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1.
Maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) collected in the foothills of the Nepal Himalaya Mountains were analyzed for Fusarium species and mycotoxins: fumonisins, nivalenol (NIV), and deoxynivalenol (DON). Predominant species were Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A (F. moniliforme) in maize and F. graminearum in maize and wheat; G. fujikuroi mating population D (F. proliferatum), F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. chlamydosporum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. semitectum, and F. torulosum were also present. Strains of G. fujikuroi mating population A produced fumonisins, and strains of F. graminearum produced NIV or DON. By immunoassay or high-performance liquid chromatography, fumonisins were >1000 ng/g in 22% of 74 maize samples. By immunoassay or fluorometry, NIV and DON were >1000 ng/g in 16% of maize samples but were not detected in wheat. Fumonisins and DON were not eliminated by traditional fermentation for producing maize beer, but Nepalese rural and urban women were able to detoxify contaminated maize by hand-sorting visibly diseased kernels.  相似文献   

2.
Conjugated mycotoxins, in which the toxin is usually bound to a more polar substance like glucose, are referred to as masked mycotoxins, as these substances escape routine detection methods but can release their toxic precursors after hydrolysis. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of a glucoside of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Fusarium-infected wheat and maize. To obtain appropriate standards, we chemically synthesized deoxynivalenol-3-beta-D-glucopyranoside (DON-3-glucoside) and deoxynivalenol-15-beta-D-glucopyranoside (DON-15-glucoside). The synthesis products were characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The DON-glucosides showed different collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation behaviors and could therefore be distinguished. Wheat plants were either treated with DON (n = 52) or with Fusarium spp. (n = 4) at anthesis, and after harvest, wheat ears were analyzed for DON and DON-glucosides. All 56 treated wheat samples contained DON and a DON-glucoside with the same retention time, molecular mass, and CID fragmentation behavior as the synthetic DON-3-glucoside. Moreover, the DON-glucoside was also found in two out of three analyzed naturally DON-contaminated maize and in five out of five naturally contaminated wheat samples, in a range from 4 to 12% of the DON concentration. To further confirm the identity of the DON-glucoside, the compound was isolated from wheat extracts and characterized as DON-3-glucoside with NMR. The results of this study indicate the importance to consider both DON and DON-3-glucoside with regard to food and feed safety.  相似文献   

3.
Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by certain species of Fusaria, are commonly found worldwide as contaminants in maize. This paper reports the development of a rapid, portable fluorescence polarization-based assay for fumonisins in maize. The assay was based on the competition of unlabeled fumonisin, from a sample, with a fluorescently tagged fumonisin (FB(1)-FL) for a fumonisin-specific monoclonal antibody in solution. The fluorescence polarization (FP) of the tagged fumonisin was increased upon binding with the antibody. In the presence of free toxin, less of the FB(1)-FL was bound and the polarization signal was decreased. The assays were very simple to perform, requiring only mixing of an aqueous extract of maize with the tagged fumonisin and antibody, and required <2 min per sample, excluding extraction time. Two permutations of the assay were tested, one with each sample matrix serving as its own blank, and the other with all of the samples compared relative to a PBS blank with normalization of the data similar to an ELISA. The limit of detection, defined as the toxin content associated with a fluorescence polarization signal 5 standard deviations from that of a fumonisin-free control, was 0.5 microg of FB(1)/g in spiked maize. Recoveries from spiked maize over the range of 0.5-20 ppm averaged 94.3 +/- 13.8%. Forty-eight samples of field-contaminated maize were tested by the FP and an established HPLC method, with a good correlation between the two (r(2) = 0.85-0.88). For these samples, the two variations of the FP assay also compared well to one another (r(2) = 0.97), suggesting the assay principle is very robust. The results, combined with the speed and ease of use for the assay, suggest that this technology has substantial potential as a screening tool for mycotoxins in foods.  相似文献   

4.
Fusarium head blight, induced primarily by Fusarium graminearum, resulted in widespread damage to the Manitoba barley crops of 1993 and 1994, with contamination by deoxynivalenol (DON) and other 8-keto-trichothecenes. Visible Fusarium mold in samples of 1994 barley had little relationship to DON levels in the kernel as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). While samples of 1993 and 1994 barley showed a weak correlation between the logarithm of DON level and percentage of kernels infected by Fusarium graminearum (r = 0.79 and 0.71, respectively), the latter method is too lengthy and requires too much training for commercial application. A commercial enzyme immunoassay for DON gave results that correlated well with GC-MS methods (r = 0.95 and 0.89, respectively) in samples of 1993 and 1994 barley and afforded a rapid and convenient method for screening. In barley samples from 1994, DON, 15-acetylDON, 3-acetylDON and 3,15-diacetylDON were detected in the approximate ratio of 47:4:1:1. In view of the higher oral toxicities of 15-acetylDON and 3-acetylDON relative to DON, and the unknown oral toxicity of 3,15-diacetylDON, GC-MS assays might be advisable in samples positive for DON from enzyme immunoassay screening.  相似文献   

5.
A rapid screening procedure based on the selective adsorption of deoxynivalenol (DON) from extracts of wheat and corn has been developed. DON is extracted from the sample with acetonitrile-water (85 + 15) and partially purified on a preparative minicolumn. Solvent is evaporated and the residue is dissolved in toluene-acetone (95 + 5) and chromatographed on a novel detector minicolumn which selectively adsorbs DON. A blue fluorescence is produced when the column is heated 5 min at 100 degrees C. The procedure is capable of detecting DON at greater than or equal to 500 ng/g. Forty-three wheat samples, contaminated with DON at 60-6300 ng/g, were assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) of the heptafluorobutyryl derivative of DON and by the selective adsorption procedure. Comparison of results showed 91% agreement between data from the 2 methods. Selective adsorption assays were positive for all samples that were greater than or equal to 500 ng/g by GC-MS (no false negatives) and were negative for 85% of samples less than 500 ng/g (4/27 false positives). These four samples contained greater than 200 ng/g by GC-MS. Samples of wheat (64), corn (23), soybeans (8), and sorghum (6) were extracted and extracts were assayed by thin-layer chromatography and the selective adsorption procedure. Selective adsorption assays agreed with TLC results.  相似文献   

6.
Gas chromatographic determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Modifications to a published method are described for the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat by gas chromatography with electron capture quantitation of the heptafluorobutyrate derivative. In the modified method, DON is extracted by shaking the sample with methanol-water on a wrist-action shaker, followed by filtration through rapid flow paper. One concentration step is eliminated, and a hexane wash is incorporated to remove toluene from the silica gel column. Recoveries of DON from wheat samples spiked at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm ranged from 77.3 to 86.3% and averaged 81.5%.  相似文献   

7.
Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus are commonly found in human and animal foods including grains, cereals, peanut products, sorghum, and soy seeds. Exposure to aflatoxins has been associated with carcinogenicity. This paper reports a simple, portable, and rapid fluorescence polarization (FP) assay for aflatoxin determination in grains. This immunoassay is field portable, homogeneous, and without any washing and cleaning steps. The assay is based upon the competition between free aflatoxin and an aflatoxin-fluorescein tracer for an aflatoxin-specific monoclonal antibody in solution. A series of naturally contaminated corn, sorghum, peanut butter, and peanut paste samples were analyzed by FP and compared with HPLC results. Similarly, spiked popcorn samples were analyzed by FP. FP results of naturally contaminated samples correlated well with HPLC (r (2) = 0.97). FP analysis of spiked popcorn samples (with a mixture of B(1)/B(2)/G(1)/G(2), 7/1/3/1, w/w) gave a good correlation with spiked values (r (2) = 0.99). However, FP consistently underestimated the aflatoxin contents. This was perhaps due to low cross-reactivity of the antibody used toward B(2), G(1), and G(2) aflatoxins. These results combined with the portability and simplicity of the assay suggest that the assay can be used for screening total aflatoxin in grains.  相似文献   

8.
为明确不同灌溉施肥措施下夏玉米-冬小麦轮作农田N_2O的排放特征,寻求既能减少N_2O排放又保证粮食产量的灌溉施肥方法,以华北地区夏玉米-冬小麦轮作农田为研究对象,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对土壤N_2O排放特征进行了周年(2015年6月15日-2016年6月12日)观测,探讨了常规施氮量(夏玉米:205.5 kg/hm2;冬小麦:250 kg/hm2)下传统灌溉施肥(FP100%)、滴灌+传统施肥(DN100%)、滴灌水肥一体化(FN100%)以及滴灌水肥一体化下不同施氮量(减氮60%(FN40%)、减氮30%(FN70%)、常规氮量(FN100%)和增氮30%(FN130%))下农田N_2O排放特征及土壤温湿度对农田N_2O排放的影响,另设滴灌+不施氮肥(CK)为对照。结果表明:在夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系中小麦季农田土壤N_2O排放通量高于玉米季,夏玉米季土壤N_2O阶段排放峰值出现在拔节期和抽雄期;而冬小麦季土壤N_2O阶段排放峰值出现在冬前苗期和拔节期。与FP100%处理相比,FN40%处理在夏玉米和冬小麦季的N_2O平均排放通量分别降低了70.8%和66.7%,N_2O排放总量分别减少了58.7%和66.3%;整个轮作季周年产量没有显著减少,N_2O排放总量显著降低了62.9%(P0.05)。FN40%处理夏玉米季和冬小麦N_2O排放系数分别为0.06和0.01,显著低于其他施肥处理(P0.05)。土壤温湿度均影响农田N_2O排放,但不同处理在夏玉米和冬小麦生长季与土壤温度和土壤湿度的相关性并不相同。综合考虑N_2O排放量和作物产量,研究认为,在华北地区夏玉米-冬小麦轮作系统下,若采用滴灌,则根据作物需肥规律同时采用水肥一体化方式进行施肥才既有增产,又减少农田N_2O排放的效果,并且在滴灌水肥一体化技术下,减少60%施氮量在保障粮食产量的同时,可以有效地减少N_2O排放,是兼顾作物产量及大气环境的推荐管理措施。  相似文献   

9.
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), or scab, can result in significant crop yield losses and contaminated grain in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Growing less susceptible cultivars is one of the most effective methods for managing FHB and for reducing deoxynivalenol (DON) levels in grain, but breeding programs lack a rapid and objective method for identifying the fungi and toxins. It is important to estimate proportions of sound kernels and Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) in grain and to estimate DON levels of FDK to objectively assess the resistance of a cultivar. An automated single kernel near‐infrared (SKNIR) spectroscopic method for identification of FDK and for estimating DON levels was evaluated. The SKNIR system classified visually sound and FDK with an accuracy of 98.8 and 99.9%, respectively. The sound fraction had no or very little accumulation of DON. The FDK fraction was sorted into fractions with high or low DON content. The kernels identified as FDK by the SKNIR system had better correlation with other FHB assessment indices such as FHB severity, FHB incidence and kernels/g than visual FDK%. This technique can be successfully employed to nondestructively sort kernels with Fusarium damage and to estimate DON levels of those kernels. Single kernels could be predicted as having low (<60 ppm) or high (>60 ppm) DON with ≈96% accuracy. Single kernel DON levels of the high DON kernels could be estimated with R2 = 0.87 and standard error of prediction (SEP) of 60.8 ppm. Because the method is nondestructive, seeds may be saved for generation advancement. The automated method is rapid (1 kernel/sec) and sorting grains into several fractions depending on DON levels will provide breeders with more information than techniques that deliver average DON levels from bulk seed samples.  相似文献   

10.
本文利用涡度相关技术对青岛农业大学现代农业科技示范园试验站2013—2014年冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田与大气之间CO_2、水汽和能量交换进行测量,分别对潜热和CO_2通量进行两种密度修正(WPL修正和Liu修正)并进行对比,计算了两种密度修正前后冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田的能量闭合度。结果表明:WPL修正与Liu修正可以提高潜热通量,WPL修正后夏玉米田潜热通量约提高6%,冬小麦田约提高2%;Liu修正后夏玉米田提高不足1%,冬小麦田提高约2%。因此WPL修正对于夏玉米田潜热的修正效果明显优于Liu修正,而对冬小麦田潜热修正两种方法效果相同。两种修正方法对于CO_2通量具有降低的修正效果,WPL修正后夏玉米田和冬小麦田CO_2通量分别降低3%和4%;Liu修正后夏玉米田和冬小麦田CO_2分别降低2%和3%。可以看出,WPL修正和Liu修正对CO_2通量修正前后差别非常小(差距均为1%)。通过对青岛地区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田能量闭合度的分析,发现密度修正可以提高能量闭合度,但不同下垫面有不同的修正效果。裸地情况下,WPL修正可以提高能量闭合度约2.53%~9.76%,夏玉米田为4.05%,冬小麦田为1.35%;而Liu修正对裸地能量闭合度的提高小于2.53%,对夏玉米田和冬小麦田提高约为1.35%。显然WPL修正对于能量闭合度的修正幅度大于Liu修正。能量闭合度大小关系为裸地Ⅰ(夏玉米出苗前)裸地Ⅱ(冬小麦出苗前)夏玉米田冬小麦田。  相似文献   

11.
A rapid method for detecting deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, was developed. DON was extracted from grains and other samples with acetonitrile-4% potassium chloride solution (9 + 1). Impurities that would interfere with detection were removed on a C18 silica gel reverse phase column. Water was removed from eluates on a hydrophilic matrix column. DON was detected by thin layer chromatography using an aluminum chloride solution to develop the blue response characteristic of the mycotoxin. Total time involved is approximately 30 min. The method was applicable to corn, wheat, and barley at detection levels of 1 ppm, and oats at 1.5 ppm. It is applicable to environmental samples (soil, green plants, and water) at detection levels of 0.75 ppm.  相似文献   

12.
A rapid and simple immunochemical method was developed for the assessment of the creatine kinase (MM) isoenzyme [CK(MM)], a protein marker linked with animal welfare and meat quality. The one-step time-resolved immunofluorometric assay produced quantitative results from serum or whole blood samples in 20 min. The analytical limit of detection (mean + 2s) for the immunoassay was 17 ng/mL (n = 6), and the functional limit of detection for the analysis of porcine whole blood samples was 426 ng/mL (n = 24). The working range of the method was linear up to 50 micro g/mL, and the within-assay precision varied between 2.1 and 10.9%. The analysis of porcine serum samples showed that the results from the immunoassay method and colorimetric CK enzyme activity determination were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.965, n = 17, p < 0.001). The practicability of the assay was demonstrated by the analysis of 300 porcine whole blood samples in a slaughterhouse environment.  相似文献   

13.
《Cereal Chemistry》2017,94(4):677-682
Deoxynivalenol (DON) levels in harvested grain samples are used to evaluate the Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance of wheat cultivars and breeding lines. Fourier transform near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) calibrations were developed to estimate the DON level and moisture content (MC) of bulk wheat grain samples harvested from FHB screening trials. Grains in a rotating glass petri dish were scanned in the 10,000–4,000 cm−1 (1,000–2,500 nm) spectral range using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 FT‐IR/FT‐NIR spectrometer. The DON calibration predicted the DON levels in test samples with R 2 = 0.62 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) = 8.01 ppm. When 5–25 ppm of DON was used as the cut‐off to classify samples into low‐ and high‐DON groups, 60.8–82.3% of the low‐DON samples were correctly classified, whereas the classification accuracy of the high‐DON group was 82.3–94.0%. The MC calibration predicted the MC in grain samples with R 2 = 0.98 and RMSEP = 0.19%. Therefore, these FT‐NIR calibrations can be used to rapidly prescreen wheat lines to identify low‐DON lines for further evaluation using standard laboratory methods, thereby reducing the time and costs of analyzing samples from FHB screening trials.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) nutrition of the rice-wheat (RW) systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain of South Asia has become important due to the alternate flooding and drying cycles of this crop rotation. Field experiments on the RW cropping sequence were conducted at three locations of Bangladesh on three soil types. Two fertilizer doses—farmers' practice (FP) and soil-test based (STB), containing recommended amounts of P, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and other nutrients—were compared with mungbean or maize as a third crop. The objective of the experiments was to detect P deficiency, if any, in rice, wheat, mungbean, and maize, and to compare the FP and STB doses of fertilizers in rice-wheat-mungbean and rice-wheat-maize sequences under two mungbean management practices (residue removed or retained) and one maize management practice (residue removed) in terms of P nutrition of those crops and annual system-level P removal and apparent P balance in the soil. The apparent P balance was negative with the FP dose (?1 to ?9 kg ha?1 for mungbean sequences at Joydebpur and Nashipur) and there was soil P accumulation under both the STB dose (9–49 kg ha?1) and zero N control (13–50 kg ha?1) across sites. The effect of maize or mungbean as the pre-rice crop on the apparent P balance of various RW sequences was not significant. Phosphorus deficiency occurred at all sites in wheat and maize, and at Ishwordi in rice, suggesting that P fertilizer recommendations need to be revised for RW systems in Bangladesh. The results also suggest that long-term monitoring for P concentration, uptake, and balance would be necessary for improving not only the productivity and sustainability of this system but also the fertilizer P-use efficiency.  相似文献   

15.
  【目的】  研究小麦、玉米专用硫磺树脂包膜尿素 (SRCU) 在水中和土壤中的氮素释放规律及其与作物氮素吸收的匹配性,并研究现有条件下其与普通尿素的配施比例,为调整该产品的氮素释放特征、提高其利用效率提供依据。  【方法】  本研究包括氮素静水、土壤释放规律试验以及缓控释尿素与普通尿素最佳配比试验。供试缓控释肥料静水释放期分别为3个月 (SRCU3) 和2个月 (SRCU2)。静水氮素释放试验取10.00 g SRCU于孔径为0.15 mm的尼龙袋中,置于200 mL无离子水内,在25℃恒温培养,定期取样,测定水中氮素含量,直至80%以上氮素释放;土壤氮素释放规律试验在小麦、玉米播种后第1天,将 20.00 g SRCU装入尼龙网袋,埋入20 cm深土壤中,从第1天起,定期取出肥料袋,称量肥料袋质量,以相邻取样时期的质量差作为氮素释放量。肥料配比试验设不施氮肥 (CK)、普通尿素常规施用 (FP)、普通尿素全部基施 (100%U) 和100%、70%、50%、30% SRCU 分别与普通尿素配合一次性基施,共7个处理。在小麦、玉米收获期取植株和籽粒样品,测定氮素含量、产量,调查了小麦、玉米产量构成,计算氮肥表观利用率和经济效益。  【结果】  1) SRCU2和SRCU3在静水中第1天氮素累积释放率分别为9.29%和7.09%,28天的氮素累积释放率分别为63.45%和43.86%;SRCU2在64天的氮素累积释放率为89.77%,SRCU3在90天的氮素累积释放率为85.70%。2) 埋入土壤中的SRCU2在玉米苗期 (1—14天) 、拔节期 (14—42天)、大喇叭口期 (42—56天) 、开花期 (56—70天)、灌浆期 (70—94天) 的氮素累积释放率分别为8.96%、 25.28%、9.54%、 21.77%、15.82%;氮素日均释放率在拔节期较高,至开花期最高。埋入土壤中的SRCU3在小麦越冬期 (1—128天) 、返青期 (128—170天) 、拔节期 (170—201天)、开花—收获期 (201—239天)的氮素累积释放速率分别为 21.54%、7.60%、 26.96%、26.24%;氮素日均释放率在拔节期、灌浆期较高。3) 与常规施肥 (FP) 相比,100%SRCU和70%SRCU处理玉米产量显著升高,70%SRCU处理小麦产量显著升高;经济效益的增减与产量结果一致,施用100%SRCU、70%SRCU、50%SRCU处理玉米经济效益分别提高1107.82、1348.70、1065.80元/hm2,70%SRCU、50%SRCU处理小麦经济效益分别提高1609.98、683.71元/hm2,效益最高的均是70%SRCU处理。70%SRCU处理在玉米、小麦上的氮肥表现利用率分别提高8.97、7.10个百分点。  【结论】  小麦和玉米专用硫磺树脂包膜尿素的氮素释放率符合行业标准要求,但还需根据作物需求调整。目前SRCU3的氮素释放量在小麦返青期和拔节期不足,SRCU2需要增加玉米开花期后的释放量。本试验条件下,硫磺树脂包膜尿素在玉米和小麦上适宜的一次性配施比例为70%。  相似文献   

16.
有机无机外源磷素长期协同使用对潮土磷素有效性的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
【目的】 施入外源磷素是提升土壤有效磷的重要途径,不同磷源在土壤中的化学行为和存在形态对土壤磷素有效性起决定作用。研究有机无机外源磷素长期配合使用的协同关系及其对潮土磷素有效性的影响,可为合理减少磷肥施用,提高磷肥利用率和科学管理土壤磷素资源提供理论依据。 【方法】 本研究基于25年肥料定位试验,选取不施磷肥 (P0)、单施化肥 (FP)、化肥与有机肥配施 (FP+M)、化肥与秸秆配施 (FP+S) 四个处理,分析了化肥、有机肥、秸秆作为主要外源磷素长期协同使用对作物可持续生产能力、磷肥利用效率、施肥后效及潮土磷素形态和有效性的影响。 【结果】 连续处理25年后,P0、FP、FP+M、FP+S处理小麦产量变异系数分别为 49.0%、14.8%、17.2%、15.4%,玉米产量变异系数分别为 28.7%、27.1%、24.4%、23.2%,产量的稳定性均比不施磷提升,尤其是小麦产量稳定性显著增加;P0、FP、FP+M、FP+S处理产量的可持续性指数小麦依次为 0.23、0.62、0.60、0.64,玉米依次为0.45、0.47、0.53、0.52,施磷对小麦产量的可持续指数影响比玉米更大。FP、FP+M、FP+S处理的磷素累积生理效率分别为188.3、163.2和177.6 kg/kg,平均后效分别为1.30%、0.71%和1.16%,单施化肥磷素的效果高于磷肥配施有机肥、秸秆。长期不施磷肥,土壤无机磷各组分含量均降低,且主要消耗了土壤中无效态的O-P,P0处理减少的O-P占无机磷减少量的41.3%。长期投入化学磷素,降低了无效态磷的比例,但土壤对化学磷素的固定作用仍较强,FP处理Ca8-P含量由12.0%提升到21.1%,无效态的O-P和Ca10-P由77.7%减少为62.9%(占比仍超过60%),土壤Olsen-P由6.4 mg/kg提升到20.7 mg/kg。化学磷素与有机肥磷素协同使用可促使无效态磷向有效态磷及缓效态磷转化,提升土壤磷素有效性,FP+M处理Ca2-P占比由2.0%提升到5.4%,缓效态的Al-P、Ca8-P、Fe-P占比增加25.6个百分点,无效态的O-P和Ca10-P占比减少29.0个百分点,土壤Olsen-P含量由6.3 mg/kg提升到51.8 mg/kg。秸秆磷素增加了具有缓冲作用的Ca8-P含量,降低了无效态磷含量,提升了土壤潜在供磷能力,与FP相比,FP+S处理Ca8-P占比增加7.9个百分点,Ca10-P占比减少6.5个百分点,土壤Olsen-P含量由6.3 mg/kg提升到21.7 mg/kg。 【结论】 投入外源磷素均可显著提高作物产量、提升产量稳定性和产量可持续性指数。在小麦玉米轮作体系下,磷肥加秸秆最有利于维持土地的可持续生产能力。单施磷肥,磷素的后效和累积生理效率最高,但在土壤中的固定也高;有机无机磷协同使用可快速提升土壤磷素的有效性,对维持磷素组分结构和土壤质量作用显著;无机磷素与秸秆磷素协同使用对土壤磷素具有较强的激发效应,可减弱土壤对磷素的固定作用,提升土壤潜在供磷能力。   相似文献   

17.
A collaborative study of a rapid method for the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in winter wheat was successfully completed. The method involves sample extraction with acetonitrile-water (84 + 16), cleanup using a disposable column of charcoal, Celite, and alumina, and detection by thin layer chromatography after spraying with an aluminum chloride solution. Each of the 15 collaborators analyzed 12 samples, 2 of which were naturally contaminated, and 10 to which DON was added, in duplicate, at levels of 0, 50, 100, 300, and 1000 ng/g. Average recoveries of DON ranged from 78 to 96% with repeatabilities of 30-64% and reproducibilities of 33-87%. The results of the study show that false positives were not a problem and that all of the analysts could detect DON at the 300 ng/g level or higher. The method has been adopted official first action.  相似文献   

18.
为了探讨玉米秸秆不同还田方式对麦田温室气体排放的影响,通过田间试验,设玉米秸秆不还田(CK)、玉米秸秆直接还田(CS)、玉米秸秆过腹还田(CGS)和玉米秸秆转化为食用菌基质,出菇后菌渣还田(CMS)4个处理,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了玉米秸秆不同还田方式下,麦田温室气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)的排放特征。结果表明:玉米秸秆不同还田方式下,麦田温室气体通量均具有明显的季节变化,且排放量不同。在小麦生长季,CO_2和N_2O均表现为排放,其排放量为CKCGSCSCMS;甲烷表现为吸收,其吸收量为CSCGSCKCMS,且不同处理间差异显著(P0.05)。从温室气体综合增温潜势(GWP)来看,在20、100年和500年3个时间尺度上,仅玉米秸秆不同还田方式这一环节,GWP均表现为:CSCGSCKCMS,也就是说秸秆直接还田,显著增加麦田温室气体的全球增温潜势,其次是玉米秸秆过腹还田方式,而秸秆-菌渣还田则降低了麦田温室气体的全球增温潜势。从减少温室气体排放角度,推荐秸秆-菌渣还田方式。该研究结果可为秸秆合理利用和温室气体减排提供基础数据。  相似文献   

19.
于2014年5-9月在辽河平原棕壤地区春玉米地设置不施氮肥（对照,CK）、常规施肥（F）、吡啶尿素包衣（FP）、常规施肥加生物黑炭（FC）以及常规施肥加秸秆半量还田（FS）5个试验处理,每处理3次重复,在玉米整个生育期观测N2O的排放情况,对比分析5种农作措施对农田土壤N2O排放及玉米生产过程中碳足迹的影响效果。结果表明：（1）施肥对N2O排放有明显影响,其排放通量主要受施肥时间和施肥量的影响,施肥后排放通量较高,其中基肥和追肥阶段排放的N2O分别占全生育期N2O累积排放量的24.3%～27.3%和32.0%～38.2%;（2）各施肥处理中 N2O 的排放量均高于 CK 处理,但与 F 处理（常规施肥）相比较,FP、FC和 FS处理N2O累积排放量分别降低了30.2%、22.7%和9.4%,其中FP的减排效果最好;（3）各施肥处理碳足迹均显著大于CK。除CK外,FP和FC处理的碳足迹较低,分别较F处理降低了19.5%和14.8%;FP 处理的碳强度最低、碳效率最高,与其它农作措施相比,是高产低排效果最优的措施;（4）施用氮肥的直接 N2O排放占玉米生产全周期中碳排放的最大份额,其占比为74.9%～89.0%,其次是化肥生产过程的碳排放,其占比为13.4%～17.8%。因此,适当减少氮肥用量,提高氮肥利用率是降低玉米生产过程碳足迹的关键,本研究中,吡啶尿素包衣处理（FP）是棕壤区春玉米生产过程碳足迹管理的最优措施。  相似文献   

20.
A limited survey was conducted over a 2-year period to determine the incidence and levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn and wheat grown in selected areas of the United States. Samples of corn (198) and wheat (247) were collected and analyzed by a gas chromatographic method. Sixty-six percent of the corn samples collected in 1984 and 30% of the corn samples collected in 1985 contained DON. The average concentration of DON in corn, by state, ranged from 0.11 to 1.20 micrograms/g; the maximum concentration was 2.47 micrograms/g. Only 2 of the 247 samples of wheat contained DON at a concentration greater than 2 micrograms/g, which is the level of concern suggested by the Food and Drug Administration for wheat entering the milling process for human consumption.  相似文献   

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