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1.
不同氮效率玉米干物质形成及氮素营养特性差异研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
通过田间小区试验,开展了两个氮素供应水平（N0和N180）下,两个不同氮效率玉米品种［氮高效品种先玉335（V1）低效品种吉单535（V2）］干物质形成与氮素营养特性差异研究。结果表明,在氮素胁迫条件下,氮高效品种先玉335具有较高的耐低氮能力,表现为N0处理其干物质量及吸氮量均显著高于氮低效品种吉单535的N180处理。成熟期,先玉335的子粒干物质量和吸氮量均显著高于吉单535,且N180处理显著高于N0处理; 品种和氮素处理间的交互作用达极显著水平,表现为N180处理先玉335子粒干物质量和吸氮素最高。另外,两品种子粒中85.6%～97.6%的碳来源于粒重形成阶段叶片的光合作用,仅2.4%～14.1%源于抽雄前营养体的碳素转移。先玉335子粒氮素来源更多依赖于生育后期根系对氮素的吸收和转移,N0和N180处理中,根系氮素吸收转移量对子粒的贡献分别为45.4%和59.3%; 而吉单535子粒的氮素来源则以生育前期地上部营养体的氮素转移为主,N0和N180处理中,转移量对子粒贡献分别为65.5%和67.9%。先玉335的氮肥回收利用率、氮肥农学效率及氮肥偏生产力均高于吉单535。 相似文献
2.
Fuqiang Yang Gangwei Wang Zhiyong Zhang A. Egrinya Eneji Liusheng Duan Zhaohu Li 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(1):83-97
Genotypic differences in potassium (K) uptake and utilization were compared for eight cotton cultivars in growth chamber and field experiments. Four of the cultivars (‘SGK3’, ‘SCRC18’, ‘SCRC21’ and ‘SCRC22’) typically produce lower dry mass and the other four (‘Nannong8’, ‘Xiangza2’, ‘Xinluzao12’ and ‘Xiangza3’) produce greater dry mass in K-deficient solution (0.02 mM). The mean dry weight of seedlings (five-leaf stage) of cultivars with greater biomass was 155% higher than that of cultivars with lower biomass yield under K deficiency. However, all the genotypes had similar dry matter yields in K-sufficient solution (2.5 mM). Thus, the four cultivars with superior biomass yield under low K medium may be described as K efficient cultivars while the inferior cultivars may be described as K inefficient. Although seeds of the studied cultivars originated from different research institutes or seed companies, there were little differences in seed K content among them, irrespective of their K efficiency. Consequently, there were no significant differences in K accumulation in seedlings (4 d after germination in a K-free sand medium) just before transferring to nutrient solutions. However, the K efficient genotypes, on average, accumulated twice as much K at 21 d after transferring to K-deficient solution (0.02 mM). A much larger root system as well as a slightly higher uptake rate (K uptake per unit of root dry weight) may have contributed to the higher net K uptake by the K efficient cultivars. In addition, the K efficiency ratio (dry mass produced per unit of K accumulated) and K utilization efficiency (dry mass produced per unit of K concentration) of the K efficient cultivars exceeded those of the K inefficient genotypes by 29% and 234%, respectively, under K deficiency. On average, the K efficient cultivars produced 59% more potential economic yield (dry weight of all reproductive organs) under field conditions even with available soil K at obviously deficient level (60 mg kg?1). We noted especially that the four K inefficient cultivars studied were all transgenic insect-resistant cotton, suggesting that the introduction of foreign genes (Bt and CpTI) may affect the K use efficiency of cotton. 相似文献
3.
不同氮效率玉米根系时空分布与氮素吸收对氮肥的响应 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
4.
不同耐密性玉米品种的根系生长及其对种植密度的响应 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
根系形态和分布对土壤中养分和水分的吸收有重要影响。增加耐密性是现代玉米（Zea may L.）育种的主要方向,而耐密性与根系的关系尚了解不多。本文以70年代主推的2个不耐密型品种（中单2号与丹玉13）和2个当代耐密型现代品种（先玉335和郑单958）为材料,将田间试验和室内水培试验相结合,在3个密度水平下,研究了不同耐密性玉米品种的根系差异及其对种植密度的响应。结果表明,目前推广的耐密型品种的根系要小于不耐密的老品种。不同耐密性品种之间的差异主要表现在040 cm。随着密度的增加,根显著变小、变细。密度主要降低020 cm土层中的根系生长,对深层根系影响较小。先玉335和中单2的根系长度对密度的反应较弱,郑单958和丹玉13较强。这说明先玉335主要依靠其小根系适应高密度,而郑单958既依靠较小的根系,同时依靠较高的根系反应性适应高密度。 相似文献
5.
渗透胁迫对玉米幼苗根系活力和K+吸收动力学特征的影响 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
本试验以三个抗旱性不同的玉米品种作为试验材料,以26％聚乙二醇Polyethylene.glycol(PEG)(分子量4000)溶液对幼苗进行模拟渗透胁迫,研究了渗透胁迫对3个抗旱性不同的玉米品种幼苗根系活力及对K+吸收的动力学的影响。结果表明,玉米幼苗根系对K+的吸收速度符合Michaelis-Menten动力学方程;短期(24h内)的渗透胁迫可在一定程度上促进根系的生长,根系活力增强,NR活力升高,根系与离子的亲和力增加(Km下降),抗旱性强的品种促进程度大于抗旱性弱的品种;较长时间(超过48h)的渗透胁迫则抑制根系的生长,根系活力、NR活性等降低,根系与离子的亲和力下降(Km升高)。抗旱性强的品种受抑程度轻,Km值的升幅小,而抗旱性弱的品种受抑程度重,Km值的升幅大。玉米幼苗根系吸收K+的Km与根数、根重、根系活力、吸收面积、NR活力等极显著相关,可作为玉米抗旱性强弱的指标。 相似文献
6.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9-10):1517-1531
Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different cadmium (Cd) concentrations of phaeozem on growth and uptake of Cd and mineral nutrient copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) by three maize genotypes in the mature stage. The results showed that the dry‐matter accumulation of shoots was inhibited by added Cd for Jidan209 and Jitian6, but this did not influence Chunyou30. The root biomasses decreased significantly for Jitian6 and stimulated Jidan209 and Chunyou30. Yields of three genotypes of maize were decreased by increasing soil Cd concentrations. Among them, Chunyou30 had a high tolerance and Jitian6 was most sensitive to Cd. The accumulation order of Cd in different parts of plants was root > leaf > stem > grain. The percentage of absorbed Cd by roots was 70–85% of total absorbed amount. Cadmium uptake by maize in the mature stage had a significant genetic variation: Jitian6 > Jidan209 > Chunyou30 for root, stem and leaf, and Jidan209 > Jitian6 > Chunyou30 for grain, respectively. Increase of soil Cd had no significant effect on Zn concentration of leaves, but there was a significant genetic variation: Chunyou30 > Jidan209 > Jitian6 (P=0.023). Cu concentration of leaves was increased significantly with increase of soil Cd (P<0.01), but no genetic variation was observed. 相似文献
7.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):2391-2401
Abstract Availability of phosphorus (P) in soil and its acquisition by plants is affected by the release of high and low molecular weight root exudates. A study was carried out to ascertain the qualitative and quantitative differences in root exudation among the genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) and green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under P‐stress. Results showed that both inter‐ and intra‐species differences do exist among maize and green gram in terms of root exudation, P uptake, and shoot and root P content. In general, green gram, a legume crop, had greater root exudation compared to maize. However, the amino acid content of the total root exudates in maize was two‐fold as compared to green gram. The maize and green gram genotypes possessed genetic variability in root exudation. Irrespective of the species or genotypes, a positive relationship was found among P uptake rates, total root exudation, and shoot and root 32P content. The amount of sugars and amino acid present in the root exudates of P‐starved seedlings also add to the variation in P uptake efficiency of genotypes. 相似文献
8.
Suprakash Saha Monidipta Saha Amit Ranjan Saha Sabyasachi Mitra Surja Kumar Sarkar Ashesh Kumar Ghorai 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1191-1200
The interactive effect of potassium (K) and sulfur (S) fertilization on productivity and mineral nutrition of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) was evaluated in a field experiment during 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons at Uttar Pradesh, India. Potassium and sulfur fertilizers increased fiber yield and nutrient uptake of sunnhemp. It was observed that an application of K and S at 40 kg ha?1 each significantly increased the total dry matter, fiber yield, and nutrient uptake of sunnhemp. The crop yield response to the added S was greater than for K and the nutrient use efficiency was also higher at lower levels of fertilizer addition. The increased levels of K and S improved the number of nodules and crude protein content of sunnhemp leaves. 相似文献
9.
深松对春玉米根系形态特征和生理特性的影响 总被引：14，自引：11，他引：14
为研究深松对春玉米根系形态特征和生理特性的影响。以郑单958和先玉335为供试品种,设旋耕(R)、深松加旋耕(S+R)2个处理,于2012和2013年进行田间试验。结果表明,深松可以显著提高2个品种春玉米实测产量(P0.05)、春玉米乳熟期和完熟期根干质量(P0.05)且40 cm以下土层尤为明显。2个品种春玉米30 cm土层处的株、行间根幅均表现为S+R小于R处理,其中行间根幅的差异达到了显著水平(P0.05),单株根条数和比根长均表现为S+R显著高于R处理(P0.05)。乳熟期60 cm以下土层根系活力S+R高于R处理且随着土层的加深差异逐渐增大,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧物酶活性在吐丝期和乳熟期各土层S+R均高于R处理,而丙二醛含量低于旋耕处理。深松促进根系特别是下层根系干质量的增加,增加根系纵深分布,春玉米根系重心下移,并保持较高的生理活性,是其能够增产的重要原因。该文可为春玉米高产栽培提供依据。 相似文献
10.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the University of Çukurova, Rhisosphere Lab, Adana, Turkey, on a growth medium to assess the impact of several selected mycorrhiza including indigenous AMF-maize hybrid combinations on spore production, plant growth and nutrient uptake. In the experiment, six maize (Zea mays L.) (Luce, Vero, Darva, Pegasso, P.3394, and P.32K61) genotypes were used. Control, Glomus mossea, G. caledonium, G. etunicatum, G. clarium, G. macrocarpum, G. fasciculatum, G. intraradices, Dr. Kinkon (Japanese species), indigenous mycorrhizae (Balcal? series) and cocktail mycorrhizae species spores were used. The growth of maize genotypes was found to depend on the mycorrhizal species. For shoot and root dry weight production G. intraradices is one of the most efficient mycorrhiza species on average on all maize genotypes. Genotypes P.3394 and P.32K61 produced the highest shoot and root dry weight as well. Pagasso and Darva genotypes compared to the other genotypes have high root colonization percentages. On average G. clarium inoculated plants also have high percentages of root colonization. It has been found that the P.32K61 genotype has a high phosphorus (P)% content and Pagasso genotypes have higher zinc (Zn) content uptake than other genotypes. G. clarium inoculated maize genotype plant tissues have high P% and Zn content. G. intraradices is also efficient for P and Zn uptake. Mycorrhizal dependent maize genotypes showed variability in P efficiency from inefficient to efficient genotypes. 相似文献
11.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proved to be very sensitive of low pH (4.3), with large genotypic differences in proton sensitivity. Therefore, proton toxicity did not allow the screening of common bean genotypes for aluminium (Al) resistance using the established protocol for maize (0.5 mM CaCl2, 8 μM H3BO3, pH 4.3). Increasing the pH to 4.5, the Ca2+ concentration to 5 mM, and addition of 0.5 mM KCl fully prevented proton toxicity in 28 tested genotypes and allowed to identify differences in Al resistance using the inhibition of root elongation by 20 μM Al supply for 36 h as parameter of Al injury. As in maize, Al treatment induced callose formation in root apices of common bean. Aluminium‐induced callose formation well reflected the effect of Ca supply on Al sensitivity as revealed by root‐growth inhibition. Aluminum‐induced callose formation in root apices of 28 bean genotypes differing in Al resistance after 36 h Al treatment was positively correlated to Al‐induced inhibition of root elongation and Al contents in the root apices. However, the relationship was less close than previously reported for maize. Also, after 12 h Al treatment, callose formation and Al contents in root apices did not reflect differences in Al resistance between two contrasting genotypes, indicating a different mode of the expression of Al toxicity and regulation of Al resistance in common bean than in maize. 相似文献
12.
Nutrient leaching from dry (COD) and wet (COW) coffee, sisal (SIS), brewery barley malt (BEB) and sugar cane (FIC) by-products, and linseed (LIC) and niger seed cakes (NIC), and uptake by maize were studied in a pot experiment with tropical Alfisol. After three months, soils were leached to recover labile plant nutrients, and root and shoot biomass was harvested. The leachate from FIC-amended soil had the highest concentration of inorganic P (0.90 μmol L?1), whereas the highest concentrations of potassium (K) (48,088 μmol L?1) and calcium (2566 μmol L?1) were determined in leachates from COD and BEB treatments, respectively. The amendments significantly increased K uptake by maize proportional to the amount of K applied, but the effects for other plant nutrients were small. The results indicated that pre-decomposition of agro-industrial by-products may increase the nutrient release in tropical soils. 相似文献
13.
The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where 15N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars. 相似文献
14.
ABSTRACT The capacity of a plant to take up nitrate is a function of the activity of its nitrate-transporter systems and the size and architecture of its root system. It is unclear which of the two components, root system or nitrate-uptake system, is more important in nitrogen (N) acquisition under nitrogen-sufficiency conditions. Two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines (478 and Wu312) grown in nutrient solution in a controlled environment were compared for their N acquisition at 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 mmol L?1 nitrate supply. Genotype 478 could take up more N than Wu312 at all nitrate concentrations, though the shoot biomass of the two genotypes was similar. Genotype 478 had a larger leaf area and longer root length. The specific N uptake rate of 478 (μmol N g?1 root. d?1) was lower than that of Wu312. In an independent nitrate-depletion experiment, the potential nitrate uptake rate of 478 was also lower than that of Wu312. No genotypic difference was found in photosynthesis rate. It was concluded that the greater N acquisition ability in 478 involves the coordination of leaf and root growth. Vigorous leaf growth caused a large demand for N. This demand was met by the genotype's large root system. Besides providing a strong sink for N uptake, the larger leaf area of 478 might also guarantee the carbohydrate supply necessary for its greater root growth. 相似文献
15.
A long-term field experiment (1998 to 2010) investigated the effects of vermicompost (VC) and chemical fertilizers (CF) application alone or in combination on biomass partitioning, nutrient uptake and productivity of arecanut. Trunk biomass (kg palm?1) was significantly higher with integrated treatments (40.8–43.0) than control (23.9). Biomass partitioning to kernel varied between 4.6% in control to 7.7% in CF 100 and 200% nitrogen (N)- phosphorus (P)- potassium (K). The leaf P and K content varied significantly among treatments. The N immobilized in trunk (g palm?1) was significantly higher in integrated treatments (119-127) than in control (93). Phosphorus and K uptake by trunk followed same trend. The leaf K uptake and total K removed were found significant. The nutrition treatments registered significantly higher kernel yield (2508–3176 kg ha?1) than control (1721 kg ha?1). The increased yield of arecanut from chemical fertilizers (73–85%) was more pronounced when compared to VC (48–59%) and integrated treatments (46–63%) over control. 相似文献
16.
Chandra Gandhi Kannan Priyadharsini Perumalsamy 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(5):524-538
This study examines the influence of different amounts of potassium chloride (KCl) fertilization on plant growth, nutrient accumulation and content, nutrient ratios, and root colonization by indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in maize (Zea mays L.). KCl was applied at the rate of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 1.75 mg/kg of soil. Effect of KCl on indigenous AM formation and function was evaluated in terms of the extent of root length colonization, plant growth, and nutrient uptake. Increasing concentration of KCl fertilization proportionately limited the total root length colonized by AM fungi as well as the root length with different AM fungal structures. Maize plants raised on soils amended with different concentrations of KCl were significantly taller than those raised on unamended soils. KCl application also significantly increased the total root length and root dry weight. Nevertheless, KCl fertilization did not significantly alter the root/shoot ratios. Higher concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were evident in shoot and root tissues of maize (except shoot N) raised on KCl-amended soils. Phosphorus concentrations in shoots and roots significantly influenced mycorrhization and root length colonized by different AM fungal structures, and such an effect was evident for root N. KCl fertilization increased the efficiency of N and P accumulation. No significant change was evident in the K:N ratios of shoots or roots, whereas the K:P ratios were significantly altered in shoots or roots in response to KCl application. 相似文献
17.
施氮对不同品种玉米产量、氮效率的影响 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
随着人们对农田氮肥过量施用导致肥料利用率下降和农田地下水硝酸盐污染等问题认识的逐渐加深,不同品种玉米氮素营养效率的研究得到普遍重视。本文选择在我国主要应用的15个玉米品种,在0、120kg.hm 2、240 kg.hm 2氮水平下,通过田间试验研究了施氮对不同品种玉米产量和氮效率的影响。结果表明:"郑单958"、"32D22"、"滑玉14"、"豫丰335"、"新单29"、"中科11"和"漯单9号"在施氮量为120 kg.hm 2时产量最高;"先玉335"、"浚单18"、"蠡玉13"、"浚单20"、"农大108"、"NE8"、"豫禾988"和"洛玉4号"在施氮量为240 kg.hm 2时产量最高。以产量差异的显著性关系为标准进行聚类分析,可将15个玉米品种分为高产、中产、低产3个类型。在3个氮水平下,"蠡玉13"都表现为高产品种,"先玉335"都表现为中产品种,"豫丰335"和"豫禾988"都表现为低产品种。根据玉米在中氮和高氮水平下的氮效率,可以将其划分为4个类型,"郑单958"、"浚单20"、"蠡玉13"、"浚单18"和"漯单9号"为双高效型,"农大108"、"NE8"、"豫禾988"、"豫丰335"和"洛玉4号"为双低效型。根据产量和氮效率的聚类分析结果,"蠡玉13"和"浚单20"在中氮和高氮时都是高产又高氮效率的品种;"郑单958"和"漯单9"在中氮时是高产高氮效率的品种;而"豫丰335"、"豫禾988"、"NE8"和"洛玉4号"在中氮和高氮时都是低产又低氮效率的品种;"农大108"在高氮时是低产又低氮效率的品种。玉米产量与氮营养性状的相关性分析结果表明,氮吸收效率对产量的影响较小,氮素利用效率与秸秆吸氮量之间存在抑制作用,氮素利用效率与氮收获指数间有很好的协同作用。通径分析结果表明,在3个施氮水平下,玉米氮素利用效率对产量有较大的作用,而氮素吸收效率对产量的作用很小。在低氮水平下,氮素利用效率和籽粒吸氮量对产量起决定性作用;在高氮水平下,氮素利用效率起主要作用。 相似文献
18.
硝酸钾和硫酸钾对番茄幼苗生长、根系形态及钾素吸收和生理利用效率的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用水培试验,研究不同钾肥种类(KNO3、K2SO4)、不同钾素水平(0、2.0、4.0和8.0mmol/L)对"天福冠露"和"毛粉802"2个番茄品种幼苗生长、根系特征及对钾素吸收、生理利用效率的影响。结果表明,随钾素水平提高,番茄鲜重、干重以及根长、根体积、根直径等根系特征显著提高。在钾素水平为4.0、8.0mmol/L时,硝酸钾处理的番茄株高、根长显著高于硫酸钾。钾素水平为8.0mmol/L时,硫酸钾根直径显著高于硝酸钾处理的;"天福冠露"施用硝酸钾的根尖数显著高于施用硫酸钾;"毛粉802"施用硫酸钾,植株的根直径、钾含量和钾素积累量显著高于硝酸钾处理。番茄水培适宜的钾素浓度为8.0mmol/L,硝酸钾有利于番茄生长发育,硫酸钾有利于番茄对钾素的吸收。在相同钾素水平条件下,2个番茄品种鲜重、干重均无显著差异。 相似文献
19.
Hassan Zare-Maivan Narges Khanpour-Ardestani Faezeh Ghanati 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(14):2026-2032
Mycorrhizal fungi affect growth and nutrition of host plants positively. In this research, influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) ongrowth, chlorophyll content, and potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) uptake in maize seedlings in pot culture was studied. This experiment was performed using natural soil containing a mixture of spores of Glomus spp. Mycorrhizal spores were exposed to four concentrations of K solution, i.e. 0.61 (soil K content), 0.92, and 1.23 meq/L and three concentrations of Mg, i.e. 4.8 (soil Mg content), 7.2, and 9.6 meq/L concurrently. Plants were watered every 4 days for 16 days with 50 mL distilled water. A pot with sterilized soil was used as negative control. For study of mycorrhizal colonization, very thin manually prepared longitudinal sections of plant roots (>1 mm in diameter) were stained with lactophenol-cottonblue and examined microscopically. Percentage of mycorrhizal colonization was determined using the grid-line intersect method. Samples from root and shoot of maize were collected for further analysis. Results showed mycorrhizal plants had significantly higher dry and fresh weight and chlorophyll content than plants grown in sterilized soil (p ≤ 0.05). Treatments with concentrations of 7.2 meq/L of magnesium alone and in combination with 0.92 meq/L of potassium with7.2 meq/L of Mg had better effect on morphological characters (dry and fresh weight of root and shoot). Mycorrhizal colonization increased Mg uptake but decreased K uptake. 相似文献
20.
The plant root system is an important organ which supplies water and nutrients to growing plants. Information is limited on influence of nitrogen fertilization on upland rice root growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization on growth of root system of 20 upland rice genotypes. The N rate used was 0 mg kg?1(low) and 300 mg kg?1(high) of soil. Nitrogen X genotype interactions for root length and root dry weight were highly significant (P < 0.01), indicating that differences among genotypes were not consistent at two N rates. Overall, greater root length, root dry weight and tops-roots ration were obtained at an N fertilization rate of 300 mg kg?1compared with the 0 mg N kg?1soil. However, genotypes differ significantly in root length, root dry weight and top-root ratio. Nitrogen fertilization produced fine roots and more root hairs compared with absence of N fertilizer treatment. Based on root dry weight efficiency index (RDWEI) for N use efficiency, 70% genotypes were classified as efficient, 15% were classified as moderately efficient and 15% were classified as inefficient. Root dry weight efficiency index trait can be incorporated in upland rice for improving water and nutrient efficiency in favor of higher yields. 相似文献