共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
2.
大麦白粉病菌遗传学研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大麦白粉病是由布氏白粉菌属大麦专化型活体寄生菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.hordei（Bgh）引起的真菌病害,在全球大麦种植区普遍发生,危害日趋严重。大麦白粉病菌与寄主之间存在着“基因对基因”的关系,分化为不同的生理小种或致病型。由于病原菌基因突变、重组和流动以及寄主的选择作用,大麦Bgh种群毒性、致病型频率和分布不断发生变化。随着分子生物学技术飞速发展,应用分子标记已对30多个Bgh无毒基因位点进行了连锁作图分析,已克隆了Bgh无毒基因AVRk1和AVRa10,Bgh全基因组测序现已完成。文章综述了大麦白粉病菌的侵染循环、遗传分化及其无毒基因的定位、克隆和致病机制研究进展,并探讨了基于病原菌毒性进化和基因组解码信息获得持久控制大麦白粉病的有效手段。 相似文献
3.
为明确海南省苦瓜白粉病的病原菌、生理小种及苦瓜对白粉病的抗性遗传规律,结合形态学鉴定和分子鉴定解析白粉病菌及生理小种种类,通过显微镜观察白粉病菌侵染过程,并应用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析法探讨苦瓜对白粉病的主要抗性遗传规律。结果表明:采集自海南省6个市(县)的苦瓜白粉病病原菌均为单囊壳白粉菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea,属生理小种2F,该菌在侵染苦瓜叶片时有4个关键时期:接种后4 h为分生孢子萌发高峰期,8 h为附着孢形成高峰期,16～24 h为次生菌丝形成高峰期,5 d为分生孢子梗形成高峰期。将其接种于苦瓜抗、感品系,对白粉病的抗性符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型,主基因和多基因共同控制苦瓜对白粉病的抗性,其中以主基因遗传为主,且会受到环境变异的影响。根据苦瓜抗性遗传规律,F2代主基因遗传率最高,受环境影响最小,在苦瓜的白粉病抗性育种中,以早期世代F2代作为有效选择世代。研究表明白粉病菌侵染叶片的前2 d是白粉病防治的最佳时期,所以在白粉病易发的物候期,可将防治时间提前1～2 d。 相似文献
4.
Resistance to powdery mildew was induced in barley by preinoculation with virulent and avirulent races of barley powdery mildew ( Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei ), and with a race of wheat powdery mildew ( E. graminis f.sp. tritici ). Four inducer densities were tested in 13 different induction periods between 1 and 24 h. Generally, the resistance induced by barley powdery mildew increased up to 10-12 h of induction and was maintained in longer induction periods. The inducing abilities of virulent and avirulent races could not be distinguished up to 10-12 h of induction, after which the inducing ability of avirulent races increased significantly in relation to virulent races. Wheat powdery mildew was able to induce more resistance than barley powdery mildew in induction periods up to 8 h. In a single inoculation procedure the number of haustoria developing from virulent barley powdery mildew decreased as inoculum density increased. The effect was ascribed to induction of resistance. This reduction of infection efficiency in the compatible interaction was compared to induced resistance. However, the inoculum density needed for 50% resistance induction in the double inoculation procedure was approximately 40 times higher than the inoculum density needed for 50% reduction in infection efficiency in the single inoculation procedure. 相似文献
5.
Relationship between Loci conferring downy mildew and powdery mildew resistance in melon assessed by quantitative trait Loci mapping 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
ABSTRACT Partial resistance to downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) and complete resistance to powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii races 1, 2, 3, and 5 and Golovinomyces cichoracearum race 1) were studied using a recombinant inbred line population between 'PI 124112' (resistant to both diseases) and 'Védrantais' (susceptible line). A genetic map of melon was constructed to tag these resistances with DNA markers. Natural and artificial inoculations of Pseudoperonospora cubensis were performed and replicated in several locations. One major quantitative trait loci (QTL), pcXII.1, was consistently detected among the locations and explained between 12 to 38% of the phenotypic variation for Pseudoperonospora cubensis resistance. Eight other Pseudoperonospora cubensis resistance QTL were identified. Artificial inoculations were performed with several strains of four races of Podosphaera xanthii and one race of G. cichoracearum. Two independent major genes, PmV.1 and PmXII.1, were identified and shown to be involved in the simple resistance to powdery mildew. Three digenic epistatic interactions involving four loci were detected for two races of Podosphaera xanthii and one race of G. cichoracearum. Co-localization between PmV.1, resistance genes, and resistance genes homologues was observed. Linkage between the major resistance QTL to Pseudoperonospora cubensis, pcXII.1, and one of the two resistance genes to powdery mildew, PmXII.1, was demonstrated. 相似文献
6.
Aegilops sharonensis (Sharon goatgrass) is a wild relative of wheat and a rich source of genetic diversity for disease resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic basis of leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew resistance in A. sharonensis and also the allelic relationships between genes controlling resistance to each disease. Progeny from crosses between resistant and susceptible accessions were evaluated for their disease reaction at the seedling and/or adult plant stage to determine the number and action of genes conferring resistance. Two different genes conferring resistance to leaf rust races THBJ and BBBB were identified in accessions 1644 and 603. For stem rust, the same single gene was found to confer resistance to race TTTT in accessions 1644 and 2229. Resistance to stem rust race TPMK was conferred by two genes in accessions 1644 and 603. A contingency test revealed no association between genes conferring resistance to leaf rust race THBJ and stem rust race TTTT or between genes conferring resistance to stem rust race TTTT and powdery mildew isolate UM06-01, indicating that the respective resistance genes are not linked. Three accessions (1644, 2229, and 1193) were found to carry a single gene for resistance to powdery mildew. Allelism tests revealed that the resistance gene in accession 1644 is different from the respective single genes present in either 2229 or 1193. The simple inheritance of leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew resistance in A. sharonensis should simplify the transfer of resistance to wheat in wide crosses. 相似文献
7.
Miroslav Švec Marta Miklovičová 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(6):537-544
In 1993–1996, the virulence of regional populations of the wheat powdery mildew pathogen (Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Marchal) from the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia against 13 resistance genes was investigated. The populations differed mainly at the regional level. Populations from the Czech Republic, mainly from the western regions, showed higher values of virulence against the Pm4b gene. Lower frequency of virulence against Pm4b was found in Austria, and the lowest value was observed in Hungary. The differences in frequencies of virulence against Pm4a and Pm4b showed a similar geographic pattern across the four countries: a continuous decline from west to east and from north to south. Virulence against Pm2 decreased in all countries considered; virulence to pm5, Pm6, Pm8 and Mli was high throughout. Genes and gene combinations that can ensure a relatively effective biological protection against this pathogen across Central Europe at present are Pm3b, Pm2+Mld and Pm1+2+9. Czech and Slovak populations were the most complex: virulence complexity reached a maximum in Slovakia in 1994. A similar evolution, though less significant, was observed in the Czech Republic. Data on complexity of isolates suggest that Central European populations of wheat powdery mildew tend to reach an intermediate level representing the optimal number of virulence genes. This process is probably a consequence of stabilizing selection. 相似文献
8.
ABSTRACT Plant pathogens often exhibit variation in virulence, the ability to cause disease on host plants with specific resistance, evident from the diversity of races observed within pathogen species. The evolution of races in asexual fungal pathogens has been hypothesized to occur in a stepwise fashion, in which mutations to virulence accumulate sequentially in clonal lineages, resulting in races capable of overcoming multiple host plant resistance genes or multiple resistant cultivars. In this study, we demonstrate a simple stepwise pattern of race evolution in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, the fungus that causes Fusarium wilt of chickpeas. The inferred intraspecific phylogeny of races in this fungus, based on DNA fingerprinting with repetitive sequences, shows that each of the eight races forms a monophyletic lineage. By mapping virulence to each differential cultivar (used for defining races) onto the inferred phylogeny, we show that virulence has been acquired in a simple stepwise pattern, with few parallel gains or losses. Such a clear pattern of stepwise evolution of races, to our knowledge, has not been demonstrated previously for other pathogens based on analyses of field populations. We speculate that in other systems the stepwise pattern is obscured by parallel gains or losses of virulence caused by higher mutation rates and selection by widespread deployment of resistant cultivars. Although chickpea cultivars resistant to Fusarium wilt are available, their deployment has not been extensive and the stepwise acquisition of virulence is still clearly evident. 相似文献
9.
B. Klocke K. Flath T. Miedaner 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,137(3):463-476
Triticale (xTriticosecale) is a new host for powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) being not infected by this pathogen in Germany before 2001. To evaluate population structure of the pathogen and race-specific resistances in the host, 694 isolates were collected in 12 states of Germany in the years 2007 to 2009 on triticale. They were tested by a newly developed initial differential set of 20 triticale cultivars. Corresponding virulences were found for all differentials except for cultivar Grenado. In total, 272 different virulence phenotypes (=pathotypes) were detected. The virulence complexity of the isolates ranged from 6 to 19 of 20 possible virulences with a mean of 15. In all years, a high level of diversity of the powdery mildew populations was observed with Simpson indices in the range 0.95 to 0.97. The distribution of the pathotypes was even across Germany with an Evenness index in the range 0.82 to 0.88. A set of 19 isolates with different virulence pathotypes and 10 cultivars were selected to be used to identify race-specific resistances of triticale cultivars and breeding lines. Some cultivars susceptible to most of the isolates in seedling stage were moderately resistant in adult-plant stage. The high diversity and complexity of the pathotypes found in German powdery mildew populations as well as an increasing acreage of only a few dominating triticale cultivars accelerate the adaptation of the pathogen to race-specific host resistances suggesting restricted durability only. More durable resistance might be achieved by combining new effective race-specific (qualitative) resistance genes with race-nonspecific (quantitative) resistances effective in the adult-plant stage that are already available. 相似文献
10.
Ramming DW Gabler F Smilanick JL Margosan DA Cadle-Davidson M Barba P Mahanil S Frenkel O Milgroom MG Cadle-Davidson L 《Phytopathology》2012,102(1):83-93
Race-specific resistance against powdery mildews is well documented in small grains but, in other crops such as grapevine, controlled analysis of host-pathogen interactions on resistant plants is uncommon. In the current study, we attempted to confirm powdery mildew resistance phenotypes through vineyard, greenhouse, and in vitro inoculations for test cross-mapping populations for two resistance sources: (i) a complex hybrid breeding line, 'Bloodworth 81-107-11', of at least Vitis rotundifolia, V. vinifera, V. berlandieri, V. rupestris, V. labrusca, and V. aestivalis background; and (ii) Vitis hybrid 'Tamiami' of V. aestivalis and V. vinifera origin. Statistical analysis of vineyard resistance data suggested the segregation of two and three race-specific resistance genes from the two sources, respectively. However, in each population, some resistant progeny were susceptible in greenhouse or in vitro screens, which suggested the presence of Erysiphe necator isolates virulent on progeny segregating for one or more resistance genes. Controlled inoculation of resistant and susceptible progeny with a diverse set of E. necator isolates clearly demonstrated the presence of fungal races differentially interacting with race-specific resistance genes, providing proof of race specificity in the grape powdery mildew pathosystem. Consistent with known race-specific resistance mechanisms, both resistance sources were characterized by programmed cell death of host epidermal cells under appressoria, which arrested or slowed hyphal growth; this response was also accompanied by collapse of conidia, germ tubes, appressoria, and secondary hyphae. The observation of prevalent isolates virulent on progeny with multiple race-specific resistance genes before resistance gene deployment has implications for grape breeding strategies. We suggest that grape breeders should characterize the mechanisms of resistance and pyramid multiple resistance genes with different mechanisms for improved durability. 相似文献
11.
12.
甘肃南部小麦白粉菌群体的毒性及多基因片段分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了解甘肃小麦白粉病菌的毒性变化动态及其群体遗传结构,利用毒性监测及多基因家系法,对采自甘肃省大陇南地区陇南、天水两市的49个小麦白粉菌的单孢子堆分离物进行群体遗传结构研究。毒性监测结果显示:供试菌株对抗病基因Pm12、Pm16、Pm18、Pm21的毒性频率均低于10%,表明上述抗病基因可以在育种和生产中继续使用;近些年定名的抗病基因Pm23、Pm25、Pm30、Pm34、Pm35的毒性频率为35%～95%,并在陇南、天水两市间存在差异,说明这些基因的利用需要慎重;对Pm4b的毒性频率已大幅度上升;在相似系数为0.752时,除11号菌株之外,其余聚为四类。选择AOX、EFA、PKA、PPA、TUB五个基因片段对供试菌株的多基因家系分析表明:基因序列聚为两类,病菌在陇南、天水两市间及各县市间存在传播。甘肃省大陇南地区病菌毒性多态性较高;白粉菌在各地区间存在交流的同时,也存在一定的独立进化。 相似文献
13.
2009—2010年河南省小麦白粉菌群体毒性及其遗传多样性分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用40个鉴别寄主对河南省5个小麦产区的44个单孢子堆纯化分离的小麦白粉病菌进行毒性鉴定分析,并采用多基因家系法进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,供试群体对Pm8、Pm1、Pm3a、Pm3b、Pm3c、Pm3f、Pm3e、Pm5、Pm6、Pm7、Pm17、Pm19、Pm34等抗病基因的毒性频率分别达到90%以上,已不能再作为抗源利用;对Pm12、Pm16、Pm21、Pm18、Pm2、Pm2＋6、Pm2＋MLD、Pm5（Mli）、Pm23、Pm30、Pm4a等基因的毒性频率低于15%,仍可以在抗病育种中加以利用;河南省的小麦白粉病菌存在地理之间的差异,同时病菌在地区之间有自西南向东北/东方向的传播。表明省内群体中存在着丰富的遗传多样性。 相似文献
14.
为明确近年来安徽省小麦白粉病菌群体的毒性及其变化,利用41个鉴别寄主对安徽省2010、2015和2019年小麦白粉菌群体进行了毒性监测和分析。研究结果表明,病菌群体对抗性基因(组合)Pm3c、Pm5a、Pm7、Pm19、Pm3d、Pm17、Pm6、Pm1a、Pm3a、Pm3f、Pm8、Pm1+2+9和Pm3e的平均毒性频率大于70%,表明这些抗性基因或组合在安徽省小麦生产上已丧失抗性,不能在抗病育种中继续使用;对Pm12、Pm21、Pm16、Pm1c、Pm35、Pm13和Pm2+MLD的毒性频率小于20%,这些抗性基因(组合)仍具有良好的抗性,可在抗病育种中加以利用。安徽省小麦白粉菌毒性数据的主成分分析结果表明,2010、2015和2019年病菌群体毒性结构总体上可看成一个群体,但年份间病菌群体毒性结构具有一定的差异,应加强安徽省小麦白粉菌群体毒性的持续监测工作。研究结果对安徽省小麦白粉病的抗病育种及品种的合理布局具有指导意义。 相似文献
15.
小麦抗白粉病品种的基因分析与归类研究 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：13
研究出用抗谱及抗谱的近似,分析小麦抗白粉病品种的基因与归类的方法,测试了152个小麦抗白粉病品种,归类出15个类群,共120个品种,分析了类群主效抗病基因,并根据测试结果分析提出,为聚合主效抗病基因,进行复合杂交,在选取抗病亲本对上,要掌握毒性频率低,抗谱上互补,抗病基因非等位三项基本原则,才能取得预期成效。抗谱、近似分析法快速,准确,能同时测量大量品种、获得较多可靠信息,适用于基因对基因专化性病害抗病品种的基因分析与归类。 相似文献
16.
Powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) results in serious economic loss in wheat production. Exploration of plant resistance to wheat powdery mildew over several decades has led to the discovery of a wealth of resistance genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We have provided a comprehensive summary of over 200 powdery mildew genes (permanently and temporarily designated genes) and QTLs reported in common bread wheat. This highlights the diverse and rich resistance sources that exist across all 21 chromosomes. To manage different data for breeders, here we also present a bridged mapping result from previously reported powdery mildew resistance genes and QTLs with the application of a published integrated wheat map. This will provide important insights to empower further breeding of powdery mildew resistant wheat via marker-assisted selection (MAS). 相似文献
17.
Race TTKSK (or Ug99) of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici possesses virulence to several stem rust resistance genes commonly present in wheat cultivars grown worldwide. New variants detected in the race TTKSK lineage further broadened the virulence spectrum. The identification of sources of genetic resistance to race TTKSK and its relatives is necessary to enable the development and deployment of resistant varieties. Accessions of Triticum monococcum, an A-genome diploid wild and cultivated wheat, have previously been characterized as resistant to stem rust. Three resistance genes were identified and introgressed into hexaploid wheat: Sr21, Sr22, and Sr35. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic control and allelic relationships of resistance to race TTKSK in T. monococcum accessions identified through evaluations at the seedling stage. Generation F(2) progeny of 8 crosses between resistant and susceptible accessions and 13 crosses between resistant accessions of T. monococcum were evaluated with race TTKSK and often with North American races, including races QFCSC, TTTTF, and MCCFC. For a selected population segregating for three genes conferring resistance to race TTKSK, F(2:3) progeny were evaluated with races TTKSK, QFCSC, and TTTTF. In that population, we detected two genes conferring resistance to race TTKSK that are different from Sr21, Sr22, and Sr35. One of the new genes was effective to all races tested. The identification of these genes will facilitate the development of varieties with new resistance to race TTKSK. 相似文献
18.
Identification of the physiological races ofPodosphaera xanthii (syn.Sphaerotheca fuliginea), the causal agent of powdery mildew in cucurbits, is based upon the differing responses of various melon cultigens to the
pathogen. Eight races of the pathogen have been identified to date in the USA, Africa, Europe and around the Mediterranean
Sea, and four new races were reported from greenhouse melons in the major growing area of Japan. Plant responses to powdery
mildew may be affected by environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature and humidity, as well as by age and nutritional
status of the plants. The same factors affect the accuracy and reliability of race identification. In an attempt to overcome
those obstacles, the genetic diversity ofP. xanthii was studied using molecular markers. Unfortunately, no correlation was found between DNA polymorphism and the race of the
pathogen as identified by biological tests. The usefulness of race identification as a guide for the grower in selecting appropriate
cultivars is limited because changes or shifts in the pathogen population are common. Such changes may be found among growing
seasons, geographic regions and hosts, and also within a single greenhouse during a single season. On the other hand, race
identification is important for basic research and is especially important for the commercial seed industry, which requires
accuracy in declaring the type and level of resistance to powdery mildew in its products.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting March 2, 2004. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 501/04. 相似文献
19.
This paper reviews the taxonomy, biology, importance, host–pathogen interactions and control of lettuce powdery mildew. The main causal agent of this disease, Golovinomyces cichoracearum s.s., is an important powdery mildew pathogen of many members of the family Asteraceae. The pathogen is distributed worldwide and occurs on Lactuca sativa as well as wild Lactuca spp. and related taxa (e.g. Cichorium spp.). Powdery mildew of lettuce can be a major problem in production areas with favourable environmental conditions for disease development (dry, hot weather). The fungus grows ectophytically and appears as white, powdery growth on both the upper and lower sides of leaves. There is rather limited information on the geographic distribution of powdery mildew on wild Lactuca spp. Most L. sativa cultivars have been found to be susceptible. Large variability in virulence was confirmed and existence of different races is supposed. Resistance in L. sativa and some related wild Lactuca spp. is characterized by race‐specificity, but the genetic background of resistance is poorly understood. Sources of resistance are known in L. saligna and L. virosa. Lettuce powdery mildew can be effectively controlled by common fungicides (e.g. sulphur, myclobutanil, quinoline, strobilurins, etc.) and protective compounds (e.g. extract of neem oil, Reynoutria sachaliensis extracts). However, fungicide resistance may arise. Non‐fungicidal activators of plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR) had no direct effect on the causal agent. Future issues regarding lettuce powdery mildew research are summarized. 相似文献
20.
[目的]对3份小麦农家品种‘矮秆芒麦’、‘红头麦’和‘大红头’进行苗期抗性的遗传分析,研究它们的抗白粉病遗传特点,为其在抗病育种中的有效利用提供依据.[方法]将这3份小麦农家品种分别与感病品种‘铭贤169’正、反杂交,获得了F1和F2代.利用白粉菌E09菌株,分别对这3份农家品种、感病亲本‘铭贤169’以及各自的F1和F2代植株进行抗性鉴定.调查统计的数据经卡方测验分析其符合度.[结果]这3份农家品种对白粉菌E09菌株的抗性均由1对隐性核基因控制.[结论]3份农家品种对石家庄本地区的混合白粉病菌表现出良好的抗性,并且对E09的抗性均由1对隐性基因控制.可以进一步对它们进行分子标记及定位研究,为其作为抗源在小麦抗白粉病育种中的应用奠定基础. 相似文献