西南喀斯特山地林下经济模式对土壤渗透性的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

秦华军  何丙辉  赵旋池  杨明山  张野  邓雪梅 《中国生态农业学报》2013,21(11):1386-1394

为研究西南喀斯特山地不同林下经济模式与土壤水分渗透性之间的关系, 以不同空白林地作为对照, 对重庆荣昌县6种不同林下经济模式土壤渗透性及其影响因子进行研究。结果表明: 不同林地和同一林地不同层次土壤渗透各指标存在很大差异, 0~10 cm土壤总渗透量在麻竹林下种菌模式中最强, 达到449 mL; 其次是黄葛树林下种草模式, 为427.5 mL; 再次是麻竹林下养禽模式, 为389.4 mL; 以桉树林下种菌模式最差, 仅有241.5 mL。各林地土壤渗透能力随土层深度的增加而减弱。在3种模拟土壤水分入渗过程的模型中, 通用经验方程拟合效果最优, Kostiakov方程次之, Philip方程效果最差。土壤渗透性评价得分显示: 麻竹林下种菌模式土壤渗透性最好, 其次是黄葛树林下种草模式, 再次是麻竹林下养禽模式, 以桉树林下种菌模式最差。土壤渗透性能与土壤理化性质相关性分析显示: 土壤渗透与土壤有机质、含水率、总孔隙度和0.005~0.01 mm颗粒含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与土壤容重和0.05~0.25 mm颗粒含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。结合相关分析, 筛选出8个极显著或显著影响土壤渗透性能的土壤理化性质因子, 通过主成分分析, 得到表征土壤渗透性能综合参数α和表征显著影响土壤渗透性的理化性质指标的综合参数β, 并构建了土壤渗透性各指标及其综合参数α与β的线性回归模型, α=0.249 初入渗率+0.254 稳渗率+0.252 平均渗透速率+0.254 渗透总量, β=0.167 有机质+0.183 含水率+0.200 总孔隙度+0.174 非毛管孔隙度 0.145 P_0.05~0.25+0.131 P_0.005~0.01+ 0.106 P_0.001~0.005 0.200 容重(P_0.05~0.25、P_0.005~0.01、P_0.001~0.005分别表示0.05~0.25 mm、0.005~0.01 mm和 0.001~0.005 mm颗粒含量)。  相似文献   

秸秆还田方式对农田土壤结构及冬小麦产量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李传友 《中国生态农业学报》2015,23(3):294-301

为探索一种能够充分发挥秸秆改良土壤结构和提高作物产量作用的秸秆还田措施, 通过2 a小区试验, 以传统的秸秆还田方式[长秸秆(50 mm)覆盖或翻压还田, CK1、CK2]作为对照, 对比研究了粉碎、氨化秸秆以及与无机土壤改良剂(硫酸钙)混合翻压施用措施对农田土壤结构及冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明, 粉碎并氨化秸秆施入土壤后, 能显著(P<0.05)降低耕层(0~15 cm)土壤的容重, 增加土壤孔隙度, 但对耕层以下土壤容重及孔隙度改善效果不明显; 氨化秸秆施入土壤后较未氨化秸秆能显著(P<0.05)增加0~15 cm土壤中>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量, 粉碎并氨化秸秆能显著(P<0.05)降低土壤团聚体分形维数, 提高0~15 cm土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径各项评价指标。此外, 冬小麦穗粒数、1 m2有效穗数、千粒重和地上部总干物质量与籽粒产量的相关系数分别为0.30(P>0.05)、0.76(P<0.01)、 0.89(P<0.01)和0.88(P<0.01), 提高冬小麦有效穗数或地上部总干物质量可能是增加作物产量的主要途径。粉碎并氨化秸秆还田较秸秆覆盖能显著(P<0.05)提高冬小麦有效穗数; 粉碎并氨化秸秆与无机土壤改良剂(硫酸钙)混合施用措施提高冬小麦产量效果最为显著, 在冬小麦2个生长季比长秸秆覆盖还田(CK1)分别增产11.12%和17.84%, 比长秸秆翻压还田(CK2)分别增产7.39%和16.58%, 是本试验最佳秸秆还田方式。该研究成果可为干旱、半干旱地区改良秸秆还田措施、提高作物产量提供理论依据。  相似文献   

黑土坡耕地秸秆覆盖对表层土壤结构和导气性的影响   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7  

陈帅  陈强  孙涛  张光辉  张兴义 《水土保持通报》2016,36(1):17-21

[目的]调查研究秸秆覆盖对黑土坡耕地表层土壤结构和导气性的影响,揭示秸秆覆盖措施对农田黑土土壤物理性状和功能的影响。[方法]利用黑土农田保护性耕作连续7a的坡耕地长期定位田间试验,系统观测秸秆覆盖免耕处理和传统耕作处理的表层0—10cm的土壤容重、孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量和土壤导气率等指标,并加以分析。[结果](1)与秸秆移除传统耕作相比,秸秆覆盖免耕处理能够显著增加表层土壤容重、饱和含水量以及田间持水量,减少总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度;(2)秸秆覆盖免耕处理使土壤水稳性团聚体显著增加,水稳性大团聚体(0.25mm)的含量、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GWD)分别提高了10.41%,45.28%和22.58%,且土壤表层导气性降低了30%。[结论]连续7a的秸秆覆盖免耕改善了表层土壤团粒结构,增加了保水能力,但导气性较差。  相似文献   

保护性耕作对太行山前平原土壤质量的影响   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

杜章留  高伟达  陈素英  胡春胜  任图生 《中国生态农业学报》2011,19(5):1134-1142

保护性耕作被认为是华北平原农业可持续发展的重要措施, 但目前缺乏这些措施对土壤质量影响的系统报道。本研究以长期定位试验为基础, 探讨了太行山前平原两熟制高产农田不同耕作措施对麦田土壤质量的影响。试验始于2001 年, 设置翻耕玉米秸秆不还田(非保护性耕作对照, CK)、翻耕玉米秸秆粉碎还田(CT)、旋耕玉米秸秆粉碎还田(RT)和免耕玉米秸秆直立还田(NT)4 个处理。2007 年冬小麦收获后分层测定土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)含量、容重(ρ_b)、水稳性团聚体、水分特征曲线、饱和导水率(K_s)和微生物量碳氮。2008 年测定了剖面SOC 含量、ρ_b 和蚯蚓数量。结果表明, 连续多年保护性耕作后土壤剖面的SOC 储量无显著变化, 但保护性耕作(RT 和NT)下SOC 的层化比率(1.74~2.04)显著高于翻耕处理(CK 和CT, 1.37~1.45); 保护性耕作显著提高了表层微生物量碳、氮含量以及单位面积土壤中的蚯蚓数量。NT 处理导致耕层(0~20 cm)土壤ρ_b 增加, 但提高了土壤团聚体的稳定性。CK 和CT 处理显著增加了0~5 cm 土层裂隙(>500 μm)和传输孔隙(500~50 μm)的比例, 而NT 处理则增加储水孔隙(50~0.5 μm)的含量。另外, 保护性耕作提高了土壤的K_s、田间持水量和有效水含量。对土壤质量指标S 的分析结果表明, 实施保护性耕作后, 太行山前平原地区土壤质量总体上得到改善。  相似文献   

施用有机肥对咸水灌溉农田耕层土壤有机质及水稳性团聚体的影响     

王艺乔  郑春莲  李科江  党红凯  曹彩云  马俊永  吴雨晴  张俊鹏 《水土保持学报》2022,36(2):268-274

为探索施用有机肥对咸水灌溉农田耕层土壤水稳性团聚体的调控效应,在麦玉两熟制农田咸水灌溉(1,2,4,6 g/L)配施有机肥(OF)和未施有机肥(NOF)长期定位试验的基础上,研究了2018-2019年不同处理对农田耕层0-20 cm土壤盐度(EC_1:5)、土壤有机质(SOM)含量和水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:咸水灌溉有增加耕层土壤盐度,降低SOM含量和水稳性团聚体稳定性的趋势,随灌溉水矿化度的升高,SOM含量、>0.25 mm水稳性大团聚体质量分数(WR_0.25)、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)逐渐减小,土壤EC_1:5和分形维数(D_m)逐渐增大,其中4,6 g/L与1 g/L灌水处理间的差异达显著水平。增施有机肥可降低咸水灌溉农田0-20 cm土壤EC_1:5,当灌溉水矿化度 ≥ 2 g/L时,OF处理的耕层土壤EC_1:5较NOF处理降低4.64%~48.29%;施用有机肥显著提高农田SOM含量、WR_0.25、MWD和GMD,各灌水处理的提高幅度分别为80.75%~127.32%,10.36%~90.44%,12.90%~129.11%和11.88%~81.57%。在该研究条件下, ≥ 4 g/L咸水灌溉会显著增加土壤盐度,降低有机质含量,破坏土壤团粒结构,应谨慎使用;施用有机肥能促进耕层土壤盐分淋洗,降低盐分对土壤环境的负面影响,有助于实现咸水资源安全高效利用。  相似文献   

滇池流域不同植被覆盖土壤的入渗特征及其影响因素   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

何苗苗  刘芝芹  王克勤  雷祖团 《水土保持学报》2022,36(3):181-187

为掌握滇中高原滇池流域周边不同植被覆盖类型对土壤入渗性能的影响,选用双环入渗法探究土壤入渗特性。以滇池流域典型植被覆盖类型(华山松+云南油杉混交林、云南松纯林、旱冬瓜+麻栎混交林、桉树人工林、灌木林)为研究对象,通过野外调查和试验测定,揭示土壤入渗特性及影响入渗的特征因子。结果表明:(1)华山松+云南油杉混交林与云南松纯林、旱冬瓜+麻栎混交林、桉树人工林、灌木林相比,[JP]土壤容重最小,有机质含量最高,水稳性团聚体最多,孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度比例明显优于其他林地。(2)5种植被覆盖类型下入渗性能有明显差别,具体入渗性能表征为华山松+云南油杉混交林＞旱冬瓜+麻栎混交林＞灌木林＞云南松纯林＞桉树人工林。(3)选择Kostiakov公式、Horton公式、Philip公式,模拟5种典型植被类型覆盖下林地土壤入渗过程,Philip模型对滇池流域土壤入渗过程的拟合效果最佳。(4)5种典型植被类型覆盖下,林地土壤入渗特征与土壤容重均呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),初始入渗速率与非毛管孔隙度、＞5 mm水稳性团聚体、＞2 mm水稳性团聚体均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01);土壤入渗的5个主要影响因子为＞2 mm水稳性团聚体、＞5 mm水稳性团聚体、容重、有机质、非毛管孔隙度。研究结果为该研究区水土流失治理和土壤侵蚀防治提供基础依据。  相似文献   

耕作方式对耕层土壤结构性能及有机碳含量的影响   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：23  

许淑青  张仁陟  董博  张鸣 《中国生态农业学报》2009,17(2):203-208

为了寻求能够提高土壤结构稳定性的耕作模式,在陇中黄土高原半干旱区连续7年的定位试验研究基础上,采用常规分析方法(湿筛法、重铬酸钾容量法、环刀法),研究了不同耕作方式对耕层土壤结构性能及有机碳含量的影响.结果表明:与传统耕作(T)相比,免耕无覆盖(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)和免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)3种保护性耕作方式均能不同程度地增加耕层土壤的有机碳和不同粒径水稳性团聚体的含量,其中免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)处理效果最佳.在0～10 cm土层中,NTS处理的土壤容重低、孔隙度大,土壤结构得到了较大改善.不同耕作方式下0～5 cm、5～10 cm和10～30 cm土层粒径1～0.5 mm水稳性团聚体的含量最高,粒径>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量与有机碳含量和孔隙度呈显著正相关,与容重呈显著负相关.  相似文献   

耕作措施对冬小麦农田土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

于爱忠  黄高宝  柴强  燕永新 《水土保持学报》2011,25(6):119-123

在长期定位试验基础上研究传统耕作(T)、免耕不覆盖(NT)和免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)3种耕作措施对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响.结果表明,3种耕作措施连续实施5年后,使耕层土壤容重显着增加,免耕秸秆覆盖显著增加了表层土壤有机质.NTS处理>0.25 mm团聚体含量(R0.25)显著高于T处理和NT处理的,同时也明显高于2004年的背景值,0-30 cm土层范围内平均较T处理和NT处理分别高14.88%和6.40%;免耕和免耕秸秆覆盖可显著改善土壤耕层(0-20 cm)团聚体的水稳定性.NTS处理0-30 cm的不稳定团粒指数(ELT)与2004年背景值比较,平均下降了1.88%.说明相对于传统耕作,免耕秸秆覆盖减少了机械的破坏作用,增加了土壤有机质含量,促进耕层团聚体形成,并提高了其稳定性.  相似文献   

不同轮耕模式对旱地土壤结构及入渗蓄水特性的影响   总被引：25，自引：14，他引：11  

侯贤清  贾志宽  韩清芳  孙红霞  王维  聂俊峰  杨宝平 《农业工程学报》2012,28(5):85-94

为了探索免耕与深松隔年轮耕对土壤结构及入渗蓄水性能的影响,2007-2010年在宁南旱区采用免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松与连年翻耕3种耕作模式,对土壤体积质量、团聚体、入渗率及水分利用效率等方面的影响进行了研究。结果表明:与连年翻耕相比,免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理使0～60cm各土层土壤体积质量平均降低3.5%、6.2%(P<0.05);使0～20cm土层>0.25mm机械稳定性团聚体数量平均分别增加10.3%(P<0.05)和20.3%(P<0.01),>20～40cm土层分别平均增加17.2%(P<0.05)和23.6%(P<0.01)。免耕/深松/免耕处理0～10cm和>30～40cm土层的水稳性团聚体稳定率分别比连年翻耕提高35.1%和45.8%(P<0.05),深松/免耕/深松处理>10～20cm和>20～30cm土层水稳性团聚体稳定率分别提高101.7%和61.7%(P<0.01)。不同轮耕模式显著增强了土壤的入渗性能,提高对土壤水分的有效利用及降水利用率,免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理降雨入渗率较连年翻耕分别提高35.2%和15.3%(P<0.05),水分利用效率平均提高7.2%和7.7%(P<0.05),降水生产效率平均提高9.6%和10.7%(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

秸秆还田替代化肥对黄土旱塬小麦产量及水肥利用的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王嘉豪  李廷亮  黄璐  宋红梅 《水土保持学报》2022,36(3):236-243,251

为研究不同秸秆还田量替代部分化肥后对黄土高原冬小麦产量、水肥利用效率和硝态氮积累特征的影响。于2018—2021年在晋南黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区,设置秸秆不还田(S0)、秸秆半量还田(S1/2)、秸秆全量还田(S1)、秸秆2倍量还田(S2)4个还田量处理,研究不同秸秆还田量替代化肥对冬小麦产量形成、水肥利用效率及土壤硝态氮残留的影响。结果表明:在黄土旱塬麦区,秸秆还田替代8.3%~31.9% N和15.7%~63.2% P₂O₅的基础上,冬小麦产量总体随秸秆还田量增加而增加,且在降水丰沛年份,增加秸秆还田量可产生更大的产量效应。3年试验总体表明,S2处理冬小麦平均产量分别较S0、S1/2和S1处理分别高17.5%(P＜0.05),10.4%(P＜0.05),4.3%。连续3年秸秆还田均提高了冬小麦穗数,S2处理冬小麦平均单位面积穗数分别较S0、S1/2和[JP]S1处理高17.1%(P＜0.05),12.3%(P＜0.05),3.6%,不同处理间穗粒数和千粒重差异不显著。播前2 m土壤贮水量总体随着还田量的增加而增加,试验期间S2处理平均贮水量较S0提高8.3%(P＜0.05)。冬小麦生育期耗水量也表现为随着还田量的增加而增加,S2处理平均耗水量较S0处理增加了10.0%(P＜0.05)。不同处理间水分生产效率差异不显著,平均为14.9 kg/(hm²·mm)。在秸秆还田替代部分化肥基础上,旱塬冬小麦肥料利用效率随着秸秆还田量的增加而增加,其中,S2处理平均氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)、氮肥农学效率(AE_N)、氮肥当季回收率(RE_N)和磷肥偏生产力(PFP_P)较S0处理分别提高66.4%,155.8%,113.5%,105.2%。连续3年秸秆不还田使0—2 m土壤硝态氮残留量较2018年播前提高100.6%,并随水向下淋溶在深层土壤中累积,而秸秆还田处理2 m土层硝态氮累积量均低于2018年播前,S2处理2 m土壤硝态氮残留量最低,为244.8 kg/hm²。综合考虑,晋南黄土旱塬麦区,在秸秆还田替代8.3%~31.9% N和15.7%~63.2% P₂O₅基地上,可增加播前土壤底墒,降低肥料残留,并提高肥料利用效率,进而提高冬小麦产量,其中,以2倍秸秆还田量(平均为7 477 kg/hm²)产生的产量和水肥效应最佳。研究结果可为推进旱作麦区面源污染防控和冬小麦高产高效绿色生产提供理论依据。  相似文献   

少免耕土壤结构与导水能力的季节变化及其水保效果   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

陈强  Yuriy S Kravchenko  陈渊  李续峰  李浩  宋春雨  张兴义 《土壤学报》2014,51(1):11-21

通过对黑土坡耕地免耕、少耕与传统耕作土壤物理性状全生育期观测,比较研究土壤结构和导水性状季节变化差异及其与水土流失的关系。结果表明,表层0~20 cm土壤,免耕土壤容重全生育期维持在1.20~1.30 g cm-3,变化小,大于0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体含量(WR0.25)和平均重量直径(MWD)高于传统耕作,初始和稳定入渗速率均高于少耕和传统耕作,土壤含水量分别较少耕和传统耕作高4.7和4.4个百分点,较传统耕作分别减少地表径流和土壤流失量86%和100%;少耕除夏季各项性状均介于免耕和传统耕作之间,夏季垄沟深松后,垄沟土壤容重显著降低,较免耕和传统耕作降低0.15 g cm-3以上,提高土壤初始入渗速率30%以上,较传统耕作减少水和土壤流失量20%和40%。传统耕作土壤容重,垄台由播种时的0.91 g cm-3增加至收获时的1.23 g cm-3,垄沟一直维持在1.30 g cm-3左右,WR0.25、MWD、土壤稳定入渗速率、含水量均较低,全生育期10%的雨水流失,土壤流失量615 t km-2a-1。免耕土壤结构稳定,蓄水保水最佳,为效果显著的水土保持耕作措施,少耕也有一定的保水保土作用;免耕和少耕均能够改善土壤物理性状。  相似文献   

不同轮耕方式对渭北旱塬麦玉轮作田土壤物理性状与产量的影响   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8  

陈宁宁  李军  吕薇  王淑兰 《中国生态农业学报》2015,23(9):1102-1111

为研究不同轮作模式对渭北旱作冬小麦?春玉米一年1熟轮作田土壤物理性状和产量的影响,于2007—2014年在陕西省合阳县冬小麦?春玉米轮作田连续7年实施了保护性耕作定位试验,测定和分析了免耕/深松、深松/翻耕、翻耕/免耕、连续免耕、连续深松和连续翻耕6种轮耕模式下麦田0~60 cm土层物理性状、0~200 cm土层土壤湿度和小麦产量的变化。结果表明:1)不同轮耕模式0~40 cm土层土壤容重、孔隙度和田间持水量差异显著,其中以免耕/深松效果最显著;0~60 cm土层免耕/深松轮耕处理平均田间持水量较连续翻耕处理提高12.9%;2)轮耕对土壤团聚体特性影响明显,免耕/深松0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(R0.25)最高,结构体破碎率和不稳定团粒指数(ELT)最低,水稳性均重直径(WMWD)最高,水稳性和力稳性团聚体分形维数(D)均最低;3)小麦生育期间免耕/深松处理0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量和小麦产量较连续翻耕分别增加17.7 mm和9.5%。综合可知,轮耕有利于耕层土壤物理结构改善,免耕/深松更有利于耕层土壤大团聚体形成和土壤结构稳定,利于土壤蓄水保墒和作物增产,为渭北旱塬区麦玉轮作田较适宜的轮耕模式。  相似文献   

免耕覆盖对宁南山区土壤物理性状及马铃薯产量的影响   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：6  

侯贤清  李荣 《农业工程学报》2015,31(19):112-119

宁南山区干旱频发、春旱突出,马铃薯播期土壤墒情不足、苗期干旱等问题,严重影响马铃薯的生长发育。该研究通过设置免耕条件下不同覆盖方式,以翻耕不覆盖为对照,研究不同覆盖耕作措施下土壤物理性状及马铃薯生长的影响。结果表明,与翻耕不覆盖相比,免耕覆盖可有效降低耕层土壤容重,改善土壤空隙状况,以免耕覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳。与翻耕不覆盖相比,免耕覆盖地膜和免耕覆盖秸秆处理可使0~20 cm土层5 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量显著增加,使20~40 cm土层2~5 mm机械稳定性团聚体的含量显著增加。免耕条件下不同覆盖方式能有效改善马铃薯生育期0~200 cm土层土壤水分状况,免耕覆盖地膜对作物生长前期土壤水分保蓄效果较好,免耕覆盖秸秆对作物生长中后期土壤水分状况的改善作用最佳。免耕条件下不同覆盖方式马铃薯植株株高、茎粗及地上部生物量均显著高于翻耕不覆盖,作物生育前期以免耕覆地膜处理效果最佳,中后期以免耕覆秸秆处理效果最明显。免耕覆秸秆处理的马铃薯产量和商品薯率最高,较翻耕不覆盖增产24.14%,商品薯率较翻耕不覆盖提高15.93%。可见,免耕覆盖秸秆措施具有良好的蓄水保墒效果,对马铃薯生长有利,其增产效果显著。该研究可为马铃薯高产高效栽培提供参考。  相似文献   

轮耕对渭北旱塬春玉米田土壤理化性状和产量的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

李娟  李军  尚金霞  贾志宽 《中国生态农业学报》2012,20(7):867-873

为了揭示不同轮耕处理对渭北旱塬春玉米田土壤理化性状及春玉米产量的影响,于2008—2010年在陕西合阳设置了免耕深松免耕(NT/ST/NT)、深松翻耕深松(ST/CT/ST)、翻耕免耕翻耕(CT/NT/CT)、免耕免耕免耕(NT/NT/NT)、深松深松深松(ST/ST/ST)和翻耕翻耕翻耕(CT/CT/CT)6种轮耕模式,测定和分析了各轮耕处理下土壤容重、土壤养分与玉米产量差异。结果表明:(1)各轮耕处理降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度,增加了田间持水量,且以NT/ST/NT处理效果最佳;与对照CT/CT/CT相比,NT/ST/NT处理0～20cm和20～40 cm土层土壤容重分别降低11.43%和9.79%,土壤孔隙度分别增加11.05%和9.87%。(2)NT/ST/NT处理对耕层0～20 cm土层土壤有机质和全氮含量影响显著(P<0.05),0～60 cm土层土壤有机质平均含量最高(10.36 g.kg 1),土壤全氮含量平均值比试验开始前和对照CT/CT/CT分别提高10.65%和4.31%;各耕作处理对0～20 cm土层土壤全氮和碱解氮含量影响较大,而对20～40 cm土层土壤有效磷和速效钾含量影响较大,保护性轮耕处理对土壤培肥效应显著(P<0.05)高于传统翻耕处理。(3)NT/ST/NT、ST/CT/ST、CT/NT/CT、NT/NT/NT和ST/ST/ST处理产量比对照CT/CT/CT处理分别增产22.42%、16.33%、3.77%、9.91%和14.18%(P<0.05),以NT/ST/NT处理春玉米增产率最高。  相似文献   

Improved legume tree fallows and tillage effects on structural stability and infiltration rates of a kaolinitic sandy soil from central Zimbabwe     

G. Nyamadzawo  R. Chikowo  P. Nyamugafata  K.E. Giller 《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,96(1-2):182-194

Improved legume tree fallows have great potential to increase soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate stability and soil infiltration rates during the fallowing phase. However, persistence of the residual effects of improved fallowing on SOC, aggregate stability and infiltration rates, under different tillage systems in Zimbabwe is not well documented. The relationships between SOC, aggregate stability and infiltration in fallow-maize rotation systems are also not well documented. We therefore evaluated effects of tillage on SOC, aggregate stability and infiltration rates of a kaolinitic sandy soil during the cropping phase of an improved fallow-maize rotation system. Plots that were under legume tree fallows (Sesbania sesban; Acacia angustissima), natural fallow (NF) and under continuous maize during the previous 2 years were divided into conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) subplots soon after fallow termination, and maize was cropped in all plots during the following two seasons. Aggregate stability was investigated using water stable macroaggregation index (I_ma), water dispersible clay (WDC) and using the mean weight diameter (MWD) after different wetting procedures. Infiltration rates were determined using simulated rainfall at intensity of 35 mm h⁻¹ on 1 m² plots. Soil organic carbon was significantly higher (P < 0.05) under fallows than continuous maize. For the 0–5 cm depth SOC was 11.0, 10.0, 9.4 and 6.6 g kg⁻¹ for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively, at fallow termination. After 2 years of cropping SOC was 8.0, 7.0, 6.1 and 5.9 g kg⁻¹ under CT and 9.1, 9.0, 8.0 and 6.0 g kg⁻¹ under NT for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively. Aggregate stability was significantly greater (P < 0.05) under fallows than under continuous maize and also higher under NT than under CT. The macroaggregation index (I_ma) for the 0–5 cm depth was 466, 416, 515 and 301 for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively at fallow termination, decreasing to 385, 274, 286 and 255 under CT and 438, 300, 325 and 270 under NT, for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively, after 2 years of cropping. Percent WDC was also significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fallows than in continuous maize, and for the 0–5 cm it was 11, 10, 8 and 17 for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively at fallow termination. After 2 years of cropping WDC (%) was 12, 14, 15 and 17 under CT and 10, 12, 12 and 16 under NT for A. angustissima, S. sesban, NF and continuous maize, respectively. MWD also showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) aggregate stability in fallows than in continuous maize. Water infiltration rates were significantly greater under fallows than continuous maize but these declined significantly during the cropping phase in plots that had been fallowed. In October 2000, infiltration rates in the A. angustissima and NF plots were above 35 mm h⁻¹ as no runoff was observed. Steady-state infiltration rates were 24 mm h⁻¹ in S. sesban and 5 mm h⁻¹ for continuous maize after 30 min of rainfall simulations. After 2 years of cropping infiltration rates remained above 35 mm h⁻¹ in A. angustissima plots, but declined to 18 and 8 mm h⁻¹ for NF, CT and NT respectively and 12 mm h⁻¹ for S. sesban, CT and NT. It is concluded that legume tree fallows improved SOC, aggregate stability and infiltration rates, but these benefits accrued during fallowing decreased significantly after 2 years of cropping following the termination of fallows. The decrease in SOC and aggregate stability was higher under CT than NT. Coppicing fallows of A. angustissima were the best long-term fallow species when integrated with NT as improved soil physical properties were maintained beyond 2 years of post-fallow cropping.  相似文献   

Tillage and drainage impact on soil quality: II. Tensile strength of aggregates, moisture retention and water infiltration   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Muhammad Abid  Rattan Lal 《Soil & Tillage Research》2009,103(2):364

Tillage-induced changes in soil quality are important to understanding soil strength and water retention and transmission properties. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the effects of two tillage systems under un-drained and drained conditions on tensile strength (TS) of 5–8 mm aggregates, soil water characteristics (SWC), plant available water (PAW), and the water infiltration rate (i). Soil properties were determined mainly in the surface (0–10 cm) layer on a Crosby (fine, mixed, mesic, Aeric Ochraqualf) silt loam soil at the Waterman Farm of the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH on a 14-year-old field study. Effect of two tillage treatments comprising no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) were studied for two levels of drainage: un-drained (UD) and tile drained (D). The TS for 0–10 cm depth was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) affected by tillage and drainage treatments, and was higher in CT than NT by 61% in UD and by 48% in D soil. In comparison, TS increased by 13% in NT and 4% in CT in D compared with the UD treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) in 0–10 cm depth of NT–UD treatment was 23% higher than CT–UD treatment and 38% more than NT–D treatments. Tillage and drainage impact on SWC was non-significant at 0 kPa suction, but significant (P ≤ 0.1) at −3, −6, −10, −30, −100 and −300 kPa suctions indicating that water was retained more in NT–UD than CT–UD soil. The PAW was significantly influenced by drainage (P ≤ 0.01) but not by tillage treatments. Yet, there existed a general trend of about 8% more PAW in NT–UD than CT–UD treatments. In contrast, PAW was 48% more in soil from NT–UD than NT–D treatments. PAW increased with increase in the SOC concentration (R² = 0.89; P ≤ 0.01). There were also differences in soil water sorptivity (S), and equilibrium infiltration rate (i_c) in NT–UD compared with CT–UD treatments. A positive and significant correlation (r = 0.57, P ≤ 0.05) occurred between i_c and SOC concentration. The value of S was more in NT–UD by 70% than CT–UD, and 46% in NT–D than CT–D. Similarly, the i_c was more in NT than CT by 119% in UD compared with 82% in D soil. The value of A in NT was higher than that in CT by 39% and 12% in UD and D treatments, respectively. The mean cumulative infiltration (I) in 3 h was 71.4 cm in NT versus 44.0 cm in CT in UD compared with 62.1 cm in NT and 48.4 cm in CT for the D treatment. The I was positively and significantly correlated with SOC concentration (r = 0.32, n = 12, P ≤ 0.1) indicating improvement of I with increase in SOC concentration. Results of this study suggest that conversion from CT to NT management system may reduce the risk of surface runoff, increase soil aggregation, and improve soil hydrological properties.  相似文献   

Effects of rotational tillage practices on soil structure,organic carbon concentration and crop yields in semi‐arid areas of northwest China     

X. Q. Hou  R. Li  Z. K. Jia  Q. F. Han  B. P. Yang  J. F. Nie 《Soil Use and Management》2012,28(4):551-558

Continuous conventional tillage can cause serious soil degradation in rain‐fed agriculture, which reduces crop productivity. Adopting suitable tillage practices is very important for improving the soil and increasing crop productivity. Between 2007 and 2010, a 3‐year field study was conducted in semi‐arid areas of southern Ningxia, China, to determine the effects of rotational tillage practices on bulk density, soil aggregate, organic carbon concentration and crop yields. Three tillage treatments were tested: no‐tillage the first and third year and subsoiling the second year (NT/ST/NT); subsoiling the first and third year and no‐tillage the second year (ST/NT/ST); and conventional tillage each year (CT). A conventional tillage treatment was used as the control. Under the rotational tillage treatments, the mean soil bulk density at a depth of 0–60 cm was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by 4.9% compared with CT, and with the best effect under ST/NT/ST. The soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and aggregate size fractions and stability at 0–40 cm depth were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in rotational tillage treatments when compared with the conventional tillage, and the ST/NT/ST treatment produced the highest increases. Significant differences were detected in the SOC concentration in 2 to 0.25–mm size fractions at 0–30 cm depth between rotational tillage treatments and conventional tillage. Biomass and grain yield with the rotational tillage practices were significantly positively influenced over 3 years, and ST/NT/ST produced the highest average crop yields among the three treatments. Therefore, it was concluded that the application of rotational tillage with subsoiling every 2 years and no‐tillage every other year (ST/NT/ST) should be of benefit in promoting the development of dryland farming in semi‐arid areas of northwest China.  相似文献   

Soil physical properties and wheat root growth as affected by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in a Mediterranean environment of Chile   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Eduardo Martínez  Juan-Pablo Fuentes  Paola Silva  Susana Valle  Edmundo Acevedo 《Soil & Tillage Research》2008,99(2):232-244

No-tillage systems affect soil properties depending on the soil, climate, and the time since its implementation. In heavy no-tilled soils a surface compacted layer is commonly found. Such layer can affect root growth and soil water infiltration. In several cases, surface organic carbon can buffer these problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4- and 7-year-old conventional (CT) and no-tillage (NT) treatments on soil physical properties, root growth, and wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) yield in an Entic Haploxeroll of Central Chile. In both tillage treatments we study soil water retention, bulk density (ρ_b), soil particle density (ρ_s), soil water infiltration, mean-weight diameter of soil aggregates (MWD), penetration resistance, grain yield, and root length density (L_v) up to a depth of 15 cm. The MWD and the penetration resistance were higher under NT as compared to CT. For the top 5 cm of soil, L_v was greater under NT as compared to CT. Differences of L_v between NT and CT were 2.09, 7.60, and 4.31 cm root cm⁻³ soil during the two leaves, flowering and grain filling phenological stages, respectively. Generally, the effect of NT on these properties was more evident near the soil surface. In contrast, fast drainage macropores, ρ_s, and soil water infiltration rates were higher under CT than under NT. Tillage treatments did not significantly affect ρ_b and yield. A longer time under no-tillage enhanced aggregate stability, however, other soil physical properties were negatively affected.  相似文献   

No tillage and crop rotation effects on soil aggregation and organic carbon in a Rhodic Ferralsol from southern Brazil   总被引：9，自引：5，他引：9  

Beta Madari  Pedro L. O. A. Machado  Eleno Torres  Aluísio G. de Andrade  Luis I. O. Valencia 《Soil & Tillage Research》2005,80(1-2):185-200

In Brazil, no tillage (NT) is a soil conservation practice now widely adopted by farmers, including smallholders. The effect of NT and conventional tillage (disc ploughing followed by two light disc harrowings, CT) was investigated on the aggregation properties of a clayey Rhodic Ferralsol from southern Brazil under different crop rotations. The same soil type under secondary forest was used as reference. Macro- and microaggregate classes were separated by wet sieving using a series of eight sieves (8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.053 mm) at four sampling layers (0–5, 5–10, 10–20, 20–30 cm). The soil in general had high structural stability. At 0–5 cm, meanweight diameter (MWD, 11.1 mm) and total organic C in macroaggregates (TOC, 39 g kg⁻¹ soil) were highest for the forest soil. Soil under NT had a more similar distribution of aggregate size classes and TOC to the forest soil than CT. The most pronounced difference between tillage systems was observed in the surface soil layer (0–5 cm). In this layer, NT had higher aggregate stability (AS_NT: 96%; AS_CT: 89%), had higher values of aggregate size distribution (MWD_NT: 7.9 mm, MWD_CT: 4.3 mm), and had on average 28% greater TOC in all aggregate size classes than CT. Soil under NT had greater TOC in macroaggregates (NT: 22 g kg⁻¹; CT: 13 g kg⁻¹). Crop rotation did not have a significant effect on soil aggregate distribution and TOC. By increasing macroaggregation NT increased organic carbon accumulation in soil.  相似文献