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1.
Taiwan is a small island located in monsoon Asia with an annual precipitation exceeding 2,500 mm, which is 2.6 times the world average. However, water available for each person in Taiwan is less than one seventh of the world average due to Taiwan's crowded population and river basin characteristics. Steep land slope and uneven time and space distribution of rainfall have caused water resources problems. Providing a pure and plentiful supply of water for the people challenges the Water Resources Agency in Taiwan. History is a powerful tool for portraying the future. This paper discusses major themes in the review of water resources development over the last centuries. The changes in social-economic development, water resources infrastructure and demands of water are central to the discussion, with an eye to the plentiful and sustainable implications of water resources management in Taiwan. The water policy in the twenty-first century is also outlined.Dr. Hwang is the Advice of the Council for Economic Planning and Development (CEPD), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan, Chairman of the Water Resources Committee, Chinese Institute of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, a board member of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) Chinese Taipei Committee, former chairman of the Chinese Society of Agriculture Engineering (CSAE), former director of Water Resources Agency (WRA), former director of the Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Agency (TPWCA), and former director of the Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Bureau (TPWCB). 相似文献
2.
Paddy and Water Environment - In South China’s paddy irrigation area, irrigation and drainage dual-purpose channel mode (IDDCM) is applied to conserve farmland resources in rice cultivation... 相似文献
3.
Paddy and Water Environment - Evapotranspiration is a key parameter in agricultural water planning and management strategies because it determines the crop and irrigation water requirements. With... 相似文献
4.
Increasing water productivity for paddy irrigation in China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This paper introduces the research on practices to increase water productivity for paddy irrigation in China and summarizes the experience on implementation of the alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation technique. The widespread adoption of the AWD practice on 40% of the rice growing area provides an opportunity for China to produce more food in the water-surplus south where it is wet and the traditional based paddy field agriculture is dominant. Physical and institutional measures leading to increasing water and land productivity in rice-based systems are discussed. Research studies show that AWD practice does not reduce rice yield, but does increase the productivity of water. Water use and thus water charges can be reduced. However, experience shows that demonstrations and training are needed to encourage farmer adoption. Furthermore, there are a range of complementary policies and practices, such as volumetric pricing or farm pond development, which provide incentives for adoption of AWD. Finally, there remain many scientific issues to be addressed. Application of the AWD technique in some regions is still very difficult because of both bio-physical and socio-economic problems. In conclusion, the widespread adoption of AWD is only a first step in the continuing effort to find practices that will increase water productivity for paddy irrigation in China.Dr. Yuanhua Li was a Professor and Dean in Wuhan University of Hydraulic and Electric Engineering from 1996 to 2000. After that, he has been a Professor and Deputy Director General of the National Centre for Irrigation and Drainage Development, Ministry of Water Resources, China. He has been doing research on irrigation principally for paddy since 1982.Dr. Randolph Barker is an agricultural economist and Professor Emeritus Cornell University. From 1966 to 1978 he served as head of the Economics Department, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines and from 1995 to 2004 was principal researcher, International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 相似文献
5.
Improving irrigation performance is a crucial issue for agriculture and irrigation development in the Lower Mekong River Basin
to secure food production for people’s livelihoods. Irrigation efficiency is the most important indicator to determine the
performance of an irrigation scheme. This study looks at water management practices and irrigation efficiency in three pilot
sites in the Lower Mekong River Basin: the Numhoum scheme in Laos, the Huay Luang scheme in Thailand, and the Komping Pouy
scheme in Cambodia. Irrigation efficiency and water productivity were analyzed using a water balance approach at the irrigation
scheme level and results in the pilot areas show efficiencies that are definitely higher using this approach than by using
the classical concept. Lower water productivity was observed at pilot schemes in areas of single cropping and higher productivity
in areas where multiple agricultural activities were practiced. Strict and active water management is required to control
and save water to meet agricultural demand and have sufficient water to expand cultivation areas while avoiding shortages.
Promoting multiple uses of water for various agricultural activities in command area will increase water productivity.
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| Hiroshi OkudairaEmail: |
6.
Shekhar Shashank Mailapalli Damodhara Rao Raghuwanshi Narendra Singh Das Bhabani Sankar 《Paddy and Water Environment》2020,18(1):73-85
Paddy and Water Environment - Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation practice in paddy cultivation requires a safe soil moisture stress level in the root zone for which irrigation water... 相似文献
7.
8.
春季单次灌水对冬小麦产量构成的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以冀麦38为试验材料,进行春季田间不同时期单次灌水试验,以研究小麦不同穗发育时期定量灌溉对产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,单次灌水可以协调产量形成的源库关系,雌雄蕊分化期灌溉。单位面积粒数最多,干粒重最低,形成源大库小的群体;抽穗期灌溉,单位面积粒数最少,千粒重最高,形成源小库大的群体;四分体时期灌溉,两者平衡配置比较理想,产量与其他处理相比较高。小麦产量构成因素中,单位面积粒数和干粒重成反比,雌雄蕊分化期充足的土壤水分,扩库作用最强,单位面积担数最多;雌雄蕊分化期后。水分的扩库作用遥渐减弱,增源作用逐渐变强,以抽穗期灌水的增源作用最明显。 相似文献
9.
Experiences of water transfer from the agricultural to the non-agricultural sector in Taiwan 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
C. C. Huang M. H. Tsai W. T. Lin Y. F. Ho C. H. Tan Y. L. Sung 《Paddy and Water Environment》2007,5(4):271-277
Two type of water transfer have occurred in Taiwan, namely, regular and emergency transfers. According to the prevailing Water
Law, water is permitted to transfer among water rights holders whenever they need and agree upon relevant compensation. As
for the emergency transfer, in the event of extensive drought, every water user sector will suffer serious water shortages
resulting in unavoidable economic losses. The Government should step in to perform emergency water transfer by suspending
agricultural water rights a course of action considered to cause smaller losses even when an entire rice crop is abandoned,
to minimize overall losses to the national macro economy. This study has examined two typical water transfer cases that were
implemented in Taiwan. The first one involved the regular transfer of agricultural water from the Changhwa and Yunlin Irrigation
Associations (IAs) to the industrial user Formosa Petrochemical Corporation (FPC). The second one involved the transfer of
agricultural water from the Taoyuan, Shimen and Shinchu IAs to domestic and industrial uses during the period from 2002 to
2006 as an emergency transfer. From the perspective of water transfer options, Taiwanese case studies have demonstrated that
an officially recognized marketing oriented water transfer mechanism has yet to be established. However, water transfer is
still undertaken whenever necessary. In this respect, regardless of the type of water transfer undertaken, water rights can
only be suspended but not terminated. In spite of the types of water transfer, it is inevitable to affect the ecological and
environmental functions. Therefore, further investigations with related topics should be broadly taken into account. Ecosystem
services of paddy fields have attracted increasing recognition in the monsoon Asian countries. Currently, there is a research
program collaborating with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) on the impact and influence induced by water
transfer with a major concern on the ecosystem services of paddy fields in Taiwan. 相似文献
10.
水分和氮肥是小麦生长发育和产量形成中最重要的两个因子,二者存在相互制约或相互促进等互作关系。近年来,由于灌溉大量用水和氮肥的过量施用,造成了农业水资源匮乏和环境污染加重等一系列问题,合理灌溉和施氮以提高水氮利用效率越来越受到广泛的重视。为全面概括灌溉和施氮处理的作用,本文从小麦植株和土壤两个方面入手,对近年来国内外学者在灌溉和施氮对小麦产量形成和土壤肥力影响方面的研究进展进行了综述,为评估长期灌溉和施氮处理对小麦生产和土壤肥力的影响、制定灌溉和施氮技术措施提供依据。 相似文献
11.
Chen Yen-Ching Lin Wei-Chun Hsiao Lin-Hsuan Cheng Ke-Sheng 《Paddy and Water Environment》2020,18(1):1-14
Paddy and Water Environment - A multidecadal change analysis of the irrigation ponds in Taoyuan, Taiwan, was conducted by using multisource data including digitized ancient maps, declassified... 相似文献
12.
Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi Somayeh Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi Ruhollah Kerry Ruth Shirmardi Mostafa 《Paddy and Water Environment》2021,19(4):585-594
Paddy and Water Environment - Drainage is a profitable water management operation in waterlogged soils, particularly in hot, arid environments where waterlogging is caused by irrigation and salts... 相似文献
13.
Paddy and Water Environment - This study examines management problems of WUA C1 of the Kpong Irrigation Scheme (KIS) in Ghana using the 13 evaluation indicators derived from theories of common-pool... 相似文献
14.
Lee Byung Sun Park Jongchul Seo Jungwoo Song Sung-Ho Kim Wonsuck 《Paddy and Water Environment》2019,17(4):783-796
Paddy and Water Environment - This study was conducted to delineate agricultural drought-prone zones with respect to each agricultural watershed in South Korea, considering irrigation capacity of... 相似文献
15.
Choi Joongdae Kim Gunyeob Park Woonji Shin Minhwan Choi Yonghun Lee Suin Lee Deogbae Yun Dongkoun 《Paddy and Water Environment》2015,13(2):205-213
Paddy and Water Environment - A field experiment with a locally-bred Japonica rice cultivar was conducted in 2011 to measure the effect of paddy irrigation management in Korea on rice yield, water... 相似文献
16.
Ragab Mohamed Farig Saad Shimizu Katsuyuki Abou El Hassan Waleed H. Nakumura Kimihito Watanabe Tsugihiro 《Paddy and Water Environment》2019,17(2):69-74
Paddy and Water Environment - One of the objectives of the Irrigation Improvement Project (IIP) in the Nile Delta, Egypt, is to facilitate equitable water distribution and improve on-farm... 相似文献
17.
Jung Chung-Gil Park Jong-Yoon Kim Seong-Joon Park Geun-Ae 《Paddy and Water Environment》2014,12(1):251-261
Paddy and Water Environment - In this study, a potential system for achieving rice intensification (SRI) water management in an agricultural watershed of South Korea was evaluated using the... 相似文献
18.
The Mae Lao Irrigation Scheme is one of the largest irrigation projects in Northern Thailand. According to the field reconnaissance,
water shortage usually occurs during the dry season. And it is very difficult to equally distribute available water to the
paddy fields from the upstream to the downstream parts of the system. To understand and identify the causes of the problems,
the measurement of water level and flow rate along all canals may be effective. However, it is not easy to achieve this in
such a large-scale irrigation system. Thus, the numerical simulation becomes the second option. The objective of this study
is to identify and quantify the real water shortage causes by developing an Unsteady Irrigation Water Distribution and Consumption
model which can simulate the water movement and consumption in the whole irrigation system. The beneficial area of the right
main canal is modeled based on the physical aspect of the system. The components of the model consist of canal networks, control
structures, and paddy fields. A canal is divided into several portions called reach. The Saint-Venant equations are applied
to describe the unsteady water movement in each reach. Flow movement at the control structure is expressed by the boundary
condition. The paddy fields are modeled to make paddy block and connected to each reach. The water consumption in each paddy
block is estimated by Paddy Tank model. The numerical model is successfully developed showing the ability to simulate the
water movement and consumption properties in this irrigation system. 相似文献
19.
Flooded paddy fields have many functions, including not only rice production, and ecological and environmental conservation.
This work estimates the extent of paddy field infiltration in Taiwan by adopting a one-dimensional Darcy-based soil/water
balance model SAWAH (Simulation Algorithm for Water Flow in Aquatic Habitats). A 10 cm thick plow sole layer with a hydraulic
conductivity of 0.03 cm/day, coupled with the soil texture and irrigation data obtained from 15 irrigation associations, is
used to estimate the volumetric amount of annual infiltration in Taiwan. Simulation results from SAWAH indicate that the plow
sole layer controls the movement of infiltrated water, with a rate about 1.8 billion cubic meters annually. The estimated
infiltration rate of 1.8 billion m3/yr comprises more than 40% of the annual infiltration recharge to ground water in Taiwan. Additionally, the amount of infiltration
recharge to groundwater is equivalent to 20 billion Taiwan dollars NT$ (or 0.65 billion US$) while the yearly rice crop production
is 35 billion NT$ (or 1.13 billion US$). It is evident that the infiltration from rice paddy is of great importance to the
economy, environment, and water resources conservation in Taiwan. 相似文献
20.
Ebadi Arash Raja Omid Ebrahimian Hamed Yazdani Mohammad Reza Rezaverdinejad Vahid 《Paddy and Water Environment》2022,20(1):137-150
Paddy and Water Environment - One of the common irrigation systems in the paddy fields is field-to-field irrigation. The management of these irrigation systems is difficult and essential because of... 相似文献