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1.
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2.
Experimental tenectomies were performed in the mid metacarpal region of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon while the deep digital flexor (DDF) tendon was traumatized in 10 donkeys. In group I (n=8) the deep frozen tendons were used for grafting where as in group II (n=2) no grafting was done. Amniotic membrane casing was performed around grafted SDF and traumatized DDF tendons in group I only. Gross and histomorphological observations were recorded on the last day of the experiment, i.e., on the 15th (n=1), 30th (n=2), 60th (n=2), 90th (n=2) and 120th (n=1), post-operative days (POD) in group I and on the 60th (n=1) and 120th (n=1) POD in group II. Gross intraoperative observations suggested the presence of only thin filamentous adhesions in all but three animals at 30 (two animals) and 60 (one animal) days which were present only in the limited area of grafted tendon as compared to tenectomized SDF tendon that showed thick fibrous adhesion and thickening at both the cut ends. However, DDF tendon showed no adhesions in all except one animal of group I as compared to group II where adhesions were noticed in both the animals. Histological examination suggested an increase in fibroblastic activity at 2 weeks after grafting. Extrinsic and intrinsic healing response was observed in grafted tendons. Inflammatory reaction was reabsorbed by one month. The bundle formation was observed from two to three months. The histological structure appeared near normal by 4 months. Observation suggested that homologous tendon grafts remain viable by all histological criteria and healing was at a comparatively more advanced stage than tenectomized tendon. However, the traumatized DDF tendon healed completely by two months. It is concluded that the tendon healing was more rapid in animals where deep frozen grafts had been used.  相似文献   

3.
The present case report describes three heavy dogs, Caucasian Shepherd breed, with chronic complete traumatic rupture of Achilles tendon, which was repaired with two types of sutures. Surgical treatment involved shortening the Achilles tendon, and using a locking loop suture technique and own suture technique with four buttons. Additionally, positional screw and cast supported the sutures. Twelve months postoperatively no discomfort and lameness were observed on clinical examination. This paper shows that treatment of chronic complete rupture of Achilles tendon with locking loop suture and own suture technique gives good results.  相似文献   

4.
The efficacy of carbon fibres and plasma-preserved tendon allografts for gap repair in the superficial digital flexor tendon in the mid-metatarsal region was evaluated in 12 crossbred calves. Experimental tenectomies were performed, followed by implantation of carbon fibres in group I (12 legs) and plasma-preserved tendon allografts in group II (12 legs). Gross observations in group I showed filling of the defect with granulation tissue with more vascularity on day 7, which was less prominent at day 14. On day 30, the neotendon formed was slightly thicker and comparable to normal tendon in appearance and texture. On day 90, it exhibited all the characteristics of a fully developed tendon. Whereas, in group II increased vascularity at the site and encapsulation of the graft with connective tissue in early periods was observed. The gap between graft and host was filled with fibrous connective tissue. Peritendinous adhesions were maximum on day 7 which were gradually reduced in both groups. Microscopically, an acute inflammatory reaction in the periphery of carbon fibres was observed on day 7. Immature fibroblasts were arranged in a haphazard pattern at this stage. By day 14, numerous newly formed capillaries and comparatively more mature fibroblasts were present in between and around the carbon fibres which were aligning parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tendon. By day 30 the healing tissue exhibited longitudinal orientation of collagen fibres and was at a more advance stage of maturation. By day 90, the neotendon formed simulated the picture of normal tendon. In the grafted tendon group, there was normal healing tissue at the functional sites between host and grafted tendon. The fibroblastic activity appeared to be both extrinsic and intrinsic in origin. The connective tissue had invaded the graft to a variable distance and there was resorption of graft which was replaced by newly formed connective tissue on day 90. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed formation of neotendon between carbon fibre strands, resulting in thickening of the implant. In later stages parallel collagen fibres resembling normal tendon were observed in both groups.  相似文献   

5.
Sixteen tenorrhaphies were performed at mid-metatarsal region in eight buffalo calves. A 2-cm long gap was created in the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon in all animals. The gap was immediately repaired with acellular grafts in animals of group I, 1% glutaraldehyde-preserved tendon allografts in group II, and in group III the defect was repaired with autografts (control group). The contralateral limb in each animal was operated after an interval of 60 days and the animals underwent the same procedure according to the designed groups. Gross observation revealed filling of host tendon-graft junction with fibrous connective tissue. Increased vascularity was seen in group I when compared with group II and III. Graft was resorbed in animals of group I and III, whereas partial absorption of graft was seen in group II. Histological observations on day 30 revealed restoration of cellularity in acellular graft and fragmentation and resorption of glutaraldehyde-preserved graft. Graft was replaced by newly formed fibrous connective tissue. Tissue reaction around polygalactin suture consisted of plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages. On day 90, most of the acellular graft was replaced by newly formed fibrous connective tissue. In group II the majority of graft portion remained at the site and was in a state of resorption. In the control group it was difficult to distinguish between the host tendon and the graft. Scanning electron microscopical observation showed densely packed neoformed tissue at host tendon-graft junction. Hydrolysis and invasion of connective tissue between polygalactin suture filaments, resorption of graft with cavity formation and dissolution of ground substance were observed.  相似文献   

6.
Sixteen tenorrhaphies were performed at the mid-metatarsal region in eight buffalo calves under lignocaine epidural analgesia. A 2 cm long gap was created in the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon and immediately repaired with acellular grafts in animals of group I, 1% glutaraldehyde-preserved tendon allografts in group II. In group III, the defect was repaired with autografts. This group served as control. The contralateral limb in each animal was operated after an interval of 60 days and the animals underwent the same procedure according to the designed groups. Diclofenac sodium and Enrofloxacin was given post-operatively for 5 days. Clinical examination revealed significant increase (P < 0.05) in rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rate for 3-4 postoperative days in all the animals. Mild pain and exudation as well as early restoration of tendon gliding movements and weight-bearing were observed earlier in group I in comparison with group II. Air-tendograms revealed early organization, minimal adhesion formation and lesser thickening of tendon at the reconstructive site in the acellular group whereas in the glutaraldehyde group dense homogenous swelling with adhesions was seen along the flexors. Angiography on day 30 showed that the area of proximal and distal host tendon graft junction appeared hypervascularized, whereas the area occupied by the graft appeared relatively less vascularized. Normal vascularization was observed on day 90 in all the three groups.  相似文献   

7.
Twenty-four tenorrhaphies were performed at the mid-metatarsal region in 12 crossbred calves under xylazine-ketamine spinal analgesia. A 2.5-cm long gap was created in the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon and immediately repaired with carbon fibres in the animals of group I and with plasma-preserved tendon allografts in group II. Clinical examination revealed a slight increase (P > 0.05) in rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rate for 2-4 days postoperation in both groups. Milder pain and exudation as well as earlier restoration of tendon gliding movements and weight bearing were observed in group I as compared to group II. Air-tendogram in the carbon fibre group on day 30 revealed restoration of continuity across the defect of the tendon. whereas, in the allograft group, a dense homogeneous swelling was seen along the flexors. Regression of peritendinous adhesions and swelling at the reconstructed site at later stages was seen in both groups. Angiography showed hypervascularization at the reconstructed site on day 14 in the carbon fibre group, however, in the allograft group the site appeared to be relatively avascular. On days 30 and 90, blood vessels were normally organized in both groups.  相似文献   

8.
The effect of dry, soft moist, and canned dog foods on immediate postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations was evaluated in clinically normal dogs. Dogs were fed either dry (10 dogs; group I), soft moist (10 dogs; group II), or canned (8 dogs; group III) dog food for 5 consecutive days. On the fifth day, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were determined in each dog prior to, during, and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after ingestion of the food. The alterations in plasma glucose concentrations were not significantly different from prefeeding values until 240 and 180 minutes after feeding for groups I and III, respectively. In contrast, the increments in plasma glucose were significantly (P less than 0.01) increased from basal concentrations at 30 and 45 minutes after feeding in group-II dogs. The maximal mean postprandial plasma glucose concentration was significantly (P less than 0.0001) less for group III, compared with concentrations for groups I and II, but there was no significant difference between concentrations for groups I and II. Although a biphasic insulin secretory response was found in all 3 groups of dogs, the patterns of phase-2 insulin secretion and the total amount of insulin secreted during the study were significantly different. There was a rapid increase in the plasma insulin concentration immediately after phase 1 in group II, with maximal plasma insulin concentrations occurring 30 minutes after feeding, followed by a gradual decrease in concentrations throughout the remainder of the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

9.
Objective— To describe augmentation of primary Achilles tendon repair using suture with a semitendinosus muscle flap and report outcome in 5 dogs.
Study Design— Prospective clinical study.
Animals— Dogs (n=5) with Achilles tendon rupture (n=6).
Methods— After tendon repair with #2 polypropylene in a 3-loop pulley suture pattern, the lateral one-half of the semitendinosus muscle was transected from the ischium, rotated distally then sutured with #2 polypropylene to the calcaneus in a 3-loop pulley pattern. The epitenon was sutured to the muscle flap fascia with interrupted sutures. All dogs had a bivalved cast for 2 weeks then a cranial splint for 2–6 weeks. Lameness scores (0=stands and walks normally to 4=non-weight-bearing lameness, plantigrade stance on affected pelvic limb) were determined every 2–3 weeks postoperatively for 12 weeks. Outcome was determined from telephone questionnaire of owners.
Results— Four had lameness scores of 0, the 5th had a score of 1 at 12 weeks. Three owners were very satisfied with outcome. Minor complications included cast sores (2 dogs), infection (2), and acute swelling (1); 1 major complication occurred (infection resulting in reoperation).
Conclusions— Semitendinosus flap augmentation resulted in early return to function without prolonged postoperative immobilization. Three dogs returned to full work/activity after repair.
Clinical Relevance— Augmentation of primary Achilles tendon repair with a semitendinosus flap can be considered in dogs with chronic rupture but further investigation of the long-term outcome using this technique is needed.  相似文献   

10.
Three cases are described in which avulsion of the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon occurred. All three dogs were presented with a lameness of long duration. In two cases the avulsion followed a treatment for tendinitis of the Achilles tendon by local infiltration of corticosteroids. One dog was presented with this condition after a long standing treatment for cystitis. The three dogs were presented with characteristic clinical and radiological signs accompanying this tendon injury. Two of these patients were treated by surgical repair of the avulsed tendon combined with temporary immobilization of the hock accomplished by transfixation using methyl methacrylate* as external fixation. Within twelve weeks following surgery, these dogs had regained normal function without any evidence of gait abnormality. The third dog, treated conservatively failed to regain normal function.  相似文献   

11.
The value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of lesions of the Achilles tendon was Investigated in 42 dogs and seven cats. A standardised four-part ultrasonographic examination was established. Linear transducers with a frequency of more than 7.5 MHz were used. Ultrasonography allowed identification and differentiation of total ruptures and the differentiation of partial ruptures into deep or superficial ruptures, or those comprising muscular tears. The healing process could be monitored and imaged using this technique. Suture material was readily visible in surgically treated cases. Displacement of the superficial digital flexor tendon could be identified. In such cases, the tendon tissue was seen either medially or laterally to the calcaneus. The healing process of the Achilles tendon could also be documented using ultrasonography. However, it was not possible to determine the age of the injury and the exact end of the healing process. Ultrasonography therefore proved to be an excellent diagnostic method for imaging lesions of the Achilles tendon and associated injuries in dogs and cats. After physical examination, the technique should be the next logical step in the evaluation of a suspected injury to the Achilles tendon.  相似文献   

12.
Thirty-two dogs affected with transmissible veneral tumour (TVT) were divided into three treatment groups. In group I vincristine sulphate at 0.025 mg/kg body weight, in group II vinblastine sulphate at 0.150 mg/kg body weight, and in group III vinblastine sulphate at 0.100 mg/kg body weight plus methotrexate at 0.35 mg/kg body weight were given intravenously at weekly intervals. Biopsies were performed on days 0, 3, 7 and 14. The tissues were preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed routinely for haematoxylin and eosin staining. Histopathologically, the untreated TVT was characterized by sheets or bundles of mostly rounded cells having a large, highly basophilic nucleus with a prominent, highly basophilic nucleolus. Both vincristine and vinblastine primarily affected the nuclei of neoplastic cells, causing condensation, karyorrhexis and karyolysis within 3 days of chemotherapy. The regressing tumour mass showed marked infiltration by lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and macrophages by day 7. There was nearly complete regression of the tumour by day 14, as shown by the almost complete loss of neoplastic cells, with fibrous tissue substitution. However, in group III, the changes occurred more slowly and more injections were needed for complete regression. In both groups I and II, 11/12 of the animals responded completely to the chemotherapy within 3 weeks, while in group III, 6/8 of the dogs responded to the treatment by 21–28 days.Abbreviations SD standard deviation - TVT transmissible venereal tumour  相似文献   

13.
Implants of plaited carbon fibre have been used in the repair of ruptured Achilles tendons in ten dogs. Additionally the hock was held in extension by inserting a screw through the fibular tarsal bone and the tibia. When the screw was removed in the sixth week the repaired tendon was thick and taut, and leg use was thereafter virtually normal.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To characterize chondrocytes from naturally occurring osteochondrosis (OC) lesions of the humeral head of dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION: 15 cartilage specimens from 13 client-owned dogs with humeral head OC and 10 specimens from the humeral head of healthy dogs (controls). PROCEDURE: Chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in a 3-dimensional system. On days 7, 10, 15, 20, and 25, glycosaminoglycan and hydroxyproline content and cytologic characteristics were evaluated. Expression of collagen types I, II, and X was assessed by use of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Chondrocytes from OC lesions were less viable, compared with control chondrocytes. Glycosaminoglycan content in the OC group was significantly less than in the control group on all days except day 20. Hydroxyproline content was also significantly less in the OC group on days 10, 20, and 25. Expression of collagen type II was significantly less in the OC group, compared with the control group on all days, whereas expression of collagen type I was significantly greater in the OC group on days 20 and 25. Expression of collagen type X was significantly less in the OC group on all days except day 25. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Chondrocytes from naturally occurring OC lesions of the humeral head of dogs cultured in a 3-dimensional system were less viable and less capable of producing appropriate extracellular matrix molecules than chondrocytes from unaffected dogs. Alterations in the synthetic capabilities of chondrocytes from OC-affected cartilage may be a cause or an effect of the disease process.  相似文献   

15.
The comparative efficacy of monthly administration of selamectin or lufenuron against Ctenocephalides felis felis on dogs and cats was evaluated over a 5-month period in flea-infested environments. Twenty-four dogs and 32 cats were randomly allocated to receiving a topical treatment with selamectin or an oral administration of tablets containing lufenuron/milbemycin oxime (for dogs) or lufenuron only (for cats). Each product was administered in accordance with the manufacturer's label recommendations. Eight dogs and four cats served as untreated sentinels. Treatments were administered on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120. Each animal received an application of 100 fleas on days -28 and -21, and then weekly applications of 20 fleas from days 91 through 147. Flea comb counts were performed on day -6, and every 2 weeks after day 0. From day 29 (dogs) or day 44 (cats) to day 150, geometric mean flea counts for selamectin were < or =0.4. Mean flea counts for animals assigned to treatment with selamectin were significantly lower (P=0.0001) than for animals assigned to treatment with lufenuron at all assessments after day 0.  相似文献   

16.
CD3, CD4, CD5, and CD8 antigen expression of T cells and IgG expression of B cells and canine distemper virus (CDV) antigen distribution were immunohistochemically examined in lymphoid tissues (lymph node, spleen, thymus, and tonsil) of control dogs and animals with spontaneous canine distemper. In addition, CNS tissue of all animals was studied for neuropathological changes and CDV antigen distribution. Based on the degree of depletion distemper dogs were classified into two groups. Group I represented animals with moderate to marked lymphoid depletion, while group II dogs displayed mild or no depletion. CDV antigen was mainly found in lymphocytes and macrophages of group I dogs, whereas CDV expression was most prominent in dendritic cells of group II animals. In group I dogs, a marked loss of CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, and IgG expression was noticed, hereby loss of CD4+ cells was more prominent than depletion of CD8+ cells. In the lymphoid tissues of group II animals, a significant increase in the number of T and B cells was observed compared to group I dogs. The number of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells in group II dogs was similar to the findings in controls, however, CD5 and IgG expression was mildly reduced in T and B cell areas, respectively. Additionally, in groups I and II dogs, CD3+ and CD5- T cells were detected in T cell areas. Whether this cell population represents a cell type with autoimmune reactive potential remains to be determined. Surprisingly in group II animals, viral antigen was found predominantly in dendritic cells indicating a change in the cell tropism of CDV during chronic infection and a possible mechanism of viral persistence. The two patterns of lymphoid depletions correlated to two different types of canine distemper encephalitis (CDE). Group I dogs displayed acute non-inflammatory CDE, whereas group II dogs suffered from chronic inflammatory demyelinating CDE, indicating a pathogenic relationship between lymphocytic depletion and inflammatory brain lesions in distemper.  相似文献   

17.
A total of 60 animals (38 cows, 22 heifers) were selected and were divided into three groups of 20 animals each (containing both anoestrus and repeat breeder) in which treatment was performed for 60 days. Group I: control (farmer practice), T1 group: group I?+?hormone (double synch), and T2 group: group I?+?hormone (Estra double synch). The growth performances were measured in terms of body weight and average daily gain (ADG). Blood collection was done at the start and end of the experiment for assessment of blood biochemical, hematological, and reproductive status of the animals. Results revealed significant improvement in growth and reproductive performances in treatment group as compared to control group. Higher percentage of conception was achieved in group III (60%) followed by group II (55%). The least percentage was in group I (15%), i.e., in control group. So it was found that the effect of treating the reproductive-disordered animals with Estra double synch gave comparatively better result than double synch hormonal application.  相似文献   

18.
This study aimed to determine a reliable therapeutic biomarker for localized small intestinal lymphoma (SIL) in dogs based on clinical and histopathological features. We retrospectively investigated 84 dogs with localized SIL, including 36 dogs receiving surgery and 48 dogs receiving chemotherapy. The dogs receiving surgery were divided into two subgroups: 18 dogs (group 1) with overall survival (OS) <120 days (median OS) and 18 dogs (group 2) with OS ≥120 days. Correspondingly, the dogs receiving chemotherapy were divided into 24 dogs (group 3) with OS <98 days (median OS) and 24 dogs (group 4) with OS ≥98 days. Clinical, haematological, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were comparatively evaluated among the four subgroups. There was no significant difference in OS between the surgery and chemotherapy groups. In dogs receiving surgery, the rate of Ki67‐positive cells was significantly increased in group 1 compared to group 2 and showed no significant difference between groups 3 and 4. In dogs receiving chemotherapy, the rate of O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) was significantly higher in group 3 than in group 4 and showed no significant difference between groups 1 and 2. Additionally, our data showed that OS in dogs with higher Ki67 expression might be significantly increased by chemotherapy than by surgery, that of those with higher MGMT expression might be significantly increased by surgery than by chemotherapy, and Ki67 and MGMT were independent of each other. Indices of Ki67 and MGMT are suggested therapeutic biomarkers to determine the optimal first‐line treatment for localized SIL in dogs.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal and diseased biceps brachii tendon and its tendon sheath in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: One hundred twenty client-owned dogs. METHODS: In the first part of the study, the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal biceps brachii muscle and the surrounding soft tissue was determined in 27 healthy dogs. Standard views were described and established. In the second part, 120 dogs with suspected pathology of the biceps brachii muscle were examined ultrasonographically. Fifty-five of these dogs had no sonographic changes, and 65 dogs had sonographically detectable pathologic changes of the tendon or the tendon sheath or both. The mean age of the affected dogs was 3.7 years. The ratio of males to females was 1.95:1. Sedation or anesthesia of the dogs was required because of the extreme movements of the leg necessary for the examination. To achieve a perpendicular view of the tendon and the tendon sheath, the area of the shoulder joint was rotated outward and abducted as far as possible. Examination of the muscle-tendon apparatus of the biceps brachii muscle was divided into 4 main sections. RESULTS: Linear transducers (7.5-10 MHz) allowed the soft tissue structures to be easily visualized with ultrasonography. Pathologic changes of the tendon and tendon sheath were visualized sonographically by using high-frequency linear probes. Partial or complete tendon rupture, medial luxation of the tendon, corpora libera in the tendon sheath, and tenosynovitis were clearly shown. CONCLUSIONS: High-frequency ultrasonography using linear transducers allows the examiner to accurately define the pathologic changes in the region of the biceps brachii tendon in dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of sonography for diagnosis of disease processes of the tendon and tendon sheath of the biceps brachii muscle complements clinical and radiographic examination findings.  相似文献   

20.
An account is provided of the management of 68 dogs with tendon injury. Of the 33 with Achilles rupture, 23 sustained tendon severance, seven had disrupted the gastrocnemius muscle/tendon junction, and in three an attachment of the gastrocnemius was avulsed. The standard operative procedure comprised fixing the hock in extension with a screw, and exploring the damaged structures with a view to repair and the introduction of carbon fibre implants. The majority regained normal limb use and the main complications concerned loosening or fracture of the screw. The 32 with digital flexor tendon severance had cuts, on a fore foot in nine and a hind foot in 23. Exploration and reconstruction were routinely practised and carbon fibre implants were frequently used. The standard of recovery was good in those dealt with fresh but was less satisfactory in chronic cases. The two dogs with digital extensor tendon and the one with flexor carpi ulnaris tendon severance responded well to repair.  相似文献   

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