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1.
Growth and feeding of white steenbras, Lithognathus lithognathus (Cuvier). under culture conditions was determined to assess its suitability for mariculture. Ration size ranged from 4.50% to 11.52% and from 1.67% 4.00% dry body weight for small (28 ± 2 g) and large (250 ± 23 g) fish, respectively. Condition factor (K) ranged from 1.19 to 1.35 and from 2.00 to 2.19 for small and large fish, respectively. Specific growth rate (SGR) at 16°C was 0.60% day?1 for 28-g fish, 0.29% day?1 for a 74-g fish, and 0.19% day?1 for a 250-g fish. Gross conversion efficiency (GCE) was inefficient at high feeding levels (21.3%) compared with low feeding levels (32.6%). Proximate body composition in terms of moisture, protein. lipid, ash and energy were not significantly affected by feeding regime or temperature (P > 0.05). The experiments indicate that feeding regimes should be maintained at relatively low levels to obtain optimum K, GCE and SGR, and to avoid over-feeding and food wastage. It was concluded that L. lithognathus could be a suitable candidate for mariculture.  相似文献   

2.
This study determined the digestibility of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the excretion rate of different‐sized groups of milkfish fed a commercial diet, a SEAFDEC formulated diet or lab‐lab (natural food‐based diet). Fish (31.2–263.0 g) were stocked in 12 units of 300‐L fibreglass tanks filled with aerated seawater. The postprandial total ammonia‐nitrogen (TAN) and phosphate (PO4‐P) excretion of fish were estimated from changes in TAN and PO4‐P concentrations in water for 24 h. Digestibility was determined from the nitrogen, phosphorus and Cr2O3 content of the diets, and pooled faeces after the fish had been fed diets marked with chromic oxide. TAN excretion rate (mg TAN kg?1 fish day?1) was significantly lowest (P < 0.05) in medium to very big fish fed the lab‐lab diet (60.8–124.4) and highest in small and medium fish fed the SEAFDEC diet (333.3–331.6) and small fish fed the commercial diet (280.1). Regardless of size, fish fed lab‐lab excreted (mg PO4‐P kg?1 fish day?1) significantly lower PO4‐P (36.2) but did not differ with fish fed the commercial diet (64.8). Excretion rates decreased exponentially as fish weight increased but positively increased with feed ration. Excretion pattern of milkfish revealed two peaks: the first peak occurred 6 h after feeding and the second peak at 18 h for TAN and 21 h for PO4‐P, coinciding with the start of the daylight hours. TAN and PO4‐P excretion accounted for 20.5–34.6% of total N consumed and 18.7–42.6% of P consumed respectively. Approximately 27.9–42.5% of N consumed and 47.2–58.5% of P consumed were lost as faeces. Total nutrient losses were lower using the lab‐lab diet (0.31 g N and 0.14 g P kg?1 fish) compared with the formulated diets (0.47–0.48 g N and 0.17–0.19 g P kg?1 fish); the losses decreased per kg of fish as fish size increased. Results suggest that the diet and size of fish influence wastage of N and P to the environment with greater losses in small fish and when artificial diets are used. Such measurements will provide valuable information for the preparation of N and P budgets for milkfish in grow‐out systems.  相似文献   

3.
Data obtained during the culture of tropical prawns Penaeus sp. and European lobsters Homarus gammarus (L.) in 20 laboratory recirculation systems over a number of years were used to obtain gross estimates of (a) the rates and diurnal patterns of ammonia excretion, (b) food utilization and wastage, and (c) nitrification rates in biological filters. Ammonia excretion in Penaeus monodon decreased with increase in animal size from 0·93 to 0·30 mg N g?1 day?1 at 1·6 and 27 g live weight, respectively. Large lobsters (300 g) excreted 0·3 mg N g?1 day?1. Peak excretion times were approximately 3, 9 and 15 h after a single morning feed for prawns and after 6 and 12 h for lobsters. Uneaten food solids amounted to 11% (lobsters) and 32% (prawns) of the daily ration and, for 4 g animals, only 69% (lobsters) and 45% (prawns) of the food nitrogen in the daily ration was converted into crustacean flesh. Nitrification rates ranged from 0·03 to 0·43 g N oxidized per m2 of filter media surface per day. Some evidence for periodicity in nitrifying activity was also found and is discussed in relation to the published literature.  相似文献   

4.
In this experiment, 23% of fish meal protein was replaced with protein from Australian soybean meal (SBM), lupin meal (LM), corn gluten meal (CGM) and meat meal (MM) in nutritionally balanced experimental diets. Growth and growth efficiencies of juvenile Australian short‐finned eel Anguilla australis australis (Richardson) elvers (2.23±0.4‐g average wet weight) were compared. Elvers were fed twice a day to a total of 5% body weight per day for 63 days. Total weight gain (g), specific growth rate (% day?1), protein efficiency ratio (%) and productive protein value (%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) for elvers fed the MM diet than for those fed the LM diet. There were no differences in diurnal ammonia‐nitrogen excretion rates. However, diurnal urea‐nitrogen excretion rates were significantly (P<0.05) affected by diet and rates were two to three times higher for all diets, except CGM, 4 h following the afternoon feed. Diet significantly affected apparent digestibility (AD); ADs of protein for SBM and LM were significantly (P<0.001) higher than for control diet, CGM and MM; AD of energy for LM was significantly (P<0.05) lower than for all the other diets. Fish meal protein was replaced by CGM, SBM and MM without compromising growth rates of the Australian short‐finned eel. However, whole lupin seed meal (LM) depressed growth and growth efficiencies most likely because of the high indigestible carbohydrate content.  相似文献   

5.
The present work aimed to study metabolic utilization of energy and protein by juvenile European seabass reared at 25 °C and to estimate maintenance requirements, based on indirect calorimetry and nitrogen excretion measurements. Duplicate groups of fish (IBW = 22 g) were fed a practical diet, for 28 days, at ration levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% of body weight. At the end of this period, oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen excretion were measured in fed and unfed fish. Weight gain linearly increased with ration level. Feed efficiency significantly increased with nitrogen intake up to 0.68 g N/kg/day. Nitrogen retention (% N intake) was positive at all feeding levels, being maximum at 0.5% BW and then decreased with increasing ration levels. There was negative energy balance at the lowest ration level and significantly increased at higher ration levels. Daily oxygen consumption (g/kg body mass) and ammonia excretion (mg N–NH4/kg body mass) significantly increased with ration level. Heat production and heat increment of feeding (kJ/kg/day) remained low at low ration levels and significantly increased as ration level increased from 0.5 to 1.5% BW. Below maintenance, protein energy represented 34% of total energy expenditure and significantly increased to 49–56% above maintenance. Based on indirect calorimetry and ammonia excretion data, maintenance energy and protein requirements were estimated to be 56.8 kJ DE/kg/day and 1.15 g DP/kg/day, respectively. The efficiencies of energy and protein utilization were estimated to be 0.83 and 0.66, respectively.  相似文献   

6.
Optimum ration size of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings was determined by feeding purified diet (40% crude protein (CP); 3.61 kcal g?1) at five ration sizes (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of body weight per day) for 6 weeks. Feeding trial was conducted in triplicate. Fishes were randomly stocked at the rate of 20 fish per trough fitted with water flow‐through system. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (%) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were evident at the ration size of 4–6% body weight. Second‐degree polynomial regression analysis of the FCR, PER, and protein and energy retention data indicated the breakpoints at ration size of 5.16%, 5.24%, 5.52% and 5.42% body weight per day. Carcass composition of fish fed different ration sizes varied significantly. Maximum carcass protein and minimum moisture content were noticed at 4% and 6% ration levels. A linear increase in fat content was evident with increasing ration levels up to 6% body weight. Ash content remained insignificantly different among various ration levels except at 2%, showing the significantly highest value. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, pH and total alkalinity were recorded regularly during the length of the experiment. No mortality was observed during the feeding trial. Based on the above results, it is recommended that feeding in the range of 5–5.5% body weight per day corresponding to 20 g protein and 181 kcal energy to 22 g protein and 199 kcal energy per kg of the diet per day is optimum for the growth and efficient feed utilization of C. mrigala.  相似文献   

7.
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of protein level on the growth rate, survival, pre- and postprandial oxygen consumption, and ammonia (N-NH3) excretion in white shrimp. Penaeus setiferus (L.), juveniles. Diets containing 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% protein were provided at a proportion of 15% of the dry weight of shrimp weighing 0.19 ± 0.01g. The instantaneous growth rate was recorded for 45 days. The optimum protein level, in terms of the best growth rate, was that of the 30% protein diet (1.1 5g45days?1). All shrimp fed with the diets had significantly higher respiration rates after feeding because of the apparent heat increment (AHI). A greater postprandial nitrogen excretion (PPNE) excretion was also observed after feeding. Shrimp maintained on the 30% protein diet had the lowest AHI and PPNE coefficients (percentage of ingested energyl. and took the least time to reach the oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion peak. The 0:N ratios varied according to protein level, with higher values (32 and 44, fasting and Feeding, respectively) with a 30% protein diet, and lower values (10 and 13. fasting and feeding, respectively) with 10% and 50% protein diets. These results indicate that P. setiferus juveniles use protein when fed with high (50%) and low (10%) protein diets, and lipid-protein substrates with a 30% protein diet. Under these conditions, P. setiferus grow better with a 30% protein diet where shrimp use food more efficiently.  相似文献   

8.
Different ration levels were used to determine the digestible methionine (DMet) and lysine (DLys) maintenance requirements and the utilization efficiencies for gain above maintenance for two different sizes of tilapia (20.7 and 165 g), by feeding a soybean meal–based diet. Protein gain and amino acid (AA) gain (e.g. methionine, Met; lysine, Lys; R2 = 0.98) were best‐fit linear functions of DMet and DLys intake in both fish size classes. Slopes of these regression lines showed that the DMet utilization efficiencies for growth were 0.76 and 0.55 for juvenile and adult fish, respectively. The DMet maintenance requirements were 3.12 and 16.5 mg BW(kg)−0.7 day−1 for juvenile and adult fish, respectively. The DLys utilization efficiencies for gain were 0.72 and 0.52, whereas the DLys maintenance requirements were 16.9 and 68.8 mg BW (kg)−0.7 day−1, for juvenile and adult fish, respectively. These results suggested that there was an obvious difference in the maintenance requirements and utilization efficiencies for gain above maintenance for DMet and DLys in two different sizes of tilapia. The AA maintenance needs increased as fish increased in size, being greater in adult fish than in juvenile; however, the AA utilization efficiencies for gain above maintenance decreased with the increment of fish size.  相似文献   

9.
A 60 days feeding experiment was carried out with Black Sea turbot Psetta maeotica to determine the amount of poultry by‐product meal (PBM) that could replace fish meal (FM) in formulated diets without reducing growth performance. Juvenile Black Sea turbot (initial average weight, 30 g) were fed five isoenergetic (gross energy, 20.5 ± 0.21 kJ g?1 diet) and isonitrogenous diets (protein content, 550 ± 0.35 g kg?1). The control diet used white FM as the sole protein source, the other four diets were prepared to replace FM protein at levels of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with PBM. The fish readily accepted all experimental diets and no mortality were recorded during the trial. There were no significant differences in growth performance of turbot (P < 0.05) fed the diets with 25% and 50% replacement levels compared with fish offered the control diet (100% FM), however, final body weight and specific growth rate values in the 50% replacement diet were about 8% lower than those of the control. Total nitrogen excretion in fish fed 50% replacement diet were about 10% higher than the control group, even though these parameters were not found to be statistically different. At the levels of 750 and 1000 g kg?1 of the protein, PBM inclusion caused a severe decrease in growth performance, feed utilization, protein efficiency ratio and per cent nitrogen retention. The results in the present study indicate that up to 25% of FM protein can be replaced by PBM protein without causing reduction in growth performance, nutrient utilization and nitrogen retention.  相似文献   

10.
The effects of feeding level on growth and energy partitioning were studied in rainbow trout growing from 150 to 600 g. Triplicate groups of fish (initial weight 158 g fish?1) were fed a practical diet at various feeding levels (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of near satiation) for 24 weeks at 8.5°C. The final body weights of fish were 235, 381, 526 and 621 g. Restricted feeding levels significantly reduced live weight gain. Feeding levels had less pronounced effects on feed efficiency ratio, which were 0.98, 1.08, 1.02 and 0.83, respectively, for the 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% feeding levels. The growth of fish fed to near satiation was accurately described by the thermal‐unit growth coefficient. The growth data also showed that the widely used specific growth rate was not an appropriate model. Fish fed at the lowest feeding level (25%), which represented a maintenance ration (energy gain was less than 2 kJ fish?1 day?1), showed positive protein deposition but negative lipid deposition. This indicates that fish fed a maintenance ration mobilize body lipid reserve to support protein deposition. The efficiency of energy for growth (kg) was estimated to be 0.63. The factorial multiple regression approach estimated that the partial efficiencies of metabolizable energy utilization for protein deposition (kp) and lipid deposition (kf) were 0.63 and 0.72, and that maintenance energy requirement was about 19 kJ (kg BW0.824)?1, for rainbow trout held at 8.5°C.  相似文献   

11.
Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide excretion and nitrogen excretion from 2 kg Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. were studied at land-based outdoor tanks, throughout a 10 day period. Fish were fed six feed rations (0 [fasting fish], 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60 and 0.75% BW day-1) of commercially extruded dry feed at two provision regimes: between 07.00-09.00 h and 19.00–21.00 h (periodic feeding); and between 07.00-21.00 h (continuous feeding). Fish were acclimatized to the feeding regime for 5 days prior to the start of the experiment. From days 5 to 10 of the study, oxygen consumption was measured automatically every 15 min. During day 10, carbon dioxide excretion, ammonia and urea excretion were measured hourly throughout a 24 h period. During the experiment, the water temperature and salinity were 8.5C and 33.5 ppt, respectively. Significant linear relationships between feed ration and metabolic rates were evident. Increased feed ration influenced oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide excretion, ammonia and urea excretion, ammonia quotient and the respiration quotient, proportionally. The two feed provision regimes caused the establishment of different daily rhythms in metabolic excretion. Only small differences in total daily excretion were however recorded for each feed ration. Ammonia and respiratory quotient results clearly showed that fish became more dependent on fat oxidation as an energy source, when feed was restricted.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of ration levels on growth, conversion efficiencies and body composition of fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis (6.8 ± 0.04 cm, 5.0 ± 0.02 g) were studied by feeding isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isocaloric (19.06 MJ kg−1 gross energy) diets representing 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9% of the body weight (BW) day−1 to triplicate groups of fish . Growth performance of the fish fed at the various ration levels was evaluated on the basis of live weight gain percentage (LWG%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate percentage (SGR%), protein retention efficiency (PRE%) and energy retention efficiency (ERE%) data. Maximum LWG% and SGR were obtained at a feeding rate of 7% BW day−1, whereas best FCR (1.6), PRE% and ERE% were recorded at a feeding rate of 5% BW day−1. Maximum body protein was also obtained for the group receiving the diet representing 5% of their body weight. However, a linear increase in fat content was noted with the increase in ration levels up to 7% BW day−1. The SGR, FCR, PRE and ERE data were also analyzed using second-degree polynomial regression analysis to obtain more precise information on ration level, with the results showing that the optimal ration for these parameters was 6.8, 6.1, 5.9 and 6.2% BW day−1, respectively. Based on the above second-degree polynomial regression analysis, the optimum ration level for better growth, conversion efficiencies and body composition of fingerling H. fossilis was found to be in the range of 5.9–6.8% of the BW day−1, corresponding to 2.36–2.72 g protein and 88.20–101.66 MJ digestible energy kg−1 diet day−1.  相似文献   

13.
Nitrogen excreted by aquatic animals mainly takes the form of metabolic wastes such as feces and ammonia, which is accumulated in the intensive aquaculture system and causes serious environmental contamination. So it is very important to determine the waste excretion characteristics of aquatic animals for the development of practical and nonpolluting land‐based aquaculture. Abalone has a unique feeding habit and feeding regime, different from those of finfish; abalone gnaw feed seaweed to produce feces and ammonia continuously. In this study, the rates of feces production and ammonia excretion of pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, of three shell lengths (3, 5, and 7 cm) were investigated under three different temperature conditions (12, 16, and 20 C). All experiments were performed in triplicate in a semirecirculating aquaculture system. Feces were collected for 5 d, and ammonia concentrations (total ammonia nitrogen [TAN]) in the tank inlet and outlet were monitored every 4‐h interval for 24 h at the fourth day of the feces collection. The regressions for the weight‐specific feces production rate (g feces/kg abalone/d) and the weight‐specific TAN excretion rate (mg TAN/kg abalone/d) in relation to water temperature (T, C) and shell length (L, cm) were weight‐specific feces production rate = exp(1.575 ? 281.2/T2 – 0.142L), r2 = 0.9550, and weight‐specific TAN excretion rate = exp(5.052 ? 277.1/T2 ? 0.136L), r2 = 0.9598. Pacific abalone produced 108.3–111.7 g feces and excreted 3.83 g TAN/kg seaweed ingested (dry weight).  相似文献   

14.
Culture density in excess of a critical threshold can result in a negative relationship between stocking density and fish production. This study was conducted to evaluate production characteristics of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, reared to market size in production‐scale recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) at three different densities. Cobia (322 ± 69 g initial weight) were reared for 119 d at densities to attain a final in‐tank biomass of 10, 20, or 30 kg/m3. The specific objective was to determine the effects of in‐tank crowding resulting from higher biomass per unit rearing volume independent of system loading rates. Survival was ≥96% among all treatments. Mean final weight ranged from 2.13 to 2.15 kg with feed conversion efficiencies of 65–66%. No significant differences were detected in growth rate, survival, feed efficiency, or body composition. This study demonstrates that cobia can be reared to >2 kg final weight at densities ≤30 kg/m3 under suitable environmental conditions without detrimental effects on production.  相似文献   

15.
Empirical data on ammonia excretion rates were compiled from several published and unpublished growth studies on post-smolt Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Fish in all studies were fed to satiation with commercially produced high-energy diets (ME = 18–19 MJ kg-1) with a protein content of 40–45%. About 35 ± 3% (mean SE) of the nitrogen supplied to fish was excreted as total ammonia (TAN = NH3-N + NH4+-N). The results of a linear regression analysis of N intake to N excretion demonstrated, however, that TAN excretion rates could be divided into two components: TANexcretion [g N kg fish-1 day-1] = 0.036 + 0.26 Nintake [g N kg fish-1 day-1]. The intercept of the regression equation indicates that the endogenous TAN excretion rates in post-smolts could be estimated as 36 mg TAN kg fish-1 day-1, and about 26% of the nitrogen supplied to the fish was excreted postprandially. This postprandial TAN excretion was lower than that from other salmonid species fed low-energy diets. The daily maximum TAN excretion rate was about 43% higher than daily mean values, which agree with several studies. The ammonia quotient (A.Q.) measured was independent of the nitrogen supplied, and was calculated as 0.112. The outputs from the present model were compared to those from other ammonia excretion models.  相似文献   

16.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect on growth and feed efficiencies of the mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) when dietary fishmeal is partially replaced by defatted soybean meal (DSM). In the preliminary experiment, snapper (mean weight±SD, 58.22±5.28 g) were fed in triplicate with different dietary amounts of DSM (7.8–42.2%) that were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. After 14 weeks, survival, growth and feed efficiencies, and hepatosomatic index (HSI) did not differ. Based on these results, a feeding trial was done using a positive control diet that contained 64% fishmeal, while the other four diets had DSM levels of 12%, 24%, 36%, and 48% that replaced fishmeal protein at 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, and 50% respectively. All diets were formulated to have about the same protein level (50%), protein to energy ratio (P/E of 25‐mg protein kJ?1), and dietary energy (19.8 MJ kg?1). These were fed to triplicate groups of snapper (mean total weight tank?1±SD, 73.19±1.2 g) at 15 fish (average weight, 4.88 g) per 1.5‐t tank for 19 weeks. Growth (final average weight and specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, and HSI were not significantly different (P>0.05) while protein efficiency ratios or PERs were similar in treatments with DSM. Among snapper fed DSM, haematocrit value was significantly lower in fish fed 48% DSM and not different with fish fed 36% DSM. Whole‐body crude fat of snapper fed 48% DSM was lowest while the crude protein and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) levels were highest. Histopathological analysis showed that lipid vacuoles in livers of snapper were reduced in size as dietary DSM increased. There was slight lipid deposition in the liver of snapper at 36% DSM while at 48% DSM it was excessive and hepatocytes were necrotic. There were no differences in the histology of snapper intestine. Under the experimental condition of this study, DSM can be used in snapper diets at 24% (replacing 25% of fishmeal protein) based on growth, survival and feed efficiencies, and histology of liver and intestine. For a lesser diet cost, an inclusion level higher than 24% DSM is possible with a bioavailable phosphorus supplement.  相似文献   

17.
摄食水平对几种重要海水养殖鱼类生长和氮收支的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本文研究了不同摄食水平（从饥饿至饱食）军曹鱼幼鱼（平均初始体重10.0g）、青石斑鱼幼鱼（平均初始体重5.5g）和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼（平均初始体重7.7g）的生长和氮收支,建立了生长和氮排泄与摄食水平的回归方程。结果表明,军曹鱼幼鱼特定生长率随摄食水平的增加呈显著增长趋势,在9%和饱食两个摄食水平之间无显著性差异,而青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的特定生长率随摄食水平增加呈线性增长趋势;饱食时,青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的生长速率接近而明显低于军曹鱼幼鱼的。军曹鱼幼鱼食物转化效率随摄食水平的增加呈先增长后下降的趋势,在9%/d摄食水平组有最大值,而青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼食物转化效率随摄食水平的增加而持续增长,在饱食摄食水平时有最大值;饱食时,军曹鱼和青石斑鱼幼鱼的食物转化效率接近而明显高于卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的。3种海水鱼摄食氮、排粪氮、生长氮和氮排泄均随摄食水平的增加呈显著增长趋势;比较可知,军曹鱼幼鱼的摄食氮和氮排泄均最大,而青石斑鱼幼鱼的最小。军曹鱼、青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼饱食和次饱食摄食水平时的氮收支方程分别为100CN = 7.7(6.0)FN + 22.6(31.31)GN + 69.7(62.68)UN、100CN = 2.7(2.8)FN + 20.9(8.4)GN + 76.4(88.8)UN和100CN = 1.8(1.4)FN + 12.8(9.3)GN + 85.4(89.3)UN（氮收支方程括号中的为次饱食数据）;3种海水鱼饱时和次饱食时摄食氮中用于排粪的比例较小且变化不大,军曹鱼次饱食时摄食氮中用于生长的比例较饱食时的大而用于排泄的比例较饱食时的小,青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的则相反。因此,鱼类的氮排泄率和氮收支方程存在种间差异,而当食物中氮含量较为接近时,摄食量增大是导致鱼类氮排泄增加的主要原因之一。综合考虑生长、食物转化效率、氮排泄和氮收支方程各因素,可得出在实验的生长阶段,3种海水养殖鱼中,军曹鱼幼鱼的最佳摄食水平为次饱食摄食水平（9%/d或约为饱食摄食水平的70%）,而青石斑鱼和卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的最佳摄食水平为饱食摄食水平。  相似文献   

18.
Three size groups of Colossoma macropomum were submitted to a 4-week growth trial. Five nearly isocaloric (18.8-21.0 kJ g?1) diets with protein concentrations ranging between 17 and 64% were administrated at a fixed, near satiation level. Maximum growth was 6.6, 3.6 and 1.9 g protein kg?0.8 day?1 for 5, 50 and 125 g fish, respectively. The protein requirement to achieve maximum growth decreased from 28.9 g protein kg?0.8 day?1 for 5 g fish to 11.7 g kg?0.8 day?1 for 125 g fish. Possibly because of its high growth rate. C. macropomum needs a slightly higher dietary P/E ration (25.4-27.9 mg protein kJ?1) to obtain maximal growth than most other fishes. The relation between protein ration and protein gain was studied by a quadratic regression model. In fish receiving protein rations equal or below rations resulting in maximal growth, protein ration and protein gain were almost linearly related. The model showed that the portion of the dietary protein which is digested decreases with increasing protein ration. Body protein content increased and body lipid content decreased with feed protein level. Fish fed a 17% protein diet deposited as much as 18% lipid.  相似文献   

19.
Effects of thermal and enzymatic treatments of soybean meal on apparent absorption of total phosphorus, phytate phosphorus, nitrogen (protein), ash, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, strontium and zinc were examined using rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), as the test species. Absorption of the test nutrients was estimated using yttrium as an inert non-absorbable indicator. Thermal treatments (microwaving, dry roasting, steam heating, cooking) had no measurable effect on the apparent absorption of phosphorus and other minerals. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent absorption of phosphorus, nitrogen (protein), ash, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, strontium and zinc in low-ash diets containing soybean meal, but had little effect in high-ash diets containing both soybean and fish meal. In low-ash diets, the apparent absorption of phosphorus increased in accord with the level of phytase added to the diet, from 27% (no phytase added) up to 90% (phytase added, 4000 units kg−1 diet) or 93% (predigested with phytase, 200 units kg−1 soybean meal). In high-ash diets, dietary acidification with citric acid decreased the effect of phytase, whereas in low-ash diets, acidification markedly increased the effect of the enzyme. Excretion of phosphorus in the faeces of fish fed a low-ash diet containing phytase-treated soybean meal was 0.32 g per kg diet consumed, a 95%−98% reduction compared with phosphorus excretion by fish consuming commercial trout feeds.  相似文献   

20.
Growth and yield (kg ha?1) of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, Rafinesque, 1818) and the channel × blue hybrid catfish [I. punctatus female ×I. furcatus (Lesueur, 1840) male], which shared the Jubilee strain of channel catfish as the maternal parent, were compared in sixteen 0.1 ha earthen ponds (14 852 fish ha?1) during the April to November growing season. Each fish genetic group was fed a commercially formulated 32% protein feed daily to apparent satiation or at 80% of the mean daily satiation ration. Net yield and individual weight were higher for channel × blue hybrid catfish compared with channel catfish and for fish fed a full ration compared with a restricted ration. When fed a full ration, the channel × blue hybrid catfish grew faster from May to September than did the purebred channel catfish because the hybrid catfish consumed a greater percentage of its body weight at each feeding. Net yield within each fish genetic group was lower when feed ration was restricted. The per cent reduction in net yield in response to feed restriction was similar for each fish genetic group.  相似文献   

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