kg was investigated in seven male cross bred calves. Appreciable plasma concentration of levofloxacin (0.38 ± 0.06 µg/ml) was detected at 1 min after injection and the peak plasma level of 3.07 ± 0.08 µg/ml was observed at 1 h. The drug level above MIC90 in plasma was detected up to 12 h after administration. Rapid absorption of the drug was also evident by the high value of the absorption rate constant (2.14 ± 0.24 /h). The overall systemic bioavailability of levofloxacin, after intramuscular administration, was 56.6 ± 12.4%. The high value of AUC (7.66 ± 0.72 mg . h/ml) reflected the vast area of body covered by drug concentration. Extensive distribution of the drug into various body fluids and tissues was noted by the high value of Vdarea (1.02 ± 0.05 l/kg). The high ratio of AUC/MIC (76.6 ± 7.25) obtained in this study indicated excellent clinical and bacteriological efficacy of levofloxacin in calves. The elimination half-life and MRT were 3.67 ± 0.4 h and 5.57 ± 0.51 h, respectively. The total body clearance (ClB) was 204.9 ± 22.6 ml/kg/h. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic parameters, a suitable intramuscular dosage regimen for levofloxacin in calves would be 1.5 mg/kg repeated at 12 h intervals.  相似文献   

2.
We investigated the disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of cefpirome in buffalo calves after a single intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg. Also, an appropriate dosage regimen was calculated. At 1 min after injection, the concentration of cefpirome in the plasma was 57.4 ± 0.72 µg/ml, which declined to 0.22 ± 0.01 µg/ml at 24 h. The cefpirome was rapidly distributed from the blood to the tissue compartment as shown by the high distribution coefficient values (8.67 ± 0.46/h), and by the drug''s rate of transfer constant from the central to the peripheral compartment, K12 (4.94 ± 0.31/h). The elimination halflife and the volume of distribution were 2.14 ± 0.02 h and 0.42 ± 0.005 l/kg, respectively. Once the distribution equilibrium was reached between the tissues and plasma, the total body clearance (ClB) and the ratio of the drug present in the peripheral to the central compartment (T/P ratio) were 0.14 ± 0.002 l/kg/h and 1.73 ± 0.06, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic parameters we obtained, an appropriate intravenous cefpirome dosage regimen for treating cefpiromesensitive bacteria in buffalo calves would be 8.0 mg/kg repeated at 12 h intervals for 5 days, or until persistence of the bacterial infection occurred.  相似文献   

3.
The pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of cefotaxime following its single subcutaneous administration (10 mg/kg) were investigated in buffalo calves. Plasma and urine samples were collected over 10 and 24 h post administration, respectively. Cefotaxime in plasma and urine was estimated by microbiological assay technique using E. coli as test organism. The pharmacokinetic profiles fitted one-compartment open model. The peak plasma levels of cefotaxime were 6.48 ± 0.52 µg/ml at 30 min and the drug was detected upto 10 h. The absorption half-life and elimination half-life were 0.173 ± 0.033 h and 1.77 ± 0.02 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance were 1.17 ± 0.10 l/kg and 0.45 ± 0.03 l/kg/h, respectively. The urinary excretion of cefotaxime in 24 h, was 5.36 ± 1.19 percent of total administrated dose. A satisfactory subcutaneous dosage regimen for cefotaxime in buffalo calves would be 13 mg/kg repeated at 12 h intervals.  相似文献   

4.
The pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of norfloxacin-glycine acetate (NFLXGA) was investigated in pigs after a single intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) administration at a dosage of 7.2 mg/kg body weight. After both i.v. and p.o. administration, plasma drug concentrations were best fitted to an open two-compartment model with a rapid distribution phase. After i.v. administration of NFLXGA, the distribution (t1/2α) and elimination half-life (t1/2β) were 0.36 ± 0.07 h and 7.42 ± 3.55 h, respectively. The volume of distribution of NFLXGA at steady state (Vdss) was 4.66 ± 1.39 l/kg. After p.o. administration of NFLXGA, the maximal absorption concentration (Cmax) was 0.43 ± 0.06 µg/ml at 1.36 ± 0.39 h (Tmax). The mean absorption (t1/2ka) and elimination half-life (t1/2β) of NFLXGA were 0.78 ± 0.27 h and 7.13 ± 1.41 h, respectively. The mean systemic bioavailability (F) after p.o. administration was 31.10 ± 15.16%. We suggest that the optimal dosage calculated from the pharmacokinetic parameters is 5.01 mg/kg per day i.v. or 16.12 mg/kg per day p.o.  相似文献   

5.
The present experiment was designed to study the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in six healthy cross bred female cow calves (4 to 6 months age) weighing between 40 to 80 kg. Plasma from blood was separated by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm. Quantitative estimation of levofloxacin was done by UV-VIS spectrophotometer at 286 nm. The mean maximum plasma concentration (Cpmax ) of levofloxacin in febrile calves (5.28?±?0.32 µg/ml) did not differ significantly as compared with healthy calves (4.50?±?0.22 µg/ml) after single dose (20 mg/kg) oral administration. The mean therapeutic plasma concentration ( Cpther ) of levofloxacin was maintained for longer period in febrile calves (10 h) as compared to healthy calves ( 8 h). The mean maximum urine concentration (Cumax) in febrile (40.86?±?2.19 µg/ml) also did not differ significantly as compared with healthy calves (39.38?±?2.43 µg/ml). No significant difference in various pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma was observed in healthy calves ( β?=?0.23?±?0.01/h ; t1/2 β?=?3.00?±?0.17 h and MRT?=?4.66?±?0.14 h ) and febrile calves ( β?=?0.23?±?0.01/ h; t1/2 β?=?3.05?±?0.16 h and MRT?=?5.04?±?0.14 h ) . The mean value of β, and t ½ β calculated in urine also did not differ between healthy and febrile calves. However, the value of MRT(3.79?±?0.07 h) and ClB(1.65?±?0.09 ml/kg/min) calculated in urine of febrile calves significantly(p?B?=?2.09?±?0.13 ml/kg/min). Based on kinetic profile levofloxacin may be given orally at the dose rate of 1.49 mg/kg B.W.at 8 h intervals in febrile calves.  相似文献   

6.
We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in serum (n = 6) and urine (n = 4) in goats following a single intravenous administration of 4 mg/kg body weight. The serum concentration-time curves of ciprofloxacin were best fitted by a two-compartment open model. The drug was detected in goat serum up to 12 h. The elimination rate constant (β) and elimination half-life (t1/2β) were 0.446 ± 0.04 h-1 and 1.630 ± 0.17 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was 2.012 ± 0.37 l/kg and the total body clearance (ClB) was 16.27 ± 1.87 ml/min/kg. Urinary recovery of ciprofloxacin was 29.70% ± 10.34% of the administered dose within 36 h post administration. In vitro serum protein binding was 41% ± 13.10%. Thus, a single daily intravenous dose of 4 mg/kg is sufficient to maintain effective levels in serum and for 36 h in urine, allowing treatment of systemic, Gram-negative bacterial infections and urinary tract infections by most pathogens.  相似文献   

7.
A bioavailability and pharmacokinetics study of doxycycline was carried out on 30 healthy ostriches after a single intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral dose of 15 mg/kg body weight. The plasma doxycycline concentration was determined by HPLC/UV at 0 (pretreatment), 0.08, 0.25, 0.5 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after administration. The plasma concentration-time curves were examined using non-compartmental methods based on the statistical moment theory for only the higher dose. After IV administration, the elimination half-life (t1/2β), mean residence time (MRT), volume of distribution at the steady-state (Vss), volume of distribution (Vdarea) and total body clearance (ClB) were 7.67 ± 0.62 h, 6.68 ± 0.86 h, 0.86 ± 0.16 l/kg, 1.67 ± 0.52 l/kg and 2.51 ± 0.63 ml/min/kg, respectively. After IM and oral dosing, the mean peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 1.34 ± 0.33 and 0.30 ± 0.04 µg/ml, respectively, which were achieved at a post-administration time (tmax) of 0.75 ± 0.18, 3.03 ± 0.48 h, respectively. The t1/2β, Vdarea and ClB after IM administration were 25.02 ± 3.98 h, 23.99 ± 3.4 l/kg and 12.14 ± 1.71 ml/min/kg, respectively and 19.25 ± 2.53 h, 61.49 ± 7 l/kg and 40.19 ± 3.79 ml/min/kg after oral administration, respectively. The absolute bioavailability (F) of doxycycline was 5.03 and 17.52% after oral and IM administration, respectively. These results show that the dose data from other animals particularly mammals cannot be extrapolated to ostriches. Therefore, based on these results along with those reported in the literature, further studies on the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration values and clinical applications of doxycycline in ostriches are required.  相似文献   

8.
The hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocytes (R.G.), serum iron (SI) and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBG) were examined in a total of 386 purchased calves for the duration of 1 year. The calves were tested within 3 days of arrival at the buyer’s herd. The average age of the calves was 28 ± 10 days ().The results may be summarized as follows:
  1. Approx. 35% of the calves had Hb values ≦ 10.0 g/100 ml.
  2. Fifteen% of the calves had ≦ 6.0 × 106 R.C. per µl.
  3. Fifty-three calves or about 14% showed SI values ≦ 40 µg/100 ml and 131 calves or 34% ≦ 80 µg/100 ml.
  4. Twenty-seven % of the calves had UIBG values > 501 µg/100 ml.
  5. Almost half the calves (48%) had a saturation percentage of transferrin with iron below 20% and 138 calves (36%) below 15%.
These figures among others in the study indicate that 13–35% of the purchased calves suffered from iron deficiency anemia.  相似文献   

9.
The disposition kinetics, urinary excretion and dosage regimen of amikacin after a single intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg was investigated in six cross-bred bovine calves. At 1 min, the concentration of amikacin in the plasma was 116.9±3.16 µg/ml and the minimum therapeutic concentration was maintained for 8 h. The elimination half-life and volume of distribution were 3.09±0.27 h and 0.4±0.03 L/kg, respectively. The total body clearance (ClB) and T/P ratio were 0.09±0.002 L/kg/h and 4.98±0.41, respectively. Approximately 50% of the total dose of amikacin was recovered in the urine within 24 h after administration. Amikacin in concentrations ranging from 5 to 150 µg/ml bound to plasma proteins to the extent of 6.32%±0.42%. A satisfactory intravenous dosage regimen of amikacin in bovine calves would be 13 mg/kg followed by 12 mg/kg at 12 h intervals.  相似文献   

10.
In an experiment with 12 calves, Aquacycline® in a 5 % (OTC-A5) and a 10 % (OTC-A10) solution, was compared with Terramycin®-100 (OTC-C) by injecting 20 mg OTC/kg bwt. of these preparations in the dewlap and monitoring serum concentrations as well as tissue reactions and residues at the site of injection. All 3 preparations resulted in oxytetracycline (OTC) serum concentrations above 0.5 µg/ml of approximately 60 h. During this period, OTC-A5 resulted in a 39 % and OTC-A10 in a 20 % larger area under the serum concentration-time curve, as compared to OTC-C (P < 0.05). The recorded tissue reaction in the form of swelling during the first week following injection of OTC-A5 averaged 72 % of that after OTC-C (P < 0.01), while the mean swelling after OTC-A10 was 81 % of the corresponding value after OTC-C (P < 0.05). The OTC residue levels at the sites of injection were lower after OTC-A5, but none of the preparations resulted in OTC residues exceeding 0.3 mg at 28 days and about 0.15 mg at 42 days after injection. The pathological changes at the site of injection were somewhat more pronounced in those calves which received OTC-C. Accordingly, these results give some support to the claims that Aquacycline® offers advantages with respect to absorption characteristics and tissue tolerance.  相似文献   

11.
The disposition kinetics and appropriate dosage regimen for kanamycin were investigated in buffalo calves following a single intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. The distribution and elimination half-lives were 0.12±0.01 h and 1.94±0.11 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance were 0.2±0.01 L/kg and 92.9±3.69 ml/kg/h, respectively. About 74% of the administered dose was excreted in urine in 24 h. A suitable dosage regimen for the intravenous administration of kanamycin was also calculated.Abbreviation SEM standard error of the mean  相似文献   

12.
1. The pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin were investigated in Japanese quails after a single dose of 10?mg/kg BW, given either intravenously or orally.

2. Following intravenous administration, the mean value of distribution at steady state (Vdss), total body clearance (Cltot) and mean residence time (MRT) of levofloxacin were 1·25?l/kg, 0·39?l/h/kg and 2·72?h, respectively.

3. Following oral administration of levofloxacin, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 3·31?µg/ml and was achieved at a maximum time (Tmax) of 2?h. Mean residence time (MRT), mean absorption time (MAT) and bioavailability were 4·26?h, 1·54?h and 69·01%, respectively. In vitro plasma protein binding of levofloxacin was 23·52%.

4. Based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic integration, an oral dose of 10?mg/kg levofloxacin for every 12?h is recommended for a successful clinical effect in quails.  相似文献   

13.

Background

Overwintering (breeding) reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are commonly treated with ivermectin against parasitic infestations once yearly in autumn-winter roundups. The only preparations registered to reindeer are those for subcutaneous injection. However, also oral extra-label ivermectin administration is used. Twenty-six, 8-month-old reindeer calves were randomly allocated into three groups. Group 1 (n = 9) received oral ivermectin mixture (Ivomec® vet mixt. 0.8 mg/ml, oral ovine liquid drench formulation), Group 2 (n = 9) oral ivermectin paste (Ivomec® vet 18.7 mg/g equine paste), and Group 3 (n = 8) subcutaneous injection of ivermectin (Ivomec® 10 mg/ml vet inj.), each group at a dose of 200 μg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected at treatment and at days 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 16 post treatment. Plasma concentrations of ivermectin were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection.

Results

The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was reached by 2 days after each treatment. The Cmax and Area Under Curve (AUC) differed significantly between the groups: Cmax was 30.2 ± 3.9, 14.9 ± 5.7 and 63.1 ± 13.1 ng/ml, and AUC∞ was 2881 ± 462, 1299 ± 342 and 6718 ± 1620 ng*h/ml for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (mean ± standard deviation).

Conclusions

The differences in plasma concentrations of ivermectin are concomitant with earlier observed differences in antiparasitic efficacy, which discounts the use of the equine paste in reindeer in favour of the oral ovine liquid drench formulation, or preferably, the reindeer-registered subcutaneous injection formulation.  相似文献   

14.
Six healthy adult horses (5 mares and 1 stallion) were given a single dose of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), 20 mg/kg of body weight, by intravenous (IV), rectal, and intragastric (IG) routes. Serial blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture over a 36-h period, and plasma ASA and salicylic acid (SA) concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. After IV administration, the mean elimination rate constant of ASA (± the standard error of the mean) was 1.32 ± 0.09 h−l, the mean elimination half-life was 0.53 ± 0.04 h, the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve (AUC) was 2555 ± 98 μg · min/mL, the plasma clearance was 472 ± 18.9 mL/h/kg, and the volume of distribution at steady state was 0.22 ± 0.01 L/kg. After rectal administration, the plasma concentration of ASA peaked at 5.05 ± 0.80 μg/mL at 0.33 h, then decreased to undetectable levels by 4 h; the plasma concentration of SA peaked at 17.39 ± 5.46 μg/mL at 2 h, then decreased to 1.92 ± 0.25 μg/mL by 36 h. After rectal administration, the AUC for ASA was 439.4 ± 94.55 μg · min/mL and the bioavailability was 0.17 ± 0.037. After IG administration, the plasma concentration of ASA peaked at 1.26 ± 0.10 μg/mL at 0.67 h, then declined to 0.37 ± 0.37 μg/mL by 36 h; the plasma concentration of SA peaked at 23.90 ± 4.94 μg/mL at 4 h and decreased to 0.85 ± 0.31 μg/mL by 36 h. After IG administration, the AUC for ASA was 146.70 ± 24.90 μg · min/mL and the bioavailability was 0.059 ± 0.013. Administration of a single rectal dose of ASA of 20 mg/kg to horses results in higher peak plasma ASA concentrations and greater bioavailability than the same dose given IG. Plasma ASA concentrations after rectal administration should be sufficient to inhibit platelet thromboxane production, and doses lower than those suggested for IG administration may be adequate.  相似文献   

15.
New enrofloxacin microspheres were formulated, and their physical properties, lung-targeting ability, and tissue distribution in rats were examined. The microspheres had a regular and round shape. The mean diameter was 10.06 µm, and the diameter of 89.93% of all microspheres ranged from 7.0 µm to 30.0 µm. Tissue distribution of the microspheres was evaluated along with a conventional enrofloxacin preparation after a single intravenous injection (7.5 mg of enrofloxacin/kg bw). The results showed that the elimination half-life (t1/2β) of enrofloxacin from lung was prolonged from 7.94 h for the conventional enrofloxacin to 13.28 h for the microspheres. Area under the lung concentration versus time curve from 0 h to ∞ (AUC0-∞) was increased from 11.66 h·µg/g to 508.00 h·µg/g. The peak concentration (Cmax) in lung was increased from 5.95 µg/g to 93.36 µg/g. Three lung-targeting parameters were further assessed and showed that the microspheres had remarkable lung-targeting capabilities.  相似文献   

16.
The pharmacokinetic behavior of cefepime was studied in healthy and febrile cross-bred calves after single intravenous administration (10 mg/kg). The fever was induced with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/kg, IV). The drug concentration in plasma was detected by microbiological assay method using E. coli (MTCC 739) test organism. Pharmacokinetic analysis of disposition data indicated that intravenous administration data were best described by 2 compartment open model. At 1 min the concentration of cefepime in healthy and febrile animals were 55.3 ± 0.54 μg/ml and 50.0 ± 0.48 μg/ml, respectively and drug was detected up to 12 h. The elimination half-life of cefepime was increased from 1.26 ± 0.01 h in healthy animals to 1.62 ± 0.09 h in febrile animals. Drug distribution was altered by fever as febrile animals showed volume of distribution (0.27 ± 0.02 L/kg) higher than normal animal (0.19 ± 0.01 L/kg). Total body clearances in healthy and febrile animals were 104.4 ± 2.70 and 114.2 ± 1.20 ml/kg/h, respectively. To maintain minimum therapeutic concentration of 1 μg/ml, a satisfactory dosage regimen of cefepime in healthy and febrile cross-bred calves would be 15.5 mg/kg and 8.2 mg/kg body weight, respectively, to be repeated at 8 h intervals. The T>MIC values (8 h) of cefepime suggested that this agent is clinically effective in the treatment of various infections.  相似文献   

17.
Summary

The oral absorption and bioavailability of flumequine was studied in 1‐, 5‐ and 18‐week‐old calves following intravenous and oral administration of different formulations of flumequine (Flumix®, Flumix C® and pure flumequine). Increasing age had a negative influence on the Cmax after the administration of Flumix®, based on a larger VD in the older calves. The Cmax decreased from 5.02 ± 1.46 μg/ml in the first week to 3.28 ± 0.42 μg/ml in the 18th week. Adding colistin sulfate to the flumequine formulation and administring pure flumequine mixed with milk replacer had a negative effect on the Cmax of flumequine after oral administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight. The bioavailability of the orally administered flumequine formulations was 100% in all cases except after the administration of Flumix C®, for which it was 75.9 ± 18.2%. The urinary recovery of flumequine after intravenous injection of a 10% solution varied from 35.2 ± 2.3% for Group B. to 41.2 ± 6.3% for Group C.

The dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight Flumix® twice daily in 1‐week‐old veal calves is sufficient to reach therapeutic plasma concentrations, based on a MIC value of 0.8 μg/ml of the target bacteria.

In older calves it is advisable to increase the dosage 7.5 or 10 mg/kg body weight every 12 hours. In combination with colistin sulfate it is also advisable to increase the dosage slightly because of the negative effect of the colistin sulfate on the Cmax of flumequine.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome (CFQ) and ceftriaxone (CTX) following intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administrations in premature calves. Using a parallel design, 24 premature calves were randomly divided into the two antibiotic groups. Each of the six animals in the first group received CFQ (2 mg/kg) through IV or IM administration. The second group received CTX (20 mg/kg) via the same administration route. Plasma concentrations of the drugs were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography and noncompartmental methods. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of CFQ and CTX following IV administration were as follows: elimination half‐life (t1/2λz) 1.85 and 3.31 hr, area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞) 15.74 and 174 hr * μg/ml, volume of distribution at steady‐state 0.37 and 0.45 L/kg, and total body clearance 0.13 and 0.12 L hr?1 kg?1, respectively. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of CFQ and CTX after IM injection were as follows: peak concentration 4.56 and 25.04 μg/ml, time to reach peak concentration 1 and 1.5 hr, t1/2λz 4.74 and 3.62 hr, and AUC0–∞ 22.75 and 147 hr * μg/ml, respectively. The bioavailability of CFQ and CTX after IM injection was 141% and 79%, respectively. IM administration of CFQ (2 mg/kg) and CTX (20 mg/kg) can be recommended at 12‐hr interval for treating infections caused by susceptible bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentration values of ≤0.5 and ≤4 μg/ml, respectively, in premature calves. However, further research is indicated to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters following multiple doses of the drug in premature calves.  相似文献   

19.
Eleven buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis) of 1-1 1/2 years of age and weighing between 64 and 174 kg were given chloramphenicol at the dose rates of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the plasma levels. The median elimination half-life was estimated to be 2.95 h and the median volumes of distribution were 1.1667 litres/kg with the 10 mg/kg dose and 0.9699 litres/kg with the 20 mg/kg dose. The median metabolic clearance rates were 288.30 and 234.13 ml/h/kg, respectively. From the average plasma concentrations obtained with the 20 mg/kg i.v. dose, it was considered necessary to repeat the drug by the i.m. route with the same dose (four calves) which resulted in prolonging the therapeutic concentration (> 5 μg/ml) until 18 h. At therapeutic concentrations, about 60% of the drug was bound to plasma proteins. Using the overall elimination rate constant (0.2354 h-1) and the apparent specific volume of distribution (0.97 litres/kg), different dosage regimens were calculated so as to obtain plasma concentrations (Cp min) of 2, 5 and 10 μg/ml.  相似文献   

20.
Paracetamol was administered at dosages of 5 mg/kg to camels and 10 mg/kg to goats by the intravenous and intramuscular routes. Parent paracetamol had a significantly slower clearance (21.9 ± 1.4 mL/min.kg vs. 52.8 ± 7.3 mL/min.kg) (P < 0.01) in camels than in goats. In camels the predominant metabolite in plasma was the sulphate, although the ratios of glucuronide:paracetamol and sulphate:paracetamol were similar (5.20 ± 0.50 vs. 6.59 ± 0.51) following intravenous administration. In goats the glucuronide metabolite was the predominant moiety in plasma, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the sulphate was only 3.89% of that of the glucuronide conjugate. The apparent AUC for paracetamol in the camel following intramuscular administration was larger than that following intravenous administration, however, when the bioavailability (F) was determined, with correction for altered half-life, within the animal and between study phases it was 71 ± 17% in goats and 105 ± 26% in camels.  相似文献   

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