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1.
Abstract. The pharmacokinetic and metabolic disposition of piromidic acid (PA) was studied in goldfish orally administered a single dose of 40 mg/kg of PA or 14 C-PA with the following results. PA was rapidly absorbed from the alimentary tract and became widely distributed to give maximal organ and tissue levels mostly after 1 h post dosing. Organ and tissue levels of PA as measured by the radioactivity were 1.4–2.2 times as high as those obtained by the bioassay, though their distribution patterns were similar. PA was partly biotransformed to unconjugated antibacterial metabolites, i.e., α -OHPA and β -OHPA and partly to more hydrophilic glucuronides which were excreted into bile. Bioactive metabolites along with PA disappeared almost entirely from the fish within 48 h post dosing. The antibacterial activity of α -OHPA and β -OHPA against major pathogenic bacteria isolated from fish showed two to four-fold greater activity as compared with PA. This pharmacokinetic and metabolic disposition, together with the antibacterial activity of PA and its active metabolites, suggest a possible practical application of PA against bacterial fish diseases. 相似文献
2.
半咸水_海水对几种渔用抗菌药物体外活性的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
研究了人工海水、天然半咸水以及生理盐水对６种我国常用抗菌药物（环丙沙星、四环素、土霉素、氯霉素、磺胺以及呋喃唑酮）体外抗两种鱼类病原细菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓ ｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ和Ｖｉｂｒｉｏ ｆｌｕｖｉａｌｉｓ）活性的影响。结果表示：海水对几乎所有受试药物的抗菌活性均呈抑制作用,其中对土霉素的影响最为显著;半咸水可使土霉素、四环素及磺胺药的抗菌活性下降;生理盐水对不同药物或不同细菌的作用不一致; 相似文献
3.
P. Katharios J. Iliopoulou-Georgudaki K. Kapata-Zoumbos S. Spiropoulos 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2001,25(2):99-108
Ivermectin has been widely used as a treatment against sea lice infections of farmed fish (salmonids and non-salmonids) without
any official license for use in aquaculture. This study presents data on the toxic side effects of ivermectin administered
intraperitoneally in sea bream, Sparus aurata at single doses of 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg ivermectin kg−1 fish. The toxicity of ivermectin was evaluated for a period of 35 days post treatment by determining changes in selected
hematological parameters (hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, leucocyte count, differential white blood cell count,
plasma glucose, electrolytes, urea and alkaline phosphatase), pathological effects in the tissues and the organs of the fish
using histological techniques and changes in the behavior of the fish. The results showed a decrease of the hematocrit value
one hour after the injection for most of the doses along with an increase of the hemoglobin concentration, the number of the
white blood cells, the lymphocytes and monocytes and plasma glucose. No mortality or any histopathological alteration at the
tissues examined, were recorded. The fish, which were injected with the highest dose of ivermectin, experienced a loss of
appetite, lethargy and darkening of their color during the first week post injection. All the studied parameters reached the
normal level by the end of the experiment indicating a low and reversible toxicity of the drug.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
A Jöborn J C Olsson A Westerdahl P L Conway & S Kjelleberg 《Journal of fish diseases》1997,20(5):383-392
A non-virulent Carnobacterium sp., designated strain K1, isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., which produced inhibitory substances against bacterial fish pathogens, was examined in vitro for characteristics important for the colonization of the fish gastrointestinal tract and in vivo for persistence in the tract after oral dosing. In vitro growth experiments showed that the cells of this strain were metabolically active in both the intestinal mucus and faeces from salmonids. The production of growth inhibitors against the two common fish pathogens Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida by Carnobacterium sp. strain K1 was demonstrated in vitro in mucus and faecal extracts. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the Carnobacterium cells remained viable in the gastrointestinal tract for several days and that no detrimental effect to the fish was observed as a result of the presence of the bacterium. 相似文献
5.
The innate immune system of fish is considered to be the first line of defence against a broad spectrum of pathogens and is more important for fish as compared with mammals. Lysozyme level or activity is an important index of innate immunity of fish and is ubiquitous in its distribution among living organisms. It is well documented that fish lysozyme possess lytic activity against both Gram‐positive bacteria and Gram‐negative bacteria. It is also known to be opsonic in nature and activates the complement system and phagocytes. It is present in mucus, lymphoid tissue, plasma and other body fluids of freshwater and marine fish. It is also expressed in a wide variety of tissues. Lysozyme activity has been shown to vary depending on the sex, age and size, season, water temperature, pH, toxicants, infections and degree of stressors. Here, we review our current understanding of different types of lysozyme and their expression and its role in fish innate immune system. 相似文献
6.
Abstract. Fifteen drugs were tested for in vitro control of Yersinia ruckeri . Those drugs yielding in vitro control were subsequently tested for in vivo control of induced enteric redmouth disease in rainbow trout. Two of the drugs, Tribrissen®v and tiamulin, controlled Y. nickeri in vivo under laboratory conditions. The effective doses used in this study were 1–0 mg of Tribrissen/kg fish/day and 5–0 mg of tiamulin/kg fish/day, when the compounds were administered orally for 14 days. No toxic effects were noted at these dose levels, or from Tribrissen given at 15 times the above effective dose. 相似文献
7.
This study describes apoptosis induced in vivo and in vitro in tilapia, Oreochromis aureus Steindachner, by Staphylococcus epidermidis . In an in vivo experiment, tilapia were challenged using viable S. epidermidis and its cultured supernatant, respectively. Apoptosis was predominantly detected in lymphocytes and macrophages in spleen and kidney. Apoptotic figures were observed occasionally in the brain, liver, gonad, mesentery, stomach, intestine and skeletal muscle of infected fish. In an in vitro experiment, TO-2 cells treated with brain heart infusion broth supernatant of the bacteria after 48 h revealed that the supernatant was able to induce the cell apoptosis. Fragmented DNA was also detected 48 h after treatment using 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. The smallest multimeric DNA fragment was approximately 180-bp in length. Results of both the in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that products of the bacteria could induce tilapia cell apoptosis. 相似文献
8.
Bacterial subcellular components and probiotics were successful for the stimulation of immunity and the prevention of Vibrio harveyi infections in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Rainbow trout were immunized with whole inactivated cells of V. harveyi to obtain polyclonal antibodies against specific antigens. Western blotting showed a unique reactive band (∼93 kDa) between serum and bacterial proteins from outer membrane proteins (OMP) and extracellular products (ECP). Probiotics were selected according to their capability to inhibit V. harveyi . Two of these bacteria, i.e. A3-47 and A3-51, showed cross-reactivity with V. harveyi antiserum. Their OMPs and ECPs were reactive with V. harveyi antiserum in bands of ∼93 kDa for A3-51 and higher for A3-47. In vivo tests determined that fish fed with A3-51 produced cross-reactive antibodies against V. harveyi and also, the survival of these fish infected with V. harveyi was high, being similar to the level achieved with vaccinated fish. Thus, the probiotics, when administered as live preparations, were capable of producing cross-reactive antibody against specific bacterial pathogens. 相似文献
9.
C. A. G. Leal G. A. Carvalho-Castro P. S. C. Sacchetin C. O. Lopes A. M. Moraes H. C. P. Figueiredo 《Aquaculture International》2010,18(4):657-666
Flavobacterium columnare is a bacterial pathogen for many freshwater fish species. It is responsible for outbreaks in fish farms worldwide, causing
high mortality rates. Fish vaccination is a potential approach for prevention and control of disease, with oral vaccines suitable
for fish because of their easier application, low cost and minimum stress to fish. Alginate microparticles have been widely
used as controlled release systems, including for fish vaccination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of
oral and parenteral vaccines against F. columnare to induce a humoral response, as well as the in vivo efficiency in Nile tilapia fingerlings. The fingerlings were immunized
with bacterin by intraperitoneal (i.p.), intramuscular (i.m.), oral and immersion routes, as well as orally with alginate
microparticles containing formalin-killed bacteria. A sandwich ELISA was developed to detect specific antibodies against F. columnare. The animals were challenged with pathogenic strain BZ-1 to determine the relative percentage of survival. A significant
humoral response was induced by bacterin administered by i.p. and i.m. routes (P < 0.05). However, none of the vaccine preparations were effective in protecting fish against F. columnare infection (P < 0.05). In spite of high antibody levels, there was no relation between immunoglobulin titers and resistance to columnaris
for Nile tilapia fingerlings. These data suggest that use of serological analysis as the only method to determine vaccine
efficiency against F. columnare infection in Nile tilapia can lead to imprecise results for the usefulness of these products in vivo. 相似文献
10.
Depletion of florfenicol amine in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) maintained in a recirculating aquaculture system following Aquaflor®‐medicated feed therapy 
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下载免费PDF全文 Mark P Gaikowski Melissa K Whitsel Shawn Charles Susan M Schleis Louis S Crouch Richard G Endris 《Aquaculture Research》2015,46(8):1842-1857
Aquaflor® [50% w w?1 florfenicol (FFC)], is approved for use in freshwater‐reared warmwater finfish which include tilapia Oreochromis spp. in the United States to control mortality from Streptococcus iniae. The depletion of florfenicol amine (FFA), the marker residue of FFC, was evaluated after feeding FFC‐medicated feed to deliver a nominal 20 mg FFC kg?1 BW d?1 dose (1.33× the label use of 15 mg FFC kg?1 BW d?1) to Nile tilapia O. niloticus and hybrid tilapia O. niloticus × O. aureus held in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) at production‐scale holding densities. Florfenicol amine concentrations were determined in fillets taken from 10 fish before dosing and from 20 fish at nine time points after dosing (from 1 to 240 h post‐dosing). Water samples were assayed for FFC before, during and after the dosing period. Parameters monitored included daily feed consumption and biofilter function (levels of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate). Mean fillet FFA concentration decreased from 13.77 μg g?1 at 1‐h post dosing to 0.39 μg g?1 at 240‐h post dosing. Water FFC concentration decreased from a maximum of 1400 ng mL?1 at 1 day post‐dosing to 847 ng mL?1 at 240 h post‐dosing. There were no adverse effects noted on fish, feed consumption or biofilter function associated with FFC‐medicated feed administration to tilapia. 相似文献
11.
Bakopoulos V Hanif A Poulos K Galeotti M Adams A Dimitriadis GJ 《Journal of fish diseases》2004,27(1):1-13
Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida, the causative agent of fish pasteurellosis, was grown in vivo. Bacterial cells and extracellular products (ECPs) were analysed via electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis, using specific sea bass antisera. Growth in vivo induced the synthesis of unique bacterial cell proteins at > 206, 206, 21.3, 18, 7.6 and < 7.6 kDa. Sea bass serum raised against live bacterial cells of the pathogen and especially a sea bass serum raised against formalin-inactivated bacterial cells grown in a specific novel medium recognized the novel antigens at > 206 (associated with iron sequestration), 21.3, 7.6 and < 7.6 kDa, suggesting that the latter medium conserves the synthesis of natural bacterial cell proteins in vitro. In vivo growth of the pathogen induced the synthesis of more toxic ECPs in comparison with in vitro growth and an inverse correlation between total protein concentration in the ECPs and toxicity per unit of protein was observed. Substrate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis revealed the presence of in vivo synthesized ECPs of the pathogen (proteases) at 175, 132, < 79 and 48.3 kDa. Histological examination of tissues isolated from fish injected with these ECPs revealed inflammatory and necrotic lesions in the spleen, liver, head kidney, intestine and heart as soon as 48 h post-introduction of the ECPs. 相似文献
12.
David J. Wise Thomas E. Schwedler Jeffery S. Terhune 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1997,28(1):45-51
Uptake and clearance of Edwardsiella ictaluri in the peripheral blood of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings were monitored for 216 h after exposure to E. ictaluri for 4 h and 8 h under static conditions. Most fish exposed to E. ictaluri developed bacteriemia 24 h post-exposure, and by 72 h post-exposure E. ictaluri was recovered from all the blood of all exposed fish. The number of E. ictaluri colony forming units (CFU) in the blood of moribund fish ranged between 1.7 × 103 to 1.6 × 105 CFU/50 μL whole blood. Clearance of bacteria from the blood was observed by 216 h post-exposure and all fish surviving bacterial exposure developed agglutinating antibody against E. ictaluri . The pathogenesis of the infection was accompanied by the shedding of viable E. ictaluri into the water which may serve as a mechanism by which fish to fish transmission occurs. 相似文献
13.
以施氏鲟（Acipenser schrencki）为实验对象,探讨自组中药方剂（复方A）水煎剂对鲟鱼体内部分非特异性免疫功能指标的影响。将1＋龄施氏鲟随机分为2组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼。每日按1.1g·kg-1体质量口灌给药,连续7d。给药结束后,每组取10尾鱼高温30℃热刺激2h后,与常温22℃实验组共同采样,测定鱼血浆中蛋白含量、白细胞吞噬及6种组织中溶菌酶活性。结果表明：连续7d口灌复方A有效提高了施氏鲟血浆中总蛋白和球蛋白含量及6种组织中溶菌酶活性,促进了白细胞吞噬作用;在高温应激条件下能调节机体做出快速应激反应,但在高温条件下对部分组织中溶菌酶活性有一定的抑制作用。 相似文献
14.
Setu Chakraborty Trung Cao Ahmed Hossain Hajarooba Gnanagobal Ignacio Vasquez Danny Boyce Javier Santander 《Journal of fish diseases》2019,42(7):1057-1064
Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), a native fish of the North Atlantic Ocean, is utilized as cleaner fish to biocontrol sea lice infestations in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. However, bacterial infections are affecting cleaner fish performance. Vibrio anguillarum, the aetiological agent of vibriosis, is one of the most frequent bacterial infections in lumpfish, and effective vaccine programmes against this pathogen have been identified as a high priority for lumpfish. Vibrogen‐2 is a commercial polyvalent bath vaccine that contains formalin‐inactivated cultures of V. anguillarum serotypes O1 and O2, and Vibrio ordalii. In this study, we evaluated Vibrogen‐2 efficacy in lumpfish against a local isolated V. anguillarum strain. Two groups of 125 lumpfish were bath‐immunized, bath‐boost‐immunized at four weeks post‐primary immunization, and intraperitoneally (i.p.) boost‐immunized at eight weeks post‐primary immunization. The control groups were i.p. mock‐immunized with PBS. Twenty‐seven weeks post‐primary immunization, the fish were i.p. challenged with 10 or 100 times the V. anguillarum J360 LD50 dose. After the challenge, survival was monitored daily, and samples of tissues were collected at ten days post‐challenge. Commercial vaccine Vibrogen‐2 reduced V. anguillarum tissue colonization and delayed mortality but did not confer immune protection to C. lumpus against the V. anguillarum i.p. challenge. 相似文献
15.
Abstract. Immunized hens are known to contain a high level of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) in their egg yolk. In this study, the present authors obtained anti- Edwardsiella tarda IgY (containing 20% specific IgY, agglutination titre, 1:128) from hens vaccinated by injection with formalin-killed bacterin. The IgY was stable against eel digestive factors, and therefore, was orally administered with viable E. tarda to the Japanese eels and the efficacy of protection against E. tarda infection was evaluated. Orally administered IgY at a dose of 400mg fish-1 cleared E. tarda inoculated simultaneously at 105–6 CFU fish-1 from the intestine within 24h. Moreover, orally administered IgY at doses of 200 and 400mg fish-1 inhibited the penetration of E. tarda inoculated simultaneously at 104–6 CFU fish-1 into the liver and kidney via the damaged intestine. The fish orally administered with IgY showed reduced mortality. These results suggest that egg yolk containing anti- E. tarda IgY is effective in preventing edwardsiellosis. 相似文献
16.
We investigated the efficacy of praziquantel (PZQ) and fenbendazole (FBZ), each administered by bath and orally, against the monogenean Lepidotrema bidyana Murray, a gill parasite of the freshwater fish silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). PZQ and FBZ were each administered by bath at 10 mg L?1 for 48 h and on surface‐coated feed pellets at 75 mg kg?1 per body weight (BW) per day for 6 days. Bath treatments of PZQ and FBZ had an efficacy of 99% and 91%, respectively, against adult L. bidyana. Oral treatments of PZQ and FBZ had an efficacy of 79% and 95%, respectively, against adult L. bidyana. Fish rejected feed pellets surface‐coated with PZQ, suggesting that palatability of surface‐coated PZQ‐medicated feed is poor, which undermined efficacy. In all trials, some juvenile parasites were present on fish after treatment during efficacy assessment, indicating that efficacy may be lower against juvenile parasites or that recruitment occurred post‐treatment, demonstrating that repeat treatments are necessary to effectively control L. bidyana in aquaculture. 相似文献
17.
Defeng Zhang Xiaoli Ke Zhigang Liu Jianmeng Cao Youlu Su Maixin Lu Fengying Gao Miao Wang Mengmeng Yi Fengling Qin 《Journal of fish diseases》2019,42(2):293-302
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is associated with diverse diseases in aquatic animals. The capsule polysaccharide (CPS) encoded by the cps gene cluster is the major virulence factor of S. agalactiae; however, limited information is available regarding the pathogenic role of the CPS of serotype Ia piscine GBS strains in fish. Here, a non‐encapsulated mutant (Δcps) was constructed by insertional mutagenesis of the cps gene cluster. Mutant pathogenicity was evaluated in vitro based on the killing of whole blood from tilapia, in vivo infections, measuring mutant survival in tilapia spleen tissues and pathological analysis. Compared to wild‐type (WT) GBS strain, the Δcps mutant had lower resistance to fresh tilapia whole blood in vitro (p < 0.01), and more easily cleared in tilapia spleen tissue, and was highly attenuated in tilapia and zebrafish. Additionally, compared to the Δcps mutant, numerous GBS strains and severe tissue necrosis were observed in the tilapia spleen tissue infected with WT strains. These results indicated that the CPS is essential for GBS pathogenicity and may serve as a target for attenuation in vaccine development. Gaining a better understanding of the role, the GBS pathogenicity in fish will provide insight into related pathogenesis and host–pathogen interactions. 相似文献
18.
Constantinos Poulos Vassilis Bakopoulos Vassiliki Zolota & George J. Dimitriadis 《Aquaculture Research》2004,35(10):931-936
Groups of sea bass (Dicentrarhus labrax L.) were surgically implanted in the abdominal cavity with dialysis tubing of different pore size containing either live Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida cells or sterile phosphate‐buffered saline, in order to grow the pathogen in vivo. During the course of the experiment mortalities, not due to microbial infection, occurred, that prompted the use of histology in order to identify the lesions caused by molecules released from the dialysis bags during in vivo growth of the pathogen. Collected tissues from moribund fish were processed for light microscopy. Fish implanted with the 2 kD molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) bags suffered very minor histological changes whereas fish with 12 kD MWCO membranes showed severe lesions varying upon the time post operation. Moreover, inflammatory cells appeared in all tissues from fish implanted with 12 kD MWCO especially 48 h after infection. Spleen, liver, intestine and gills showed necrotic changes appearing 60 h post infection. Since no bacteria were isolated after microbiological sampling of tissue, the inflammatory‐necrotic changes observed in the tissues were attributed to the toxicity of extracellular products. 相似文献
19.
Renal threshold for urinary glucose excretion by tilapia in response to orally administered carbohydrates and injected glucose 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Two experiments, oral carbohydrate administration (Experiment 1) and vein glucose injection (Experiment 2), were conducted to gain more insight into the ability of hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus, to utilize different carbohydrates and to establish the kidney threshold for urinary glucose excretion. In Experiment 1, both glucose and starch were administered orally after the tilapia were fasted for 24 h. Plasma and urine were sampled from the fish at selected time intervals from 1 to 24 h thereafter. Higher (p<0.05) plasma and urine glucose concentrations were found in fish fed on glucose than in fish fed on starch. The concentration of plasma glucose of tilapia peaked at 3 h (25.45 mM for glucose; 8.24 mM for starch) after the oral ingestion of both carbohydrates. Maximum urinary glucose concentrations (48 mM for glucose; 10 mM for starch) in fish fed glucose and starch were at 3 and 4 h post administration. In Experiment 2, five concentrations (0, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16 and 0.24 g glucose ml–1) of glucose solution were injected into the caudal vein of the tilapia. Urine were sampled from the fish at 30-min time intervals from 0 to 6 h after the injection. Blood was sampled at 1 h after the injection. Higher urinary glucose concentrations were observed in fish injected with 0.12 g glucose ml–1. When the urinary glucose concentrations in fish injected with the various glucose concentrations were plotted against the plasma glucose concentrations of the fish 1 h after injection, the kidney threshold for urinary glucose excretion in tilapia appeared to be about 6 mM. 相似文献
20.
Neguvon (Bayer) was administered orally as a therapeutic against the parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis. An effective dose is stated and the concentration remaining in fish muscle was measured. 相似文献