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1.
干旱胁迫对烤烟养分吸收分配及产量品质的影响 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
采用盆栽试验研究了干旱胁迫对烤烟(N icotiana T abacum L.)养分吸收和分配及烟叶产量品质的影响。结果表明,干旱使烟株体内N素含量升高,P、K、C a、M g、F e、M n含量降低,而对Cu、Zn、B含量影响不大。在干旱胁迫下烤烟对各种养分的吸收量都显著下降,营养元素在根和茎中的分配量增加,在叶中的分配量减少,烟叶产量降低,品质下降。干旱程度越重对烟叶产量和品质的影响越显著,而且以旺长期干旱对烟叶产量的影响较大,成熟期干旱对烟叶品质的影响较为明显。 相似文献
2.
浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌蜂的个体发育及其寿命和产卵量的观察 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在实验室25±1℃、RH70%~75%、光照L∶D=14h∶10h、光照强度3500lx条件下,观察了以烟粉虱为寄主时,浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌蜂的个体发育及羽化雌蜂的产卵量和寿命,并描述了各发育阶段的形态特征。结果发现,根据蜕皮现象及形态特征,雌蜂羽化前的发育可分为6个阶段：卵期、一龄幼虫、二龄幼虫、三龄幼虫、预蛹期和蛹期。一龄和二龄的发育历期均为1d左右,卵和三龄的发育历期约需2d,预蛹期0.8d,蛹期5d。在每天更换寄主的情况下,雌蜂平均寿命21.9d,最长29d,最短8d;产卵量为79.1粒,最多124粒,最少51粒。 相似文献
3.
The synthesis of o- and p-cyclohexyphenyl phosphorodichloridates and dichloridophosphorothioates and their conversion into the corresponding dimethyl phosphates, phosphorodihydrazides, and phosphorodihydrazones, is discussed. o- and p-Cyclohexylphenyl N-phenylphosphoramidic chlorides were converted to the hydrazide and the O-methyl ester. The phosphorodichloridates were converted to the dihydrogen phosphates, but the dichloridophosphorothioates could not be hydrolysed in an analogous manner. Structure-activity relationships have been briefly discussed; the most active compound was o-cyclohexylphenyl O-methyl phosphoroisopropylidene hydrazone. 相似文献
4.
Anil Shrestha Katrina M. Steinhauer Bradley D. Hanson Marie Jasieniuk Kurt J. Hembree Steven D. Wright 《国际虫害防治杂志》2016,62(4):300-307
The growth and phenological development of spring- and fall-planted Conyza canadensis and C. bonariensis were studied in Fresno, CA, USA. A glyphosate-resistant (GR) and a glyphosate-susceptible (GS) population of each species were used. Time taken by each plant to reach the rosette, bolting, appearance of first bud, appearance of first open flower, and initial seed set were converted to growing degree days (GDDs). The fall- and spring-planted C. canadensis required similar GDDs to complete their life cycles but the GR type required fewer GDDs than the GS type. In C. bonariensis, the GDDs required to complete its life cycle differed between the fall- and spring-plantings but not between the GR and GS types. The total aboveground biomass of both fall- and spring-planted Conyzas at initial seed set was similar but the spring-planted GS C. canadensis produced more biomass than the GR type, whereas the fall-planted GS C. bonariensis produced more biomass than the GR type. Plant development based on GDD models can have global implications and help in planning for timely applications of post-emergence herbicides. 相似文献
5.
氮素水平对单作和间套作小麦玉米叶片叶绿素含量及品质的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
以间套作小麦玉米、单作小麦和单作玉米为研究对象,通过田间试验研究了氮素水平对单作和间套作小麦玉米叶片叶绿素及品质的影响。主要结果为:在同一施氮水平下,间套作小麦旗叶叶绿素含量大于相应单作;单作和间套作小麦开花期旗叶叶绿素含量和蛋白质含量、沉淀值之间都呈显著正相关(r分别为0.960*,0.948*,0.968*,0.957*)。在相同施氮水平下,单作玉米叶绿素含量高于相应间套作玉米;单作和间套作玉米孕穗期叶绿素含量与其蛋白质含量之间也呈显著正相关(r分别为0.861*和0.870*)。 相似文献
6.
为探究水分和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米生长及水肥利用的综合影响，通过设置40 mm（W1）和60 mm（W2）两个灌水水平下不施氮肥（N0）、施用氮肥（U）、氮肥+硝化抑制剂（U+DCD）、氮肥+脲酶抑制剂（U+NBPT）、氮肥+双效抑制剂（U+N+D）5种氮肥施用措施，开展夏玉米田间试验。结果表明：相较于施用氮肥处理，氮肥配施增效剂可以显著提高夏玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力，增幅分别为5.92%~13.82%、5.85%~18.07%、11.12%~24.30%、12.35%~41.83%和5.93%~13.80%，其中氮肥配施双效抑制剂效果较优；氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂和双效抑制剂可以降低夏玉米农田土壤氨挥发累积量和成熟期土壤硝态氮残留量，前者效果最优。相比于W1，W2水平下氮肥配施双效抑制剂处理玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高10.54%、15.51%、19.40%、20.31%和27.36%；氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂处理农田土壤氨挥发累积量和硝态氮残留量分别降低11.33%和48.46%。综合考虑夏玉米施肥灌水方案的经济效益、环境效益、水肥利用效率和玉米植株生长，构建模糊综合评价体系，得到最优处理为灌水量60 mm下氮肥配施双效抑制剂。 相似文献
7.
探究不同矿化度咸淡水混合喷灌对冬小麦、夏玉米生长及产量的影响,并通过监测土壤水盐分布状况来选择适宜矿化度的咸淡水灌溉方式。在河北低平原地区开展大田灌溉试验,研究了淡水畦灌、淡水喷灌、2 g·L-1和3 g·L-1咸水与淡水混合喷灌对小麦、玉米生长及土壤水盐运移的影响。结果表明：与淡水喷灌相比,连续两年灌溉后,小麦收获时2 g·L-1和3 g·L-1矿化度咸淡混合水喷灌处理的根层（0~40 cm）土体含盐量平均分别增加了17.8%和42.7%,0~100 cm土体含盐量平均分别增加了32.9%和74.3%,玉米收获时根层土体含盐量平均分别增加了40.3%和86.9%,0~100 cm土体含盐量平均分别增加了39.0%和88.9%,且3 g·L-1矿化度咸淡混合水喷灌处理的盐分累积已超出小麦和玉米生长的盐分阈值。2 g·L-1矿化度处理的冬小麦产量较淡水喷灌处理降低了9.8%~11.4%（差异不显著）,但3 g·L-1矿化度处理比淡水喷灌处理的产量显著降低了25.0%~25.9%（P<0.05）;2 g·L-1矿化度处理的夏玉米单株穗粒质量和产量较淡水喷灌处理分别降低了5.1%~10.4%和6.6%~10.5%（差异不显著）,3 g·L-1矿化度比淡水喷灌处理的百粒重、单株穗粒质量和产量分别降低了18.6%~22.4%、18.2%~25.9%和14.7%~15.3%（P<0.05）,3 g·L-1矿化度对冬小麦和夏玉米的产量构成因素影响显著。因此,咸淡混合水矿化度不大于2 g·L-1的喷灌模式用于该地区冬小麦-夏玉米田间灌溉是可行的。 相似文献
8.
不同水肥管理措施对春玉米产量和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采取大田结合小区试验的方法,研究了不同水肥管理措施对春玉米产量和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响。结果表明:水肥一体管理区春玉米产量为17 107 kg·hm-2,显著高于传统水肥管理区(13 349 kg·hm-2);从春玉米出苗期到收获期,无肥区0~90 cm各土层硝态氮含量不断降低,累积总量也从452.5 kg·hm-2降低到279.1 kg·hm-2,传统水肥管理区和水肥一体管理区0~90 cm各土层硝态氮含量和累积总量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,但水肥一体管理区分次追肥避免了传统水肥管理大喇叭口期过量追氮带来的淋溶风险;春玉米大喇叭口期和收获期随着土层深度的增加,0~180 cm土层硝态氮含量呈下降趋势;不同水肥管理措施0~180 cm土层硝态氮累积总量传统水肥管理区最高,大喇叭口期和收获期分别达到1 119.3 kg·hm-2和945.5 kg·hm-2,淋溶风险最大。因此以水肥一体化为核心的水肥管理措施可实现冀西北地区春玉米高产和环境友好。 相似文献
9.
James B. Sinclair 《Pest management science》1993,37(1):15-19
The control of pathogens, including two bacteria, nine fungi and a virus that cause diseases of soybean seeds and seedlings is discussed. Control methods include general management practices, biocontrol agents, fungicides applied to seeds and foliage, and thermotherapy. Guidelines for the use of seed treatment and foliar fungicides are given. The fungicides commonly used are listed and the interaction between certain fungicides and Bradyrhizobium inoculant is discussed. 相似文献
10.
含三氮唑环和噻吩环希夫碱的合成及其杀菌活性 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为了设计合成具有更高生物活性的化合物,以3-芳基-4-氨基-5-巯基-1,2,4-三唑与α-噻吩甲醛反应,通过微波法和传统方法设计合成了10个含1,2,4-三唑和噻吩环的希夫碱类化合物,其结构经IR、1H NMR、MS和元素分析确证。对两种方法的优缺点进行了比较。同时对6种病原菌进行了生物活性测试,结果发现,在50 mg/L下,化合物 IIe、IIf 对6种病菌的抑制率大于62%。所有目标化合物对苹果轮纹病菌Dochiorella gregaria和水稻纹枯病菌Rhizatonia solani的抑制率均大于85%。 相似文献
11.
The movement and persistence of atrazine and metribuzin, in a sandy loam soil following application in spring, was simulated using two models. The first model, based on the physical laws describing water and solute movement and using measured values of soil hydraulic properties, underestimated herbicide mobility in the soil and predicted too rapid drying of the deeper soil layers. The accuracy of the simulations was improved by empirically reducing the measured hydraulic conductivities by a factor of 4. This probably reflects the difficulties of obtaining reliable measurements of soil hydraulic properties. A second and simpler model, which simulated water and herbicide movement using mobile and immobile water categories, accurately predicted soil water contents. It tended to underestimate herbicide movement at short times after application, and to overestimate movement later in the experiments. A comparison of different methods of simulating herbicide degradation showed that prediction of degradation rates in the field from laboratory data can be unsatisfactory with some compounds. 相似文献
12.
The first syntheses of syn-12-hydroxydieldrin, syn-12-hydroxyendrin and anti-12-hydroxyendrin have been accomplished by debenzoylation and epoxidation of three isomeric adduction products of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and 1,7,7-trinorborna-2,5-dien-7-yl benzoate. A third known metabolite of endrin, 12-ketoendrin, and a putative metabolite of dieldrin, 12-ketodieldrin, were prepared from the corresponding alcohols by oxidation with chromium trioxide. Characterisation of the three debenzoylated intermediates as syn-12-hydroxyaldrin, and syn- and anti-12-hydroxyisodrin constitutes the first syntheses of these three possible metabolites of aldrin and isodrin. 相似文献
13.
Apart from the development of lesions with characteristic bands on leaves and sheaths, some rarely observed symptoms and signs of the disease incited byRhizoctonia solani Kühn f. sp.sasakii Exner in maize (Zea mays) were recorded. The occurrence of stalk lesions (rind spotting), stalk breakage, clumping and caking of styles (silk fibers), horseshoe-shaped lesions with banding on caryopses; and sclerotial formation on styles, glumes, cupules and caryopses, are described for the first time. The blemishes on the caryopses are sufficient for diagnosis of the disease, as kernel rots incited by other fungi do not produce such disfiguration. 相似文献
14.
Akmoutsou P Mademtzoglou D Nakou I Onoufriadis A Papadopoulou X Kounatidis I Frantzios G Papadakis G Vasiliadis K Papadopoulos NT Mavragani-Tsipidou P 《Pest management science》2011,67(12):1534-1540
BACKGROUND: The insecticides spinosad and deltamethrin are being increasingly used in pest management programmes. In order to assess further their toxic effects to target and non‐target insect species, an evaluation was made of their insecticidal profile on Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) and Drosophila melanogaster (Meig.). Moreover, possible genotoxic effects of the two pesticides were investigated using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in D. melanogaster. RESULTS: Both insecticides were highly effective against B. oleae, exhibiting similar LC50 values. Moreover, they were found to be more effective against Bactrocera than against Drosophila adults. However, spinosad was significantly more toxic than deltamethrin to D. melanogaster. The results showed a lack of genotoxic activity of both insecticides under the in vivo experimental procedure employed, at least at applied doses. CONCLUSION: The present study provides information for lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad and deltamethrin against a target and a non‐target species. Both insecticides can exert high toxicity to B. oleae when adults are exposed even to very low doses for long periods of time. The results contribute to the database on the genotoxic potential of spinosad and deltamethrin, suggesting a safety profile for both insecticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
15.
毒死蜱-聚乳酸微球的制备及其性能评价 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2
以毒死蜱为芯材,以生物可降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)为载体(壁材),采用溶剂挥发法制备了毒死蜱缓释微球,考察了芯壁材质量比及聚乳酸浓度对微球质量的影响。结果表明:当聚乳酸浓度增加时,载药量和包封率、粒径均随之增加;当芯壁材质量比减小(由1∶2减小至1∶5)时,微球粒 径、载药量也逐渐减小;包封率在芯壁材质量比为1∶3和1∶4时分别为89.88%±1.67%和90.55%±1.86%;当芯壁材质量比小于1∶2时,微球呈光滑完整的球形。差示扫描量热检测分析证明,毒死蜱和聚乳酸能够有机地结合为一体。表明合适的芯壁材比例和聚乳酸浓度有利于提高制备微球的质量。 相似文献
16.
In acidic media, hydrolysis of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl occurs via two consecutive reactions which were followed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. For these two reactions, the pseudo-first-order rate constants increase proportionally to the concentration of hydronium ion in the more acidic media and to the square of this concentration at higher pH values. A kinetic study by HPLC shows that the first reaction leads to the formation of 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine and (o-chlorophenylsulfonyl) carbamic acid for chlorsulfuron or (o-methoxycarbonylphenylsulfonyl) carbamic acid for metsulfuronmethyl. The second reaction is the conversion of these sulfonylcarbamic acids to sulfonamides and carbon dioxide. The complete lack of saccharin and of o-sulfamoyl benzoic acid proves that the ester function of the methoxycarbonyl group is stable. The lack of general acid-base catalysis and a solvent deuterium isotope effect less than unity are consistent with a rate-determining cleavage of the protonated substrate. In the basic pH range (10–14) a single reaction occurs, the nucleophilic substitution of the methoxy group on the triazine by a hydroxide group. 相似文献
17.
扁蓿豆抗旱形态解剖结构观察与分析 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
对6个不同来源(产地)扁蓿豆(Melilotoidesruthenica(L.)Sojak)的根、茎、叶形态结构进行了观察研究。结果表明:可初步将叶片小、叶色淡绿、气孔密度大、细胞小、叶片栅栏组织排列紧密、具表皮毛作为扁蓿豆属牧草抗旱的形态解剖指标。在本实验选取的7份材料中,来源于内蒙古乌兰察布盟的两份扁蓿豆材料较其他来源的扁蓿豆抗旱性强,可作为今后抗旱育种的种质资源。 相似文献
18.
在大田条件下,选用大穗型品种兰考矮早八号和多穗型品种豫麦49-198为试验材料,研究了不同施硫量和灌水次数对冬小麦光合性能及产量的影响.结果表明,不同施硫处理,以硫60 kg/hm2处理产量最高,并达到显著水平.兰考矮早八和豫麦49-198的增产幅度达19.32%和9.24%,此处理下的光合速率和SPAD值高于硫30 kg/hm2和硫0 kg/hm2处理.在本试验条件下,2品种在灌水处理间产量有差别,兰考矮早八以不灌水产量最高,豫麦49-198以仅拔节期灌水产量最高. 相似文献
19.
ABSTRACT We evaluated effects of both physical and biological components of the environment on growth of Pantoea agglomerans on inoculated pear and apple blossoms and on spread of the bacterium to blossoms on non-inoculated trees. The center three rows of 0.35- to 0.5-ha blocks of four pear cultivars and four apple cultivars were sprayed with a suspension of streptomycin-resistant P. agglomerans strain C9-1S (C9-1S) at 20 to 60% and 60 to 90% bloom. Cultivars were chosen to create a sequence of continuous bloom from late March (d'Anjou pear) through mid-May (Red Rome apple). Each cultivar block was quartered into plots; two plots were treated twice with streptomycin sulfate near mid- and full bloom to suppress populations of indigenous bacterial epiphytes and the other two plots were treated with water. Colonization of blossoms by C9-1S and by indigenous bacterial epiphytes were monitored on inoculated trees and along transects of noninoculated trees. Immediately after spraying, C9-1S was detected principally on blossoms sampled from inoculated trees. As bloom progressed, trees up to 18 m from inoculated trees had high proportions of blossoms colonized by C9-1S. Streptomycin significantly (P 相似文献
20.
P. van Dijk 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(2):1-48
Nearly 5700 plants of 14 cultivated and 8 wildAllium species and varieties from the Netherlands and other parts of the world, were tested for infection with aphid-borne potyviruses by ELISA, electron microscope decoration tests and/or inoculation onto test plants. This resulted in the detection of two known viruses, viz. leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) and onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), and the discovery and characterization of two new viruses, viz. shallot yellow stripe virus (SYSV) and Welsh onion yellow stripe virus (WoYSV), and of six strains of these viruses. ‘Garlic mosaic’, ‘barlic yellow streak’, ‘onion mosaic’, ‘shallot mosaic’, ‘shallot X’, and ‘shallot yellows’ viruses, incompletely described in the literature, are now reidentified as well-known viruses or as strains or mixtures of such viruses. ‘Garlic yellow stripe virus’ is also a complex containing a potyvirus possibly differing from the viruses found in this survey. The symptoms of the potyviruses studied varied widely and ranged from mild to severe chlorotic to yellow striping of leaves, and they are of little diagnostic importance.LYSV was found in vegetatively propagated pearl onion (A. ampeloprasum var.sectivum) from Europe and Asia. It has decreased in leek crops (A. ampeloprasum var.porrum) in the Netherlands since the 1970, apparently due to resistance in new cultivars. OYDV was common in onion (A. cepa var.cepa) from the former USSR and North Africa, and in European cultivars of shallot (A. cepa var.ascalonicum), with the exception of the highly resistant ‘Santé’, but was not detected during this survey in Asian shallot. European samples of ever-ready onion (A. cepa var.perutile), multiplier onion (A. cepa var.aggregatum) and tree onion (A. cepa var.viviparum) contained OYDV. It was also found in sand leek (A. scorodoprasum) from european gene collections. A strain of OYDV from onion and shallot in Morocco and Spain was virulent on onion and shallot cultivars resistant to common OYDV, as reported early for a similar isolate in the USA.Asian shallot appeared generally infected with the new SYSV, similar to OYDV in host range and symptoms but serologically distinct. It was not detected in onion and shallot from Europe or North Africa. A virulent strain of this virus caused striping in sap-inoculated garlic (A. sativum) and Formosan lily (Lilium formosanum). The new WoYSV, infecting Welsh onion in Indonesia and Japan, was earlier described in Japan as OYDV from rakkyo and Welsh onion. It appeared serologically closely related to SYSV and distantly to OYDV, but differed in its host range.Host-specific strains of LYSV and OYDV were detected in garlic, wild garlic (A. longicuspis), an unidentifiedAllium species (suffix-G), and great-headed garlic (A. ampeloprasum var.holmense) (suffix-GhG)., LYSV-G and OYDV-G infected on average 45% and 73%, respectively, of the garlic samples of worldwide origin. Symptoms of isolates of both strains varied in severity, implying the necessity of serological tests for disease diagnosis and health certification. LYSV-GhG was the cause of yellow striping in 93% of the great-headed garlic plants tested, mainly from the Mediterranean area. One sample was also infected with OYDV-GhG.Many samples from vegetatively propagated crops grown from non-certified planting stock contained a few plants free of potyviruses, implying the possibility to obtain healthy (and possibly resistant) selections of such cultivars avoiding meristem-tip culture. Cross-protection of garlic sets by a mild potyvirus isolate seems to be an alternative to the use of vulnerable virus-free sets.Generally, viruses and virus strains could not be transmitted to anyAllium species other than their natural host, except to the highly susceptible crow garlic (A. vineale). This species, and other predominantly vegetatively propagating wildAllium spp. (field garlic,A. oleraceum; ramsons,A. ursinum; sand leek), were found not to be reservoirs of viruses that might infectAllium crops in the netherlands. Streaking in vegetatively propagated wild leeks (A. ampeloprasum and closely related species) originating from the Mediterranean area and Asia was due to an undescribed miteborne virus. The survey confirmed that spread of potyviruses inAllium crops in the Netherlands is from planting sets, and from a neighbouring crop only if of the same species. 相似文献