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1.
在天山北坡棉花主产区,设置棉花-棉花-春小麦(C-C-W)、春小麦+复播饲料油菜-棉花-春小麦(W-C-W)两种轮作模式,以春小麦+复播饲料油菜连作为对照(CK),研究轮作倒茬后麦田土壤养分含量的变化规律,以及轮作倒茬后对小麦光合特性、产量的影响.结果表明:(1)W-C-W模式和CK土壤有机质含量分别提高1.61 g?...  相似文献   

2.
北疆连作棉田轮作倒茬模式的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
于2007~2008年在多年连作的棉田上进行不同茬口轮作倒茬试验,以研究不同茬口对连作棉田土壤肥力及棉花生长的影响,从而筛选出适应棉田轮作倒茬的最佳种植模式。研究结果表明:不同作物茬口的土壤有机质、速效养分含量及棉花产量均高于连作棉田,其中加工番茄茬口对土壤的培肥效果总体表现最好;不同茬口的棉花产量表现为小麦-大豆→棉花加工番茄→棉花玉米//大豆→棉花小麦→棉花玉米→棉花CK。小麦-大豆或加工番茄可作为长期连作棉田的良好前茬。  相似文献   

3.
通过2010-2011年大田试验,研究了平作、沟播和地膜覆盖(沟播+地膜覆盖)下棉花生长、水分消耗以及棉田地温变化情况.结果表明:地膜覆盖对棉花苗期和现蕾期地温日变化、最高温影响最大,通过提高土壤温度的最高值来影响土壤温度变化,开花结铃期以后种植方式对地温的影响不明显;不同种植方式对土壤水分也产生了一定影响,覆膜处理的土壤含水量高于其他2种处理,2010年覆膜和沟播处理比平作处理下的水分利用效率分别提高62.4％和25.3％,2011年为26.1％和10.3％;覆膜处理下的棉花净光合速率、生物量和籽棉产量都高于平作和沟播处理,而沟播与平作间的差异不明显;与平作相比,2010和2011年覆膜和沟播处理下的棉花水分利用效率分别提高了0.17、0.10 kg·m-3和0.10、0.03 kg·m-3.覆膜处理与沟播和平作处理相比,能够提高棉花生育前期的地温,有效地保持土壤水分,有利于棉花增产,最终提高了水分利用效率.  相似文献   

4.
以新疆典型棉区(玛纳斯县棉花种植地区)连作5、10 a和20 a的棉花为研究对象,利用田间根钻取样结合图像扫描分析方法,研究了不同连作年限棉田花铃期根系分布状况与形态特征。结果表明:根系集中分布于表层,即分布在0～10 cm土层的根质量约占总根质量的74.38%～87.08%;连作促使根干重增加,连作10 a和连作20 a处理的根干重较连作5 a处理分别提高了57.16%和50.80%;连作明显提高了棉花的根长密度和根表面积指数,连作10、20 a处理0～0.4 mm直径范围内的总根长较连作5 a处理的分别显著提高了约0.79～2.76倍和0.07～1.46倍;连作10 a处理的产量(平均产量为5 633.90 kg·hm~(-2))显著高于连作20 a处理和连作5 a处理(P0.05),较其平均分别提高了14.96%和26.53%。因此新疆棉花连作年限控制在一定时域内(连作10 a)并不会抑制棉花根系的生长,反而能够提高根长密度和根表面积指数,进而促使棉花产量提升,但棉花连作超过一定年限(10～20 a)后可能出现连作障碍,影响根系生长和产量的提高。  相似文献   

5.
有机无机肥配施对棉花养分吸收及氮素效率的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
新疆棉花连作田间小区试验,研究有机无机肥不同方式配施对棉花干物质积累、养分吸收、产量及氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,有机无机肥配施在棉花生长中后期可以显著提高干物质累积及养分吸收量,与单施化肥处理相比,不同有机无机肥配施可以保持或提高棉花产量,提高棉花单株铃数和单铃重;有机无机肥配施还可以提高棉花氮素效率,氮素回收率可达到28．2％～57．7％,偏生产率提高了17．1％～76．3％。有机无机肥配施不仅可以使棉花稳产、高产,而且提高了氮肥利用效率,该结论可为肥料的科学合理施用提供重要依据。  相似文献   

6.
不同轮作模式对土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
选择干旱区玛纳斯河流域绿洲长期连作棉田土壤为研究对象,研究连作棉田、轮作玉米、轮作大豆、玉米//大豆间作和休闲免耕5种模式对土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布特征的影响。结果表明：不同种植模式对土壤团聚体有明显的影响,土壤机械稳定性团聚体含量在粒径53～250 μm为最高,占39%～53%,水稳性团聚体含量呈最低; >250 μm机械稳定性团聚体含量在不同种植模式间差异显著,表现为大豆轮作>玉米轮作>休闲免耕>棉花连作>玉米//大豆间作; 秋季作物收获后,轮作大豆和玉米//大豆间作模式土壤团粒指数比春季分别减少18.7%和15.6%; 土壤团聚体有机碳及微生物量碳含量主要集中在>250 μm大团聚体中,而在微团聚体中含量较少; 不同模式土壤有机碳含量顺序为大豆轮作>玉米轮作>棉花连作>休闲免耕>玉米//大豆间作。比较几种种植模式,大豆轮作和玉米轮作有利于团聚体的形成和稳定,可作为长期连作棉田较为理想的短期轮作倒茬模式。  相似文献   

7.
氮肥追施模式对遮阴下棉花光合效率及产量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过探讨果棉间作下棉花适宜的氮肥追施模式,为间作棉田合理氮肥施用提供理论依据。以中棉所49为试验材料,设置不遮阴(CK)和遮阴50%处理,每个处理3个氮肥追施模式N_1(氮肥前移)、N_2(正常追肥)、N_3(氮肥前移比例较N_1大),研究氮肥追施对遮阴膜下滴灌棉花光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,遮阴50%处理下棉花叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数增加,净光合速率下降,伏前桃比例减少,秋桃比例增加。遮阴50%处理下,氮肥追施适当前移(N_1),可提高棉花光合速率,促进光合产物的形成与积累,增加伏桃比例,显著提高了单株铃数、单铃重和皮棉产量。因此,可以考虑将氮肥适量前移(N_1),作为果棉间作下棉花提高光能利用率和产量的有效途径。  相似文献   

8.
不同覆盖方式对旱地棉田土壤环境及棉花产量的影响   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  
分析普通地膜覆盖、小麦秸秆覆盖、地膜 秸秆覆盖3种覆盖物对旱地棉田土壤环境、棉花产量构成因素的影响,结果表明:覆盖栽培能改善土壤环境,降低土壤容重,提高土壤水分利用率,调节土壤温、湿度,协调水热资源利用的同步性;秸秆覆盖能增加土壤养分含量,特别是速效钾含量;在棉花生长后期,提高叶面积指数,延长叶片功能期,提高棉株的光合能力从而防止棉花早衰,增加铃重,提高棉花产量。  相似文献   

9.
为寻求解决旱地棉花产量极不稳定，干旱年份减产严重的现状，在常规地膜覆盖的基础上增加休闲期一元或二元覆盖，并实行起垄种植。试验证明，冬春覆盖可使土壤含水量在整个生育期内高于播时覆盖和露地，提高棉花出苗期的根际地温。冬季二元覆盖可相对提高棉花的耐旱性，增加单株成铃，增产皮棉１３．３４％￣２３．０６％；春季盖膜可使棉花成铃高峰提前，铃重提高，春雨较多时可增产４５．８７％，因此，依年型选择冬季或春季覆盖，  相似文献   

10.
为探究不同外源调节剂组合喷施对棉花生长发育和产量品质的调控效应,于2019―2020年分别在新疆昌吉、库尔勒以‘闫棉67’为材料,设置复硝酚钠15 g·hm~(-2)(AU1),复硝酚钠15 g·hm~(-2 )+苯肽胺酸75 g·hm~(-2)(AU2),复硝酚钠15 g·hm~(-2 )+苯肽胺酸75 g·hm~(-2)+调环酸钙30 g·hm~(-2)(AU3)3种外源调节剂组合,以清水为对照(CK),通过随机区组试验,分析打顶前后各喷施一次外源调节剂后棉花株高、果枝数、叶绿素含量、干物质累积及分配、产量、品质等指标的变化。结果表明,3种外源调节剂组合均可有效调节棉花株高,提高棉花果枝数、叶绿素含量、干物质积累量和产量,其中AU3、AU2、AU1处理的2 a平均果枝数较CK分别增加了4.48%、7.68%、8.51%;外源调节剂对棉花生殖生长的调节作用大于营养生长,AU3、AU2、AU1处理的2 a平均生殖器官质量(蕾、花、铃)较CK分别增加23.58%、19.38%、13.46%。棉花产量随外源调节剂组合种类增加而增加,其中处理AU3较CK处理增产率最高,增产率2 a平均为15.84%,仅在2019年显著提高棉花衣分,较CK增加2.30%,但对纤维品质无影响。因此复硝酚钠15 g·hm~(-2 )+苯肽胺酸75 g·hm~(-2)+调环酸钙30 g·hm~(-2)组合的调控效果最佳。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

14.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

15.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

16.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

17.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

18.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

19.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

20.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

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