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《林业工程学报》2016,(3)
以木薯淀粉为主要原料,通过氧化改性使其分子结构发生变化,再与醋酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸丁酯和N-羟甲基丙烯酸酰胺等单体发生接枝共聚反应,制备一种低成本高性能的快速固化乳液胶黏剂,制备的接枝共聚乳液胶黏剂各项性能指标满足国家标准要求。研究了氧化木薯淀粉制备工艺和改性淀粉接枝共聚醋丙乳液工艺,通过试验表明,使用改性淀粉接枝共聚乳液压制的杨木板材,其干/湿状剪切强度均高于行业标准要求,同时在相同工艺条件下使用醋丙乳液压制的杨木板材,接枝共聚效果明显。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪和差示扫描量热仪对制备的接枝共聚乳液的聚合情况和玻璃化转变温度进行分析,结果表明:改性淀粉醋丙乳液在1 735 cm-1处出现酯基CO的强振动吸收峰,在3 483 cm-1处出现了明显的丙烯酰胺中的N—H伸缩振动峰,且在1 155和1078 cm-1等处出现明显的淀粉特征峰,说明该共聚物既有聚合单体特征峰和淀粉特征峰,又有共聚后出现的酯基特征峰,表明木薯淀粉经过氧化改性后与各单体之间发生聚合反应,且接枝共聚乳液的最低成膜温度为18.04℃,表明接枝共聚后的乳液可在常温下快速固化。 相似文献
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Fe2+-H2O2-二氧化硫脲引发桉木浆与甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯接枝共聚的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
研究了Fe2 -H2O2-二氧化硫脲体系引发桉木浆与甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)的接枝共聚.初步讨论了该引发体系的引发机理,用接枝率、接枝效率和单体转化率考察了温度、反应时间、过氧化氢用量、二氧化硫脲用量、单体浓度和液比对接枝的影响.并用红外光谱对接枝纤维产物进行了鉴定.结果表明,组分二氧化硫脲的加入能有效地使接枝共聚得以顺利进行.适当提高温度,增加过氧化氢用量,减小液比,控制合适的二氧化硫脲用量都能提高接枝率和单体转化率,并在较短的时间就能成功接枝.接枝效率几乎不受任何因素的影响,一般维持在97%～99%,接枝过程产生的均聚物极少. 相似文献
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【目的】通过Diels-Alder反应将马来酸酐引入松香结构单元,在微波辅助条件下在马来海松酸分子结构中引入含有3个活性碳碳双键的马来海松酸三烯丙酯,为我国松香基精细化学品的精深加工提供一条新路径。【方法】分别以水和乙醇为溶剂,通过中和反应制备马来海松酸钠盐,在微波辅助条件下,以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,以马来海松酸钠与氯丙烯为原料,通过相转移催化法制备马来海松酸三烯丙酯。基于FT-IR、GC及MS等手段对产物结构进行表征。【结果】确定优化反应条件为:微波功率400 W,反应温度55℃,反应时间4 h,氯丙烯与马来海松酸钠物质的量之比为3,催化剂用量5%,在此条件下产物的收率为93.2%。从色谱分析结果可以看出,反应进行比较彻底,原料峰已完全消失,而且生成的产物纯度较高,优化条件下所得产物GC含量为96.1%。红外光谱表征中红外特征吸收峰的消失和生成说明马来海松酸三烯丙酯3个羧基均发生了酯化反应,且反应较为彻底。质谱分析确认了以乙醇为溶剂制备的钠盐为原料所得的马来海松酸三烯丙酯的副产物经甲酯化后主要有马来松香酸酐单烯丙酯及马来松香酸二烯丙酯,以水为溶剂制备的钠盐为原料所得产物主要为马来海松酸三烯丙酯,副产物只有马来海松酸酐单烯丙酯。质谱分析中m/z 538为马来海松酸三烯丙酯的分子离子峰,m/z 481的碎片峰为[M-OCH_2CHCH_2]~+是脱去1分子酯基部分生成的峰,m/z 439的碎片峰为脱去酯基后形成的稳定的马来海松酸酐结构,质谱碎片峰m/z 342为马来海松酸三烯丙烯酯的质谱分裂逆Diels-Alder反应,碎片离子197的基峰是稳定的三环菲骨架结构。制备的马来海松酸三烯丙酯为白色黏稠液体,其酸值为2.5 mg·g~(-1),密度为1.109 7×10~3 kg·cm~(-3),黏度为8.5×10~3mPa·s。【结论】开发了具有3个活性双键的马来海松酸三烯丙酯聚合单体,以水为溶剂制备的钠盐为原料所得马来海松酸三烯丙酯的纯度较高。 相似文献
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为提高木质素的功能性,利用2-溴代异丁酰溴改性木质素制备木质素基引发剂,然后采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法将亲水单体甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)、乙酸乙烯酯(VAC)和丙烯酸(AA)分别接枝到木质素上,合成亲水性木质素基接枝共聚物。对接枝聚合物进行接触角测试和红外光谱分析,结果表明:接枝单体甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯时,木质素接枝聚合物亲水效果最佳;木质素接枝前后接触角分别为45°、21.6°,接枝后木质素亲水性能提高。红外光谱分析显示,木质素接枝甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(Lignin-g-PHEMA)共聚物中具有HEMA的特征峰,表明单体甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯成功接枝到木质素分子上。 相似文献
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-TD引发体系下TMP与MMA接枝工艺的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
研究了Fe^2＋-H2O2-二氧化硫脲（TD）引发体系下热磨机械浆（TMP）浆料与甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）的接枝共聚工艺。分析了在该引发体系下各反应条件对接枝率、接枝效率和单体转化率的影响。结果表明，TD的加入能有效地使接枝共聚得以顺利进行；适当提高温度，增加单体浓度，控制合适的TD用量都能提高接枝率和接枝效率，并能在较短的时间成功接枝；接枝率一般维持在80％以上，适宜条件下能达到91％。 相似文献
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改性亚硫酸盐制浆废液对沙土结构的作用研究 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
利用木质素磺酸盐与丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)等单体的接枝共聚反应,直接对亚硫酸盐制浆废液(SSL)进行接枝改性。研究了SSL及不同接枝改性产物对沙土结构的影响,当施用剂量为0.2%时,用AA和AM接枝改性产物处理的沙土样品中干态稳定性团聚体(>0.25mm,COAs)含量分别提高到47.6%和45.9%,水稳定性团聚体含量分别提高到38.1%和39.9%。二元接枝改性产物中,AA/AM比率为20/80时产物的沙土改良效果最好。本文还将聚合物对土壤的作用机理进行了评述;提出干燥状态下阴离子基团与沙土颗粒的结合强于非离子基团的结合,聚合物与沙土之间的结合与粘接作用有关。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献