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1.
Depending on conditions of formation, solods should be differentiated into two groups: solods of ground overmoistening and solods of surface overmoistening. Criteria are offered to distinguish soils according to the ratio between the clay in the B2 horizon and that in the A2 horizon, as well as according to the changes in the soil pH. Formation of gley under conditions of stagnant to percolative water regime is a necessary and sufficient cause for light-colored acid eluvial horizons to form in their profile. In the main properties of the solid phase (acidity, total chemical composition, and distribution of silt), gley solods are identical to soddy-podzolic and chernozem-like podzolic gley soils.  相似文献   

2.
This study was designed to investigate the impact of three land-use practices in Thailand on soil organic matter (SOM) composition. The land uses were continuous farming (till), alley-cropping, and secondary forest. Samples, taken from the top 10 cm soil surface, were fractionated into clay- (< 2 μm), silt- (2–20 μm), and sand-sized particles (20–2000 μm) prior to analyses of C, N, lignin-derived phenols and individual carbohydrates. As particle size increased, the C/N ratio and the concentration of lignin-derived phenols increased, whereas the degree of lignin oxidation as well as ratios of microbially derived hexoses to plant-derived pentoses decreased. Thus, the coarser the particle size, the less the SOM was altered by microbes. Seven years of alley-cropping increased SOM levels only little but considerably affected SOM composition by affecting the SOM of the sand fraction. The SOM concentration in the sand fraction increased in the order continuous farming < alley-cropping < secondary forest. In the same order, microbial alteration of lignin and carbohydrates of sand-sized SOM decreased. Both the different concentrations of SOM in the sand fractions as well as its different composition contributed, therefore, to different SOM among the sites. Increasing lignin-to-carbohydrate ratios for bulk soils and fractions in the order continuous farming < alley-cropping < secondary forest reflected such changes in SOM composition sensitively.  相似文献   

3.
S.T. Willatt 《Geoderma》1979,22(4):323-331
Water contents were measured in a soil profile during the winter from the time of harvest until soil temperatures were greater than 0°C through this profile in the spring. Water movement between successive layers was predicted using the Darcy flow law and changes in water flux. These values were then compared with the changes in soil water content observed in field measurements. Results showed that water content changes (accumulation or loss) below the frozen layer were greater than predicted but that the differences between predicted and measured contents were small, much smaller than the amounts reported in previous experiments.  相似文献   

4.
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations are predicted to be negatively affected by climate warming, but the timeframe and manner in which change to polar bear populations will occur remains unclear. Predictions incorporating climate change effects are necessary for proactive population management, the setting of optimal harvest quotas, and conservation status decisions. Such predictions are difficult to obtain from historic data directly because past and predicted environmental conditions differ substantially. Here, we explore how models can be used to predict polar bear population responses under climate change. We suggest the development of mechanistic models aimed at predicting reproduction and survival as a function of the environment. Such models can often be developed, parameterized, and tested under current environmental conditions. Model predictions for reproduction and survival under future conditions could then be input into demographic projection models to improve abundance predictions under climate change. We illustrate the approach using two examples. First, using an individual-based dynamic energy budget model, we estimate that 3-6% of adult males in Western Hudson Bay would die of starvation before the end of a 120 day summer fasting period but 28-48% would die if climate warming increases the fasting period to 180 days. Expected changes in survival are non-linear (sigmoid) as a function of fasting period length. Second, we use an encounter rate model to predict changes in female mating probability under sea ice area declines and declines in mate-searching efficiency due to habitat fragmentation. The model predicts that mating success will decline non-linearly if searching efficiency declines faster than habitat area, and increase non-linearly otherwise. Specifically for the Lancaster Sound population, we predict that female mating success would decline from 99% to 91% if searching efficiency declined twice as fast as sea ice area, and to 72% if searching efficiency declined four times as fast as area. Sea ice is a complex and dynamic habitat that is rapidly changing. Failure to incorporate climate change effects into population projections can result in flawed conservation assessments and management decisions.  相似文献   

5.
A field study was conducted over a 30 mo period to examine movement of Cd, Tl, and V through the profile of a Coastal Plain soil (Typic Kandiudult) and the availability of these trace metals to bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. The metals were applied to field plots as dissolved salts and mixed into the surface 7.5 cm. The greatest concentration of all three metals was observed in the surface soils, with a steep decrease occurring down to the 7.5 to 15 cm depth. Thallium was the most mobile of the three metals; approximately 15% of the applied Tl and <3% of the applied Cd and V moved below the surface 7.5-cm region during the 30-mo experiment. Extractable concentrations of all three metals in the surface soils decreased significantly (P ≤0.05) during the initial 18 mo after treatment. No further decrease occurred between 18 and 30 mo. The presence of Al- and Fe-oxides and small amounts of clay minerals and organic matter in this highly-weathered, low cation-exchange soil were likely responsible for the retention of the trace metals. Bioavailability, as measured by concentrations and total amounts of metals in root and aboveground tissues of plants, did not change significantly between 18 and 30 mo. These data suggest that bioavailability of Cd, Tl, and V decreased over time as a result of transformation of these elements into unavailable forms and not to leaching. These changes in bioavailability occurred soon after application, becoming negligible after 18 mo.  相似文献   

6.
Protected areas are valuable tools for nature conservation but the effectiveness of reserve networks must be monitored continuously. Knowing the history of the establishment of protected areas can help to improve future conservation. We explore how different ecoregions, ecosystems and diversity hotspots have been incorporated in protected areas in Estonia during the last century. We found that the average rate of establishment of protected areas has been surprisingly constant despite profound changes in political systems. However, establishment of protected areas has varied regionally; an agricultural region in south-east Estonia has seen less protection, partly due to lower biodiversity. Wetland ecosystems were initially more placed under protection, whereas recently semi-natural grasslands have gained more attention. In contrast, farmland is under-protected. Surprisingly, biodiversity hotspots were no more protected than the national average. We consider how the development of a protected area network has been influenced by individual persons and public opinion under successive political systems. We suggest that simultaneous gap analysis of ecoregions, ecosystems and diversity hotspots provides a more complete picture than examining a single aspect. Therefore this study can be used as a model for other regions.  相似文献   

7.
不同轮作制度下土壤中不稳定有机碳组分的变化   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  
Taking Kenli County in the Yellow River Delta, China, as the study area and using digital satellite remote sensing techniques, cultivated land use changes and their corresponding driving forces were explored in this study. An interactive interpretation and a manual modification procedure were carried out to acquire cultivated land information. An overlay method based on classification results and a visual change detection method which was supported by land use maps were employed to detect the cultivated land changes. Based on the changes that were revealed and a spatial analysis between cultivated land use and related natural and socio-economic factors, the driving forces for cultivated land use changes in the study area were determined. The results showed a decrease in cultivated land in Kenli County of 5321.8 ha from 1987 to 1998, i.e., an average annual decrement of 483.8 ha, which occurred mainly in the central paddy field region and the northeast dry land region. Adverse human activities, soil salinization and water deficiencies were the driving forces that caused these cultivated land use changes.  相似文献   

8.
Earthworm activity produces changes at different scales of soil porosity, including the mesoporosity (between 1.000 and 30 μm eq. dia.) where both water retention and near-saturated infiltration take place. At this scale, the structural changes are poorly described in temperate agricultural systems, so we do not yet fully understand how these changes occur. The present study was conducted to determine the relationships between the morphology of the mesopores, which is mainly affected by earthworm activity, and the hydrodynamic behaviour (near-saturated infiltration) of topsoil under different agricultural managements inducing a large range of earthworm populations.Investigations were carried out at the soil surface in three fields under different management practices giving rise to three different earthworm populations: a continuous maize field where pig slurry was applied, a rye-grass/maize rotation (3/1 year, respectively) also with pig slurry, and an old pasture sown with white clover and rye-grass.Pore space was quantified using a morphological approach and 2D image analysis. Undisturbed soil samples were impregnated with polyester resin containing fluorescent pigment. The images were taken under UV light, yielding a spatial resolution of 42 μm pixel−1. Pores were classified according to their size (which is a function of their area) and their shape. Hydraulic conductivity K(h) was measured using a disc infiltrometer at four water potentials: −0.05, −0.2, −0.6, and −1.5 kPa. The abundance and ecological categories groups of earthworms were also investigated.Continuous soil tillage causes a decrease in both abundance and functional diversity (cf. maize compared with old pasture) when soil tillage every 4 years causes only a decrease in abundance (cf. rotation compared with old pasture). There were no relationships between total porosity and effective porosity at h=−0.05 kPa. Image analysis was useful in distinguishing the functional difference between the three managements. Fewer roots and anecic earthworms resulted in fewer effective tubular voids under maize. There were fewer packing voids in the old pasture due to cattle trampling. Greater hydraulic conductivity in the pasture phase of rotation may arise from a greater functional diversity than in the maize and absence of cattle trampling compared with the pasture. We point to some significant differences between the three types of agricultural management.A better understanding is required of the influence of agricultural management systems on pore morphology. This study provides a new methodology in which we consider the earthworm activity as well as community in order to assess the effects of agricultural management on soil structure and water movement.  相似文献   

9.
Tomato pomace, delignified by the edible oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, could be used as a poultry feed ingredient to provide alpha-tocopherol for retardation of lipid oxidation in postmortem meat if the antioxidant were retained in pomace after fungal fermentation. Experiments were conducted to investigate changes in the content of alpha-tocopherol, lycopene, and beta-carotene in tomato pomace after sterilization and treatment with P. ostreatus from 0 to 104 days. alpha-Tocopherol (39.26 to 31.15 microg/g) and lycopene (17.42 to 11.19 microg/g) significantly decreased during sterilization while beta-carotene (42.56 to 35.44 microg/g) did not. The content of carotenoids decreased by day 26 as compared to 0 day for the control and for treated samples. alpha-Tocopherol decreased during fungal fermentation at day 26 as compared to 0 day for the control and increased during the same period for treated samples. By 104 days, only alpha-tocopherol in control pomace was present in a significant amount. The alpha-tocopherol content of mushroom fruit grown in pomace (74.10 microg/g) and in wheat straw (51.36 microg/g) was not significantly different. Tomato pomace could be used as a substrate to successfully grow edible mushrooms; however, the initial level of selected antioxidants and their reduction during fungal fermentation must be considered when delignified pomace is utilized for selected nutrient content in animal feed or products for human consumption.  相似文献   

10.
不同温度下施入尿素后土壤短期内pH的变化和氨气释放特性   总被引：22，自引：2，他引：22  
在湖南3种土壤中施入尿素后,对土壤短期内pH变化和氨气挥发进行了研究,结果表明:在常温25℃下,3种土壤尿素水解速度次序为:冲积菜园土>红菜园土>茶园土;pH变化是先上升达到峰值,然后下降;氨气挥发趋势也是慢慢变大出现峰值,然后降低,在3种土壤中氨气挥发强度次序为:冲积菜园土>红菜园土>茶园土。冲积菜园土中,随着温度的升高尿素水解速度加快;pH升高幅度速度变大,峰值提前;氨气挥发强度变大,也是峰值提前。引起各处理差异的原因与土壤本身pH、CEC、有机质、尿酶活性以及外界条件—温度相关。  相似文献   

11.
The contents and distribution of water-soluble, exchangeable, and nonexchangeable forms of potassium have been studied in the profiles of sandy gleyic soddy-podzolic soils under forest, intensively used cropland, extensively used cropland, and a 20-year-old fallow. It is shown that soil cultivation leads to a rise in the concentration of mobile potassium compounds. The ratio between nonexchangeable and exchangeable forms of potassium also changes in the cultivated soil. Under the fallow, the restoration of this ratio to the values typical of the soil under natural forest cenoses takes place. Data on the mineralogical composition of the clay and colloidal fractions in the virgin and cultivated soils are presented.  相似文献   

12.
Specific features of the transformation of humic substances in particle-size fractions of drained soddy-podzolic soils were studied on a field (12 ha) of the Experimental and Educational Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University in Moscow oblast. The field had a clearly pronounced microtopography. Surface-gleyed soddy-podzolic soils (Albic Stagnic Glossic Retisols (Loamic, Aric, Ochric)) of microdepressions with excessive surface moistening and nongleyed soddy-podzolic soils (Albic Glossic Retisols (Loamic, Aric, Ochric)) of elevated positions were examined. These soils were studied before the field drainage and during 25 years after drainage works in the periods differing in conditions of humification and with due account for not only drainage works but also other factors, such as topography and agrotechnology and their joint action. The specificity of transformation of humic substances in the soils and their particle-size fractions was analyzed in the basis of data on the organic carbon content, group and fractional composition of humus, the intensity of individual stages of humification (the neoformation of humic acids and the formation of humates), and the optical density of the fractions of humic acids. The results of the study of these properties in the fine soil fractions (<50 μm) made it possible to assess the response of the clay (<1 μm) and silt (1–5, 5–10, 10–50 μm) fractions to changes in the ecological situation and the role of separate particle-size fractions in the degradation of humus under adverse impacts. Overall, a clear tendency toward worsening of the humus quality was observed in both soils during the 25-year-long period, which is related to the long-term (20 years) agricultural use of the reclaimed field without application of agrochemicals. The features of humus degradation were mainly manifested in the finest (<10 μm) fractions with a general decrease in the humus content, slowing down of the formation of humic acids and humates, and considerable loss of humic acids, including their agronomically valuable fractions HA1 and HA2. The degradation of humus quality in the clay fraction was largely due to the impact of the reclamation (drainage) factor; the degradation of humus quality in the fine and medium silt fractions was mainly due to the negative changes in the agricultural background. Among negative consequences of the worsening humus quality, the lowering of soil fertility, ecological sustainability, and productivity of agrocenoses should be noted.  相似文献   

13.
The quality for mahi-mahi stored at 1.7, 7.2, and 12.8 degrees C for 0, 1, 3, and 5 days was determined using biogenic amine analysis, microbial counts, and sensory evaluation (by a sensory test panel and an AromaScan). Biogenic amines in methanol extracts from mahi-mahi samples were analyzed using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with ultraviolet detection at 210 nm and a gas chromatography (GC) method that can simultaneously determine the contents of putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, spermidine, and spermine within 20 min after pentafluoropropionic anhydride derivatization. A good correlation R2= 0.99) was found between CE and GC methods for detecting histamine in mahi-mahi. Fish quality deteriorated and correlated with increasing microbial numbers. Biogenic amines may be useful indicators for mahi-mahi quality and safety. AromaScan was able to correlate quality changes for mahi-mahi in microbiological and sensory analyses.  相似文献   

14.
The response of the soil microbial biomass to seasonal changes was investigated in the field under pastures. These studies showed that over a 9-month period, microbial biomass carbon, phosphorus and sulphur (biomass C, P, S), and their ratios (C:P, C:S, and P:S) responded differently to changes in soil moisture and to the input of fresh organic materials. From October to December (1993), when plant residues were largely incorporated into the soils, biomass C and S increased by 150–210%. Biomass P did not increase over this time, having decreased by 22–64% over the dry summer (July to September). There was no obvious correlation between biomass C, P, and S and air temperature. The largest amounts of biomass C and P (2100–2300μg and 150–190μgg–1 soil, respectively) were found in those soils receiving farmyard manure (FYM or FYM+NPK) and P fertilizer, whereas the use of ammonium sulphate decreased biomass C and P. The C:P, C:S, and P:S ratios of the biomass varied considerably (9–276:1; 50–149:1; and 0.3–14:1, respectively) with season and fertilizer regime. This reflected the potential for the biomass to release (when ratios were narrow) or to immobilize (wide ratios) P and S at different times of the year. Thus, seasonal responses in biomass C, P, and S are important in controlling the cycling of C, P, and S in pasture and ultimately in regulating plant availability of P and S. The uptake of P in the pasture was well correlated with the sum of P in the biomass and soil available pools. Thus, the simultaneous measurement of microbial biomass P and available P provide useful information on the potential plant availability of P. Received: 25 May 1996  相似文献   

15.
干旱、高盐及低温胁迫下植物生理及转录因子的应答调控   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
干旱、高盐及低温等非生物胁迫是限制植物生长发育的主要环境因子。这些环境胁迫因子通常导致植物体内生理代谢改变,并参与非生物胁迫调控转录因子的差异表达。植物抵御上述非生物逆境的能力与转录因子调控逆境相关功能基因的表达密不可分。近年来,发掘植物非生物胁迫相关转录因子的功能及揭示转录因子介导植物非生物胁迫响应的调控机制,已成为植物营养分子生物学关注的热点之一。因此,了解植物非生物胁迫下的生理应答及转录因子参与的调控机制,对建立植物适应性改良途径具有重要科学意义。本文从干旱、高盐和低温三方面阐述了非生物胁迫下植物生理生化的适应性变化,概述了MYB、bZIP、AP2/EREBP、WRKY和NAC五类与植物抗逆相关的转录因子的结构与功能特征,着重论述了转录因子介导植物抵御非生物胁迫的分子调控机制。植物遭遇非生物胁迫时,通常表现为生长速率、叶面积和叶片数量下降,蒸腾及光合速率降低。同时,植物体内活性氧逐渐累积,使细胞膜脂过氧化程度加剧,造成细胞损伤。为适应不利环境,在生理上植物表现为体内抗氧化酶活性增强,渗透调节物数量增多;在分子水平上,植物对非生物胁迫适应性的增强,通常与转录因子识别抗逆基因启动子特异性元件及调控逆境防御基因的转录有关。本文对于深入阐明干旱、高盐及低温胁迫下植物生理生化应答与转录因子的分子调控机制提供了全新的科学启示。  相似文献   

16.
The soils under two meadows overgrown by a small-leaved forest that are no longer used for agricultural purposes were studied. The changes in the plant cover resulted in an increase in the soil acidity, a decrease in the humus content, and a transformation of its composition; the content of fulvic acids increased. The most essential modifications to the soils were related to alterations in the density of the birch forest. The degree and rate of these changes depended on the local environmental conditions, such as the soil texture, the depth of the moraine layer, and the dynamics of vegetation. The dynamics of acidity were displayed to a greater degree in the sandy soils, while the dynamics of the humus content and its reserves were evidenced in the heavy-textured soils.  相似文献   

17.
对广州市越秀区和天河区3种土地利用方式(绿地、林地、农田)下、6种不同样地(人民公园东部绿地、天河体育中心广场绿地、华南植物园、华南农业大学树木园、郊区岑村农田和郊区凤凰街农田)中小型土壤动物群落的数量和结构组成、分布及其变化规律进行了研究。调查期间共获得中小型土壤动物1 365个,共25个类群,分别隶属于7门16个类群,优势类群为线虫纲(Nematoda)、蜱螨目(Acarina)和弹尾目(Collembola),共占总捕获量的83.44%。不同样地生境中土壤动物的类群组成以及个体数不同。各样地土壤动物群落复杂性指数(C)以华南植物园为最高,达2.822,人民公园绿地为最低。观测样地中小型土壤动物表现出明显的表聚现象,垂直分布有明显差异,类群数和个体数随深度增加而减少。群落排序的结果显示,土壤动物群落对人类活动干扰的响应有所不同,其中倍足纲(Diplopoda)和石目(Archaeognatha)这两类土壤动物为稀有类群,仅在观测的林地类样地中有分布,对干扰最为敏感,可用于指示城市化进程S中土地利用类型的变化。  相似文献   

18.
The imposition of agricultural systems changes the natural equilibrium of the soil to an extent that it becomes dependant on management practices and soil resilience. Agroforestry systems (AFs) mimic characteristics of natural ecosystems such as multistrata canopy and deep rooting and may minimize the consequences of these changes by providing soil protection and maintenance of conditions similar to those under natural vegetation. This study evaluates the physical properties of a Luvisol at a site where since 1997 alternative agroforestry systems (AFs) (agrosilvipasture—AGP and silvipasture—SILV), conventional crop management (CCM) and natural vegetation (NV) have been maintained. Undisturbed soil cores were collected in 2005 and submitted to a range of matric suction for which soil bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance (Q) and soil water content (θ) were determined. Water retention and penetration resistance were used to determine the least limiting water range (LLWR) and the slope of the soil water retention curve at its inflection point (S-value). Particle size, total organic carbon (TOC) and particle density were determined using the disturbed soil samples. Water retention and porosity followed the sequence NV > SILV > CCM > AGP. The AFs studied (AGP and SILV) improved or maintained soil physical quality when compared to NV with no significant differences between the S-values of 0.044, 0.042 and 0.050, respectively. However, the S-value of 0.035 for CCM indicates that this management was unable to maintain soil physical quality on the same levels as AFs and NV. The decrease of LLWR with BD occurred for all treatments, and the BD at a maximum effect (LLWR = 0) which is called the critical BD (BDc), was, respectively, 1.69, 1.62, 1.56 and 1.56 Mg m?3 for AGP, SILV, NV and CCM. The larger values of LLWR for AFs (AGP and SILV) are similar to the value for NV, with associated superior aeration, matric suction and reduced resistance to penetration by roots. Indices such as LLWR and S-value were suitably sensitive and could be used in future research, but it is important to identify other potential indices for these situations that can show how quickly changes in soil quality may occur.  相似文献   

19.
The aquands found in southern Chile are derived from volcanic ash and contain high levels of organic matter. Due to the presence of an impermeable stratum, they have shallow soil profiles, which induce waterlogging for several months each year. These fragile soils, locally known as ‘Ñadi’, cover an area of 475 000 hectares and have undergone intensive land use changes, which have affected the soil physical properties. These are still not well understood but are relevant for the design of efficient drainage systems. The aim of this research was to analyse the impact of the land use change in Ñadi soils on the spatial and temporal variability of their soil physical properties. For the land use change from secondary native forest (sNF) to naturalized grassland (NG), the effective soil depth was measured at defined points. Time‐ and space‐dependent changes of water‐table depth and penetration resistance were recorded. Volumetric water content and soil temperature were measured with sensors installed at three depths and the water retention curve and air permeability at these depths were also determined. The changes in land use over time have induced a reduction in soil depth. Soils under NG showed a smaller soil water storage capacity, air capacity and permeability compared with soils under sNF, as well as waterlogging during winter and greater mechanical strength and soil profile temperatures during summer. Therefore, the land use change affected the spatial and temporal variability of soil physical functions across the field.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the influence of irrigation and fertilization on the productivity ofE. globulus a field experiment was started in 1986 in Central Portugal. The nutrients accumulated in the biomass and their allocation to the various biomass components as well as the changes in soil chemical characteristics were also followed. Irrigation and fertilization resulted in a significant increase of biomass production during the first 2 yr. A similar trend occurred with the net primary production and leaf Litterfall. The differences between treatments in the amounts of accumulated nutrients in the aboveground biomass were similar to those of biomass accumulation. However, there was a small but consistent effect related to the average concentration of nutrients in the plant tissues. This effect occurred essentially in the leaves and branches. The concentration of N and P in the leaf Litterfall was higher in the fertilized treatments than in the others. Fertilization alone induced a slight increase in the soil pH values, C content, exchangeable Ca and available P levels. Such increase was more pronounced in the fertilized with dripping irrigation treatment. This was due to the accumulation of nutrients in the wetted soil volume.  相似文献   

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