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1.
ABSTRACT The impact of Brassica napus seed meal on the microbial complex that incites apple replant disease was evaluated in greenhouse trials. Regardless of glucosinolate content, seed meal amendment at a rate of 0.1% (vol/vol) significantly enhanced growth of apple and suppressed apple root infection by Rhizoctonia spp. and Pratylenchus penetrans. High glucosinolate B. napus cv. Dwarf Essex seed meal amendments did not consistently suppress soil populations of Pythium spp. or apple root infection by this pathogen. Application of a low glucosinolate containing B. napus seed meal at a rate of 1.0% (vol/vol) resulted in a significant increase in recovery of Pythium spp. from apple roots, and a corresponding reduction in apple seedling root biomass. When applied at lower rates, B. napus seed meal amendments enhanced populations of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., but these bacteria were not recovered from soils amended with seed meal at a rate of 2% (vol/vol). Seed meal amendments resulted in increased soil populations of total bacteria and actinomycetes. B. napus cv. Dwarf Essex seed meal amendments were phytotoxic to apple when applied at a rate of 2% (vol/vol), and phytotoxicity was not diminished when planting was delayed for as long as 12 weeks after application. These findings suggest that B. napus seed meal amendments can be a useful tool in the management of apple replant disease and, in the case of Rhizoctonia spp., that disease control operates through mechanisms other than production of glucosinolate hydrolysis products.  相似文献   

2.
The prevalence of Rhizoctonia spp. in European soils was determined by analysing soil samples from 282 locations. Rhizoctonia spp. were found in 68% of these samples from France, Germany, the UK, Poland, Italy, Spain, Hungary and the Czech Republic. Samples from 136 locations were further analysed by pyrosequencing. Seventy‐six percent of the isolates were Rhizoctonia solani and 24% binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG) 5 was detected most frequently (25%), followed by AG 9 (16%) and AG 4 (13%). For the binucleate Rhizoctonia spp., AG E was most prevalent (13%). Rhizoctonia cerealis was not detected in soil samples. Soil type or cropping history had no effect on the type of Rhizoctonia observed. Rhizoctonia solani AG 5 was the most frequently detected AG irrespective of the previous crop. The spectrum of AGs detected was similar for France, Germany and Poland but was significantly different for the UK (P = 0·0016). Finally, the baseline sensitivity towards sedaxane, a new active ingredient for seed treatment, was analysed for all isolates. The results indicate a low baseline sensitivity (average EC50 of 0·028 p.p.m.) for all Rhizoctonia AGs. No difference in sensitivity was observed with the isolates obtained from different countries.  相似文献   

3.
Detailed studies were conducted on the distribution of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Dickeya spp. in two potato seed lots of different cultivars harvested from blackleg-diseased crops. Composite samples of six different tuber sections (peel, stolon end, and peeled potato tissue 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 cm from the stolon end) were analysed by enrichment PCR, and CVP plating followed by colony PCR on the resulting cavity-forming bacteria. Seed lots were contaminated with Dickeya spp. and P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc), but not with P. atrosepticum. Dickeya spp. and Pcc were found at high concentrations in the stolon ends, whereas relatively low densities were found in the peel and in deeper located potato tissue. Rep-PCR, 16S rDNA sequence analysis and biochemical assays, grouped all the Dickeya spp. isolates from the two potato seed lots as biovar 3. The implications of the results for the control of Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp., and sampling strategies in relation to seed testing, are discussed.  相似文献   

4.
番茄青枯病内生拮抗细菌的筛选   总被引：46，自引：2，他引：46  
 从广西一些市县采集番茄茎标本分离得到55个细菌菌株,分属为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)、黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas spp.)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas spp.)和欧文氏菌(Erwinia spp.),其中芽孢杆菌为优势种群。经回接测试,有36个菌株为番茄植株内生菌。这些内生菌只有7个菌株对番茄青枯病菌有拮抗作用,芽孢杆菌B47菌株对番茄青枯病菌拮抗作用较强,经室内和田间初步防治测定,它对番茄青枯病有较好的防治效果。  相似文献   

5.
大蒜鳞茎腐烂病的病原鉴定   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
从江苏太仓产蒜区及南京周边市场采集的病蒜上分离到 5株细菌和 3种真菌 ,经柯赫氏法则验证 ,均确定为大蒜鳞茎腐烂的病原菌。经细菌形态特征观察和生理生化性状测定结果表明 :g W、g 1属芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus spp .) ;g Y、g 2为欧文氏菌 (Erwinia spp .) ;g 3属红球菌 (Rhodococcu ssp .)。真菌的形态特征观察鉴定结果表明 :3株真菌F1、F2、F3分别属于黄青霉 (Penicillium chrysogenum Thom)、黑曲霉 (Aspergillus niger van Tiegh)和尖胞镰刀菌 (Fusarium oxysporum)  相似文献   

6.
ABSTRACT Cranberry stem gall is characterized by tumors that girdle stems, thereby killing all distal leaves, flowers, and fruit. Among bacteria isolated from galls, all 11 isolates that were identified as members of the family Enterobacteriaceae caused galls on 50 to 100% of micropropagated cranberry plants that were inoculated. Four of fifteen isolates identified as Pseudomonas spp. caused galls on 10 to 83% of plants inoculated. Twelve of fifteen isolates identified as either Agrobacterium spp. or Rhizobium spp. caused galls on 10 to 50% of plants inoculated, but the galls were smaller than those caused by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas spp. There was a positive correlation between the ability of bacteria to produce IAA in vitro and cause galls. In 2002 and 2003, bacteria were isolated from plant and soil samples collected from beds where stem gall had been observed in the past 2 years and beds where stem gall had never been observed. IAA-producing bacteria were common in all samples, although trends were different across years. The results of this study support the hypothesis that IAA-producing bacteria cause cranberry stem gall and suggest that rather than one bacterial species being the cause, multiple strains of bacteria that produce IAA may be responsible for gall formation.  相似文献   

7.
Cotton and snap bean were selected for a multi-year, multi-state regional (south-eastern USA) research project to evaluate the efficacy of both commercial and experimental bacterial and fungal biological control agents for the management of damping-off diseases. The goal for this portion of the project was to determine the viability and stability of biological agents after application to seed. The biological seed treatments used included: (1) Bacillaceae bacteria, (2) non-Bacillaceae bacteria, (3) the fungus Trichoderma and (4) the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Seed assays were conducted to evaluate the following application factors: short-term (< or = 3 months) stability after seed treatment; quality (i.e. isolate purity); compatibility with chemical pesticides and other biocontrol agents; application uniformity between years and plant species. For the bacterial treatments, the Bacillaceae genera (Bacillus and Paenibacillus) maintained the greatest population of bacteria per seed, the best viability over time and the best application uniformity across years and seed type. The non-Bacillaceae genera Burkholderia and Pseudomonas had the least viability and uniformity. Although Beauveria bassiana was only evaluated one year, the seed fungal populations were high and uniform. The seed fungal populations and uniformity for the Trichoderma isolates were more variable, except for the commercial product T-22. However, this product was contaminated with a Streptomyces isolate in both the years that it was evaluated. The study demonstrated that Bacillaceae can be mixed with Trichoderma isolates or with numerous pesticides to provide an integrated pest control/growth enhancement package.  相似文献   

8.
从生姜田土分离的细菌B1 3 0 1鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌。在盆栽条件下 ,B1 3 0 1处理种姜能够有效地防治由茄伯克氏菌引起的生姜细菌性青枯病 ,在种姜带菌率小于 5%的情况下 ,防治效果在75%以上 ;B1 3 0 1可在生姜块茎周围有效定殖 ,并能有效地降低青枯病菌的群体数量 ;也能从老块茎向新块茎转移。B1 0 3 1通过抗菌物质以及竞争作用达到防治病害的目的。  相似文献   

9.
为探明土壤微生物对新农药F1050的降解能力,用平板稀释和富集培养法分离驯化土壤中F1050的优势降解细菌,并用合成培养基进行纯化培养,利用美国Biolog公司的细菌自动鉴定系统,初步筛选出5个菌株:ZJU.01为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,69％);ZJU.02为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium,99％);ZJU.03为腊状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus,86％);ZJU.04为腊状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus,92％);ZJU.05为球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus,99％)。F1050添加浓度为50 mg/kg的液体培养和室内土壤模拟降解试验结果表明,ZJU.02、ZJU.04 和ZJU.05三个优势降解菌株对F1050表现出了较强的降解能力,50 mg/kg F1050的降解半衰期为6.41~6.74 d,而对照的灭菌和未灭菌土壤中的半衰期分别达72.20和29.88 d;不同菌株对F1050的降解能力没有显著差异。  相似文献   

10.
北京地区蔬菜软腐细菌病原的研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
 近年来京郊蔬菜软腐病害有所增加.经对夏季各类主要蔬菜和窖藏后期的大白菜研究鉴定,欧氏软腐细菌为害大白菜、蕃茄、青椒、马铃薯、黄瓜、冬瓜、南瓜和丝瓜等。经过形态、生理生化特性、致病性等一系列的测定,发现蔬菜上腐烂细菌的种类有所变化,窖藏后期大白菜腐烂主要病原是假单孢杆菌(Pseudomonas spp)夏季蔬菜上主要是胡萝卜软腐欧氏杆菌胡萝卜软腐致病型(Erwinia carotovora pv.carotovora),在蕃茄和丝瓜上还发现有胡萝卜软腐欧氏菌马铃薯黑胫病致病型(Erwinia carotovora pv.atroseptica).  相似文献   

11.
西瓜种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15       下载免费PDF全文
采用离体平皿法对来自新疆等4个省区的14个西瓜品种进行种子带菌检测、分离纯化和鉴定,并测定了7种杀菌剂和1种种衣剂对种子带菌的消毒处理效果。结果表明,种子表面携带的优势菌群主要为青霉属Penicillium spp.、根霉属Rhizopus spp.、曲霉属Aspergillus spp.、交链孢属Alternaria spp.和镰孢属Fusarium spp.;种子内部寄藏真菌主要为青霉属、根霉属和曲霉属;不同品种之间种子表面携带真菌种类差异较大,种子内部寄藏真菌种类差异不明显;种壳带菌率一般高于种仁带菌率。15% FDDF ·霜·福悬浮种衣剂、福美双和代森锰锌对种子带菌消毒效果优于多菌灵、敌磺钠、 FDDF 霉灵、拌种灵和甲霜灵。  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT The population structure of Phytophthora infestans in the Toluca Valley of central Mexico was assessed using 170 isolates collected from cultivated potatoes and the native wild Solanum spp., S. demissum and S. xendinense. All isolates were analyzed for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) multi-locus fingerprint genotype. Isolate samples were monomorphic for mtDNA haplotype because all isolates tested were of the Ia haplotype. A total of 158 multilocus AFLP genotypes were identified among the 170 P. infestans isolates included in this study. P. infestans populations sampled in the Toluca Valley in 1997 were highly variable and almost every single isolate represented a unique genotype based on the analysis of 165 AFLP marker loci. Populations of P. infestans collected from the commercial potato-growing region in the valley, the subsistence potato production area along the slopes of the Nevado de Toluca, and the native Solanum spp. on the forested slopes of the volcano showed a high degree of genetic diversity. The number of polymorphic loci varied from 20.0 to 62.4% for isolates collected from the field station and wild Solanum spp. On average, 81.8% (135) of the AFLP loci were polymorphic. Hetero-zygosity varied between 7.7 and 19.4%. Significant differentiation was found at the population level between strains originating from cultivated potatoes and wild Solanum spp. (P = 0.001 to 0.022). Private alleles were observed in individual isolates collected from all three populations, with numbers of unique dominant alleles varying from 9 to 16 for isolates collected from commercial potato crops and native Solanum spp., respectively. Four AFLP markers were exclusively found present in isolates collected from S. demissum. Indirect estimation of gene flow between populations indicated restricted gene flow between both P. infestans populations from cultivated potatoes and wild Solanum hosts. There was no evidence found for the presence of substructuring at the subpopulation (field) level. We hypothesize that population differentiation and genetic isolation of P. infestans in the Toluca Valley is driven by host-specific factors (i.e., R-genes) widely distributed in wild Solanum spp. and random genetic drift.  相似文献   

13.
Pythium and Phytopythium spp. cause seed decay, damping off, and root rot in soybean, wheat, and many other crops. However, their diversity and importance as pathogens, particularly in different crop rotation systems, are largely unknown. A survey was conducted in the Huang-Huai region, one of the main areas of soybean–wheat rotation farming in China. In 2016–2018, we collected 300 soybean seedlings and 150 field soil samples from several representative locations, and identified 26 Pythium and 6 Phytopythium spp. from 212 isolates, based on internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 sequences. The pathogenicity of these isolates was evaluated by growing soybean and wheat seeds in dishes and pots containing oomycete cultures. We found that 12 Pythium spp. (but no Phytopythium spp.) showed high pathogenicity on soybean and/or wheat, and nine of them (75%) were highly pathogenic on both crops. Among the nine species, Pythium spinosum, Pythium ultimum, Pythium species 1 (tentatively designated as ‘Candidatus Pythium huanghuaiense’), Pythium aphanidermatum, and Pythium myriotylum were highly abundant among all isolates (15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, and 5%, respectively). Nine species were selected for testing of sensitivity to the fungicides metalaxyl and mefenoxam. The EC50 values were all less than 10 μg/ml, indicating little resistance. Minimum inhibitory concentration values indicated isolates were about twice as sensitive to mefenoxam as to metalaxyl. These results provide a systematic understanding of Pythium and Phytopythium species associated with soybean in the Huang-Huai region, which is important for disease management and breeding programmes.  相似文献   

14.
从药用植物云木香中分离得到41株内生细菌, 采用细菌16S rRNA基因测序的方法对这些菌株进行鉴定, 结果显示, 这些云木香内生细菌分别属于6个属, 其中假单胞菌属Pseudomonas和拉恩氏菌属Rahnella为优势菌属。采用对峙培养方法对这些菌株进行筛选, 发现其中12株内生细菌对大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae具有抑制作用, 其中有2株属于拉恩氏菌属Rahnella, 7株属于假单胞菌属Pseudomonas, 3株属于沙雷氏菌属Serratia。12株内生细菌对棉花黄萎病的温室防效评估结果表明, 假单胞菌属菌株R1-6、R1-13和S1-2对棉花黄萎病的温室防效达到55%以上, 具有潜在的生产利用价值。  相似文献   

15.
Pusey PL 《Phytopathology》1999,89(1):39-46
ABSTRACT Under warm, dry conditions, Erwinia amylovora can become established in relatively high populations on apple (Malus domestica) or pear (Pyrus communis) flower stigmas, and subsequent wet conditions facilitate its movement to the flower hypanthium where infection generally is initiated through the nectarthodes. Research on biological control of fire blight has focused mainly on the flower stigma, and knowledge is lacking regarding the effect of nectar on microbial antagonists in the flower hypanthium. The biocontrol agents Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 and Pantoea agglomerans strain C9-1 were cultured in a basal liquid medium with various concentrations (0 to 50% total sugar) of sucrose or synthetic nectar (sucrose/glucose/fructose, 2:1:1). Strain A506 showed less growth and lower survival than strain C9-1 at high sugar levels, and A506 was less effective than C9-1 as a preemptive antagonist of E. amylovora in high-sugar media. Both antagonist strains were less tolerant to high sugar levels than E. amylovora (strain Ea153). The same bacteria were cultured in a medium with 25% total sugar consisting of various proportions of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and growth response correlated strongly with solute potential. When 28 microbial strains were cultured in synthetic nectar (25% total sugar) and ranked based on growth, strains clustered according to taxonomic group. Yeasts were most osmotolerant, followed by strains of E. amylovora, Pantoea agglomerans, Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. Further studies done in planta are necessary to determine whether osmotolerance of antagonists is advantageous in the biological control of fire blight.  相似文献   

16.
生防芽孢杆菌Bacillus spp.菌株B006和BH1对引发多种根腐病的真菌具有拮抗作用,研发特异性标记是研究该菌株在土壤中生态行为的关键.本研究采用16个RAPD随机引物对B006和BH1以及包括芽孢杆菌、鞘氨醇杆菌Sphingosinc spp.和假单胞菌Pseudomonas spp.在内的25株参试菌株的基囚组DNA多态性进行了分析,其中利用单引物B19和C01可分别扩增到仅出现于B006和BH1基因图谱中的特异性条带(大小分别为730bp和658bp).为提高扩增的特异性和稳定性,根据B006和BH1的RAPD标记中核苷酸序列分别设计了6对和12对引物并用于菌株特异性条带的筛选,从中挑选出2对特异性最好的引物转化为SCAR引物,命名为SCAR-B006和SCAR-BH1,扩增产物大小分别为523bp和658bp.在自然土中进一步验证SCAR标记的特异性,结果表明仅在加有菌株B006或BH1的土壤样品中可扩增到相应的SCAR条带,说明了这种以PCR为基础的方法可用于土壤中菌株B006和BH1的快速鉴别.  相似文献   

17.
Two bacterial isolates, Bacillus megaterium (c96) and Burkholderia cepacia (c91), demonstrated to be antagonistic against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici , the causal organism of fusarium crown and root rot of tomato, were evaluated as biocontrol agents alone and when integrated with the fungicide carbendazim. In an initial screening, these isolates reduced disease incidence by 75 and 88%, respectively. In vitro , both biocontrol agents were highly tolerant to the fungicide carbendazim, commonly used to control fusarium diseases. Carbendazim reduced disease symptoms by over 50% when used at > 50  µ g mL−1, but had little effect at lower concentrations. Combination of the bacterial isolates and carbendazim gave significant ( P  ≤ 0·05) control of the disease when plants were artificially inoculated with the pathogen. Application of carbendazim at a low concentration (1  µ g mL−1) in combination with B. cepacia c91 reduced disease symptoms by 46%, compared with a reduction of 20% obtained with the bacterium alone and no control with the chemical treatment alone. A combination of B. megaterium c96 with an increased application rate of 10  µ g mL−1 carbendazim significantly reduced disease symptoms by 84% compared with inoculated controls and by 77% compared with carbendazim treatment alone. In this experiment, the integrated treatment also slightly outperformed application of 100  µ g mL−1 carbendazim, and bacteria applied without fungicide also provided good disease control.  相似文献   

18.
In this paper we present the first report of the occurrence of a binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. causing hypocotyl and root rot in kale in Brazil. Rhizoctonia spp. were isolated from kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) with symptoms of hypocotyl and root rot. The isolates, characterized as binucleate Rhizoctonia spp., did not show an anastomosis reaction with any of the binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. testers used. The pathogenicity of the isolates was tested under greenhouse conditions; all isolates were pathogenic and showed different symptom severities on kale. The ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences of kale isolates and 50 testers (25 binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. and 25 Rhizoctonia solani) were compared in order to characterize the genetic identity of Rhizoctonia spp. infecting kale. The kale isolates showed genetic identities ranging from 99.3 to 99.8% and were phylogenetically closely related to CAG 7 (AF354084), with identities of 98.5 and 98.7%. It is suggested that the binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. causing hypocotyl and root rot on kale Brazil comprises a new AG not yet described.  相似文献   

19.
 由小麦赤霉菌(Fusarium spp.)引起的小麦赤霉病是小麦生产中最主要的病害之一,严重影响小麦的产量和品质。为明确目前湖北省小麦赤霉菌种群的组成、毒素化学型的分布及对杀菌剂的敏感性现状,本研究于2018年采集分离了96株小麦赤霉菌菌株,经TEF1-α基因鉴定,78株为Fusarium asiaticum,18株为F. graminearum,表明湖北省小麦赤霉菌的优势群体为F. asiaticum;利用特异性片段扩增法鉴定了菌株的毒素化学型,结果表明湖北省小麦赤霉菌菌株以3A DON化学型为主,占供试菌株群体的58%,其次为15A DON,占32%,NIV化学型最少,占10%。采用区分浓度法共检测到2株对多菌灵产生抗药性的菌株,均为F. asiaticum菌株。采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了Fusarium spp.对戊唑醇的有效抑制中浓度(EC50),平均值为(0.66± 0.29)μg·mL-1,其敏感性已经下降;其中,F. asiaticum与F. graminearum对戊唑醇的EC50均值分别为(0.77± 0.26)μg·mL-1和(0.35 ± 0.08)μg·mL-1,表明F. graminearum群体对戊唑醇更敏感。  相似文献   

20.
Fifty-one Bacillus isolates were characterized by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis; universal primer polymerase chain reaction (UP-PCR) fingerprinting; production of secondary metabolites and antagonistic activity against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (causal agent of black rot in cabbage) in vitro and in vivo . Based on FAME analysis and/or PCR fingerprinting, the isolates were clustered into three different groups, named as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens , B . subtilis and B . pumilus . Seed treatment with Bacillus spp. generally reduced germination of seeds and incidence of black rot, but no relationship was found between the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments. The B .  amyloliquefaciens group contained isolates that were generally the most effective at reducing attack of black rot in vivo . The metabolic profiles of these isolates suggested that they produced surfactin, iturin, bacillomycine and/or azalomycin F. Isolates belonging to the B . subtilis group were mostly able to synthesize surfactin and arthrobactin. Surfactin, amphomycin, arthrobactin and valinomycin were generally found in culture extracts of isolates belonging to the B . pumilus group. No effect on growth of the pathogen was detected when the activity of filtered culture extracts and selected metabolites produced by the three different Bacillus species was tested in vitro against X . c . pv. campestris . However, inhibition was seen when bacterial liquid cultures were used. When the ability to colonize cabbage endophytically was examined for seven selected isolates with different antagonistic potential against black rot, it was found that the ability was related to the species and not to the antagonistic activity of the isolates.  相似文献   

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