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1.
《农业科学学报》2016,(4)
Potassium(K)deficiency is one of the major abiotic stresses which has drastically influenced maize growth and yield around the world.However,the physiological mechanism of K deficiency tolerance is not yet fully understood.To identify the differences of root morphology,physiology and endogenous hormones at different growing stages,two maize inbred lines 90-21-3(tolerance to K deficiency)and D937(sensitive to K deficiency)were cultivated in the long-term K fertilizer experimental pool under high potassium(+K)and low potassium(-K)treatments.The results indicated that the root length,volume and surface area of 90-21-3 were significantly higher than those of D937 under-K treatment at different growing stages.It was noteworthy that the lateral roots of 90-21-3 were dramatically higher than those of D937 at tasselling and flowering stage under-K treatment.Meanwhile,the values of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and oxidizing force of 90-21-3were apparently higher than those of D937,whereas malondialdehyde(MDA)content of D937 was obviously increased.Compared with+K treatment,the indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)content of 90-21-3 was largely increased under-K treatment,whereas it was sharply decreased in D937.On the contrary,abscisic acid(ABA)content of 90-21-3 was slightly increased,but that of D937 was significantly increased.The zeatin riboside(ZR)content of 90-21-3 was significantly decreased,while that of D937 was relatively increased.These results indicated that the endogenous hormones were stimulated in 90-21-3to adjust lateral root development and to maintain the physiology function thereby alleviating K deficiency. 相似文献
2.
Yan ZHOU Ming DIAO Jin-xia CUI Xian-jun CHEN Ze-lin WEN Jian-wei ZHANG Hui-ying LIU 《农业科学学报》2018,17(10):2257-2272
The effects of exogenous GSH(reduced glutathione)on photosynthetic characteristics,photosystem Ⅱ efficiency,absorbed light energy allocation and the H_2O_2-scavenging system in chloroplasts of salt-stressed tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)seedlings were studied using hydroponic experiments in a greenhouse.Application of exogenous GSH ameliorated saline-induced growth inhibition,the disturbed balance of Na~+ and Cl~- ions and Na~+/K~+ ratios,and the reduction of the net photosynthetic rate(P_n).GSH also increased the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(F_v/F_m),the electron transport rate(ETR),the photochemical quenching coefficient(q_P),and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient(NPQ).In addition,GSH application increased the photochemical quantum yield(Y(Ⅱ))and relative deviation from full balance between the photosystems(β/α–1)and decreased the PSⅡ excitation pressure(1–q_P)and quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation(Y(NO))in leaves of salt-stressed tomatoes without BSO(L-buthionine-sulfoximine,an inhibitor of key GSH synthesis enzymeγ-glutamylcysteine synthetase)or with BSO.Further,the addition of GSH depressed the accumulation of H_2O_2 and malondialdehyde(MDA),induced the redistribution of absorbed light energy in PSⅡ reaction centers,and improved the endogenous GSH content,GSH/GSSH ratio and activities of H_2O_2-scavenging enzymes(including superoxidase dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD)and key enzymes in the AsA-GSH cycle and Grx system)in the chloroplasts of salt-stressed plants with or without BSO.Therefore,GSH application alleviates inhibition of salt-induced growth and photosynthesis mainly by overcoming stomatal limitations,improving the PSⅡ efficiency,and balancing the uneven distribution of light energy to reduce the risk of ROS generation and to mediate chloroplast redox homeostasis and the antioxidant defense system to protect the chloroplasts from oxidative damage.Thus,GSH may be used as a potential tool for alleviating salt stress in tomato plants. 相似文献
3.
Nitrogen Deficiency Limited the Improvement of Photosynthesis in Maize by Elevated CO2 Under Drought 
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下载免费PDF全文 Global environmental change affects plant physiological and ecosystem processes. The interaction of elevated CO2, drought and nitrogen (N) deficiency result in complex responses of C4 species photosynthetic process that challenge our current understanding. An experiment of maize (Zea mays L.) involving CO2 concentrations (380 or 750 µmol mol−1, climate chamber), osmotic stresses (10% PEG-6000, −0.32 MPa) and nitrogen constraints (N deficiency treated since the 144th drought hour) was carried out to investigate its photosynthesis capacity and leaf nitrogen use efficiency. Elevated CO2 could alleviate drought-induced photosynthetic limitation through increasing capacity of PEPC carboxylation (Vpmax) and decreasing stomatal limitations (SL). The N deficiency exacerbated drought-induced photosynthesis limitations in ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 partially alleviated the limitation induced by drought and N deficiency through improving the capacity of Rubisco carboxylation (Vmax) and decreasing SL. Plants with N deficiency transported more N to their leaves at elevated CO2, leading to a high photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency but low whole-plant nitrogen-use efficiency. The stress mitigation by elevated CO2 under N deficiency conditions was not enough to improving plant N use efficiency and biomass accumulation. The study demonstrated that elevated CO2 could alleviate drought-induced photosynthesis limitation, but the alleviation varied with N supplies. 相似文献
4.
Ya-wei WU Qiang LI Rong JIN Wei CHEN Xiao-lin LIU Fan-lei KONG Yong-pei KE Hai-chun SHI Ji-chao YUAN 《农业科学学报》2019,18(6):1246-1256
Nitrogen(N) is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels. The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials. A field experiment(with three N levels: N0, 0 kg ha–1; N1, 150 kg ha–1; N2, 300 kg ha–1) in Jiyanyang, Sichuan Province, China, and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels: CK, 4 mmol L–1; LN, 0.04 mmol L–1) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China were conducted. Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′), fluorescence instable state(Fs), non-photochemical quenching(qN), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII) of leaves. Further, it increased the chlorophyll(Chl) a/Chl b values and so on. The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased, while that of XY508 increased. The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars, especially at the seedling stage. Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b, apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress. Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars, low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity, which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light. This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress. 相似文献
5.
Weakened carbon and nitrogen metabolisms under post-silking heat stress reduce the yield and dry matter accumulation in waxy maize 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Post-silking high temperature is one of the abiotic factors that affects waxy maize(Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh) growth in southern China. We conducted a pot trial in 2016–2017 to study the effects of post-silking daytime heat stress(35°C) on the activities of enzymes involved in leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolisms and leaf reactive oxygen species(ROS) and water contents. This study could improve our understanding on dry matter accumulation and translocation and grain yield production. Results indicated that decreased grain number and weight under heat stress led to yield loss, which decreased by 20.8 and 20.0% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. High temperature reduced post-silking dry matter accumulation(16.1 and 29.5% in 2016 and 2017, respectively) and promoted translocation of pre-silking photoassimilates stored in vegetative organs, especially in leaf. The lower leaf water content and chlorophyll SPAD value, and higher ROS(H_2O_2 and O_2~-·) content under heat stress conditions indicated accelerated senescent rate. The weak activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPCase), Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase(Ru BPCase), nitrate reductase(NR), and glutamine synthase(GS) indicated that leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolisms were suppressed when the plants suffered from a high temperature during grain filling. Correlation analysis results indicated that the reduced grain yield was mainly caused by the decreased leaf water content, weakened NR activity, and increased H_2O_2 content. The increased accumulation of grain weight and post-silking dry matter and the reduced translocation amount in leaf was mainly due to the increased chlorophyll SPAD value and NR activity. Reduced PEPCase and Ru BPCase activities did not affect dry matter accumulation and translocation and grain yield. In conclusion, post-silking heat stress down-regulated the leaf NR and GS activities, increased the leafwater loss rate, increased ROS generation, and induced pre-silking carbohydrate translocation. However, it reduced the post-silking direct photoassimilate deposition, ultimately, leading to grain yield loss. 相似文献
6.
In situ measurements of winter wheat diurnal changes in photosynthesis and environmental factors reveal new insight into photosynthesis improvement by super-high-yield cultivation 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Ming-yang MA Yang LIU Yao-wen ZHANG Wei-long QIN Zhi-min WANG Ying-hua ZHANG Cong-ming LU Qing-tao LU 《农业科学学报》2021,20(2):527-539
In past 30 years, the wheat yield per unit area of China has increased by 79%. The super-high-yield(SH) cultivation played an important role in improving the wheat photosynthesis and yield. In order to find the ecophysiological mechanism underneath the high photosynthesis of SH cultivation, in situ diurnal changes in the photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll(Chl) a fluorescence of field-grown wheat plants during the grain-filling stage and environmental factors were investigated. During the late grain-filling stage at 24 days after anthesis(DAA), the diurnal changes in net CO_2 assimilation rate were higher under SH treatment than under high-yield(H) treatment. From 8 to 24 DAA, the actual quantum yield of photosystem II(PSII) electron transport in the light-adapted state(ΦPSII) in the flag leaves at noon under SH treatment were significantly higher than those under H treatment. The leaf temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture were better suited for higher rates of leaf photosynthesis under SH treatment than those under H treatment at noon. Such diurnal changes in environmental factors in wheat fields could be one of the mechanisms for the higher biomass and yield under SH cultivation than those under H cultivation. ΦPSII and CO_2 exchange rate in wheat flag leaves under SH and H treatments had a linear correlation which could provide new insight to evaluate the wheat photosynthesis performance under different conditions. 相似文献
7.
为探究叶面喷施Ca、B后苹果果实糖含量和叶片中P、K增加的原因,分别以20年生富士/八楞和一年生的富士/SH6嫁接苗为试材,前者在座果期(盛花期后10d)叶面喷施10.00g/L的CaCl_2、果实迅速生长期(盛花后85d)叶面喷施1.05g/L的Na_2B_4O_7,之后测定叶片光合作用、叶片与果实的矿质元素及相关糖含量、叶片6-磷酸-山梨醇脱氢酶(S6PDH)活性;后者在嫁接苗长到6月时叶面分别涂抹10.00g/L的CaCl_2和1.05g/L的Na_2B_4O_7,之后测定叶片光合作用、矿质元素。结果显示:1)喷施Ca、B后,从盛花后85d开始,叶片S6PDH活性增强、山梨醇含量增加,果实中的果糖和总糖含量在生长后期也显著增加;2)Ca、B处理后,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著加强;3)在涂抹Ca、B后,叶片中其他矿质元素Mn、Zn、Cu、K也显著增加。上述结果表明,喷施Ca、B能够提高苹果叶片光合作用,进而通过增加光合产物来提高果实的糖含量;Ca、B加强了叶片蒸腾作用,使得其他矿质元素可能随着蒸腾流运输到叶片而得到增加。 相似文献
8.
Inoculation of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) leaves with wheat powdery mildew fungus(Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) induces the cell death in adventitious roots. Reactive oxygen species(ROS) play a key role in respond to biotic stress in plants. To study the involvement of ROS and the degree of cell death in the wheat roots following inoculation, ROS levels and microstructure of root cells were analyzed in two wheat cultivars that are susceptible(Huamai 8) and resistant(Shenmai 8) to powdery mildew fungus. At 18 d after powdery mildew fungus inoculation, only Huamai 8 displayed the leaf lesions, while root cell death occurred in both varieties. Huamai 8 had a high level of ROS accumulation, which is associated with increased root cell degradation, while in Shenmai 8, there was little ROS accumulation correlating with slight root cell degradation. The molecular study about the expression levels of ROS scavenging genes(MnSOD and CAT) in wheat roots showed that these genes expression decreased after the leaves of wheat was inoculated. The difference between Huamai 8 and Shenmai 8 on subcellular localization of H2 O2 and O2–· was corresponded with the different down-regulation of the genes encoding for superoxide dismutase and catalase in two wheat cultivars. These results suggested that ROS were involved in the process by which powdery mildew fungus induced cell death in wheat roots. 相似文献
9.
Improvement in winter wheat productivity through regulating PSII photochemistry,photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence under deficit irrigation conditions 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Deficit irrigation is critical to global food production, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions with low precipitation. Given water shortage has threatened agricultural sustainability under the dry-land farming system in China, there is an urgent need to develop effective water-saving technologies. We carried out a field study under two cultivation techniques: (1) the ridge and furrow cultivation model (R); and (2) the conventional flat farming model (F), and three simulated precipitation levels (1, 275 mm; 2, 200 mm; 3, 125 mm) with two deficit irrigation levels (150 and 75 mm). We demonstrated that under the ridge furrow (R) model, rainfall harvesting planting under 150 mm deficit irrigation combined with 200 mm simulated precipitation can considerably increase net photosynthesis rate (Pn), quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), electron transport rate (ETR), performance index of photosynthetic PSII (Fv/Fm′), and transformation energy potential of PSII (Fv/Fo). In addition, during the jointing, anthesis and grain-filling stages, the grain and biomass yield in the R model are 18.9 and 11.1% higher than those in the flat cultivation model, respectively, primarily due to improved soil water contents. The winter wheat fluorescence parameters were significantly positively associated with the photosynthesis, biomass and wheat production. The result suggests that the R cultivation model with irrigation of 150 mm and simulated precipitation of 200 mm is an effective planting method for enhancing Pn, biomass, wheat production, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in dry-land farming areas. 相似文献
10.
Increasing photosynthetic performance and post-silking N uptake by moderate decreasing leaf source of maize under high planting density 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 To date,little attention has been paid to the effects of leaf source reduction on photosynthetic matter production,root function and post-silking N uptake characteristics at different planting densities.In a 2-year field experiment,Xianyu 335,a widely released hybrid in China,was planted at 60 000 plants ha~(–1 )(conventional planting density,CD) and 90 000 plants ha~(–1) (high planting density,HD),respectively.Until all the filaments protruded from the ear,at which point the plants were subjected to the removal of 1/2 (T1),1/3 (T2) and 1/4 (T3) each leaf length per plant,no leaf removal served as the control(CK).We evaluated the leaf source reduction on canopy photosynthetic matter production and N accumulation of different planting densities.Under CD,decreasing leaf source markedly decreased photosynthetic rate (P_n),effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and the maximal efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (F_v/F_m) at grain filling stage,reduced post-silking dry matter accumulation,harvest index (HI),and the yield.Compared with the CK,the 2-year average yields of T1,T2 and T3 treatments decreased by 35.4,23.8 and 8.3%,respectively.Meanwhile,decreasing leaf source reduced the root bleeding sap intensity,the content of soluble sugar in the bleeding sap,post-silking N uptake,and N accumulation in grain.The grain N accumulation in T1,T2 and T3 decreased by 26.7,16.5 and 12.8% compared with CK,respectively.Under HD,compared to other treatments,excising T3 markedly improved the leaf P_n,ΦPSII and F_v/F_m at late-grain filling stage,increased the post-silking dry matter accumulation,HI and the grain yield.The yield of T3 was 9.2,35.7 and 20.1% higher than that of CK,T1 and T2 on average,respectively.The T3 treatment also increased the root bleeding sap intensity,the content of soluble sugar in the bleeding sap and post-silking N uptake and N accumulation in grain.Compared with CK,T1 and T2 treatments,the grain N accumulation in T3 increased by 13.1,40.9 and 25.2% on average,respectively.In addition,under the same source reduction treatment,the maize yield of HD was significantly higher than that of CD.Therefore,planting density should be increased in maize production for higher grain yield.Under HD,moderate decreasing leaf source improved photosynthetic performance and increased the post-silking dry matter accumulation and HI,and thus the grain yield.In addition,the improvement of photosynthetic performance improved the root function and promoted postsilking N uptake,which led to the increase of N accumulation in grain. 相似文献
11.
西北半干旱地区不同氮磷配施对玉米生理指标及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
通过田间小区试验,研究了不同氮磷水平的配合施用对玉米不同生育期的生长速度、叶面积指数(LAI)、净光合速率(Pn)、干物质积累和根/冠比(R/T)的动态变化规律以及对产量的影响.结果表明,在氮肥施用量为300～600 kg/hm2的范围内,随着施氮量的增加,玉米生长速度、叶面积指数(LAI)、净光合速率(Pn)、干物质积累量均随之增加,玉米的穗长、穗粗及穗行数没有明显变化,但穗粒数、穗粒重、百粒重增加,秃尖长度减小,产量增加;施氮量达到750 kg/hm2时,则使生长速度及生理指标下降.增施氮磷肥均能促进根/冠比的增大,但磷肥的促进作用大于氮肥.以处理N3P2(N 600 kg/hm2,P2O5 120 kg/hm2)为玉米施肥的最优氮磷配比. 相似文献
12.
采用温室盆栽与田间试验研究甘肃省高寒阴湿区黄绵土养分状况。结果表明,盆栽诊断黄绵土缺N、P、S和Zn,未表现缺B、Cu和Mn,Fe和Mo元素充足,N、P肥为大田该黄绵土种植油菜的主要限制因子,其次为S、B和Zn,土壤中不缺K,OPT中氮量适中。与OPT相比,减N、P、S、B和Zn油菜分别减产24.5%、27.1%、13.5%、16.8%和8.8%,而增加N用量则产量降低12.2%。推荐施肥N、P2O5、S、B、Zn分别为90、90、105、3.75、3.75kg·hm-2。盆栽诊断与大田平衡施肥间有很好的相关性,可用来指导大田试验。 相似文献
13.
《农业科学学报》2023,22(8):2370-2383
Elevating soil water content (SWC) through irrigation was one of the simple mitigation measures to improve crop resilience to heat stress. The response of leaf function, such as photosynthetic capacity based on chlorophyll fluorescence during the mitigation, has received limited attention, especially in field conditions. A two-year field experiment with three treatments (control treatment (CK), high-temperature treatment (H), and high-temperature together with elevating SWC treatment (HW)) was carried out during grain filling with two maize hybrids at a typical station in North China Plain. Averagely, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was improved by 20%, and the canopy temperature decreased by 1–3°C in HW compared with in H in both years. Furthermore, the higher SWC in HW significantly improved the actual photosynthetic rate (Phi2), linear electron flow (LEF), variable fluorescence (Fv), and the maximal potential quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) for both hybrids. Meanwhile, different responses in chlorophyll fluorescence between hybrids were also observed. The higher SWC in HW significantly improved thylakoid proton conductivity (gH+) and the maximal fluorescence (Fm) for the hybrid ZD958. For the hybrid XY335, the proton conductivity of chloroplast ATP synthase (vH+) and the minimal fluorescence (Fo) was increased by the SWC. The structural equation model (SEM) further showed that SWC had significantly positive relationships with Pn, LEF, and Fv/Fm. The elevating SWC alleviated heat stress with the delayed leaf senescence to prolong the effective period of photosynthesis and enhanced leaf photosynthetic capacity by improving Phi2, LEF, Fv, and Fv/Fm. This research demonstrates that elevating SWC through enhancing leaf photosynthesis during grain filling would be an important mitigation strategy for adapting to the warming climate in maize production. 相似文献
14.
玉米秸秆还田对接茬冬小麦旗叶光合特性的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过田间试验探讨玉米秸秆不同还田量(0、9 000 kg/hm2、12 000 kg/hm2、15 000 kg/hm2)对接茬冬小麦灌浆期旗叶光合色素及光合特性的影响.结果表明:适量的玉米秸秆还田(9 000 kg/hm2)可显著抑制接茬冬小麦灌浆中后期旗叶Chla降解,提高小麦灌浆中后期旗叶Chla/Chlb的比值,有效抑制灌浆期旗叶光合速率的下降,与其他处理相比,其光合速率与叶绿素的相关性得到加强;过量的秸秆还田(15 000 kg/hm2),加速了光合色素的降解,使得光合速率下降,产量降低;在各处理中,处理Ⅱ(9 000 kg/hm2)产量最高.因此,黄土高原有灌溉条件的地区在常规施肥和田间管理下,以9 000 kg/hm2的玉米秸秆还田较为适宜. 相似文献
15.
氮密互作对不同株型玉米形态、光合性能及产量的影响 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13
【目的】阐明不同株型玉米在氮素和密度互作下获得高产的形态生理互利机理,进一步提升密植玉米综合生产力。【方法】2014—2015年,在大田条件下,采用裂-裂区试验设计,以不同株型玉米品种为主区,氮素(N_1:0,N_2:90 kg N·hm~(-2)和N_3:180 kg N·hm~(-2))为裂区、密度(D_1:45 000株/hm2,D_2:60 000株/hm~2和D_3:75 000株/hm~2)为裂裂区,测定了植株形态、叶片光合性能和产量等指标。【结果】施氮对节间长度、叶倾角、叶色值、粒重和产量的影响程度均高于密度调控,茎粗、光合速率和穗粒数对增密响应程度较高。与平展型玉米相比,紧凑型玉米茎粗随密度提高降幅较小,第1—3节间长度对增密响应迟钝,随施氮量增加显著缩短(P_(N2→N3)=0.004—0.028),第4—5节间长度对增密的负响应幅度(10.9%)均高于平展型玉米同节间长度对其的正响应幅度(3.3%)。施氮可降低紧凑型玉米棒三叶叶倾角2.9°±1.1°,增密后,其穗下叶叶倾角降幅较高。紧凑型玉米叶色值对施氮量的响应峰值(N_3)高于平展型玉米(N_2),增密对其光合速率的负效应相对较小,在N_3和D_3处理下,其叶色值和光合速率均高于平展型玉米。紧凑型玉米穗粒数与粒重受氮密调控影响比平展型玉米小,其收获指数较高,且在氮/密处理间差异均不显著(P_(N1→N3)=0.16,P_(D1→D3)=0.12),而平展型玉米在氮/密处理间差异均达显著或极显著水平(P_(N1→N3)=0.03,P_(D1-D3)0.01)。紧凑型玉米和平展型玉米分别在N_3D_3和N_3D_1处理下获得较高产量,增密和施氮对其籽粒产量的贡献比分别是1﹕2.3和1﹕4.0。【结论】与平展型玉米相比,紧凑型玉米茎基部横/纵向生长对氮密协同提高具有较强的适应能力,施氮可降低紧凑型玉米棒三叶叶倾角,提高穗位叶光合性能。紧凑型玉米在高密高氮处理下较好的形态生理协调性保证了生育后期相对较高的物质转化效率,最终获得较高群体产量。 相似文献
16.
利用田间试验的方法,研究磷肥(P_2O_5)施用量对宁夏扬黄灌区密植高产玉米产量、磷素吸收积累特征,明确宁夏扬黄灌区玉米生产适宜磷肥用量,以指导当地玉米生产。以正大12为供试材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,在玉米密度为9.75万株/hm~2条件下设置5个磷肥(P_2O_5)用量0、45、90、135和180 kg/hm~2,N 300.0 kg/hm~2和K_2O 75.0 kg/hm~2均一致。从磷肥(P_2O_5)对密植玉米产量、经济效益、土壤磷素平衡和磷肥利用效率的影响进行分析。结果表明:施用磷肥(P_2O_5)增加了玉米穗粒数和百粒重,增产率为3.1%～7.8%,通过产量获得磷肥(P_2O_5)效应方程为Y=-0.053 7x~2+15.803x+15 450(R~2=0.981 9~*),通过模拟计算最高产量P_2O_5用量为147.1 kg/hm~2,从实际最佳经济产量P_2O_5用量为112.2 kg/hm~2。经济效益角度分析P_2O_5用量在135 kg/hm~2时利润最高,比对照增收5.7%。施用磷肥(P_2O_5)促进了玉米磷素的吸收累积,籽粒、秸秆和地上部磷素累积量,100 kg籽粒需P_2O_5量均随磷肥(P_2O_5)用量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,均以施P_2O_5 135 kg/hm~2最高,较对照分别提高24.0%、19.3%、22.1%和15.7%。P_2O_5用量为135 kg/hm~2时磷肥利用效率最高为36.2%(P0.05),磷肥偏生产力、磷肥农学效率和生理利用效率均随着磷肥用量增加呈下降趋势。施P_2O_5量为45～135 kg/hm~2时耕层土壤速效磷均为当季匮缺。从玉米产量、经济效益、土壤磷素平衡和磷肥利用效率多个角度综合分析认为研究区域密植高产玉米磷肥(P_2O_5)用量适宜的范围为135～147 kg/hm~2。 相似文献
17.
WANG Xiao-guang ZHAO Xin-hua JIANG Chun-ji LI Chun-hong CONG Shan WU Di CHEN Yan-qiu YU Hai-qiu WANG Chun-yan 《农业科学学报》2015,14(5):856-863
Potassium is an important nutrient element requiring high concentration for photosynthetic metabolism.The potassium deficiency in soil could inhibit soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) photosynthesis and result in yield reduction.Research on the photosynthetic variations of the different tolerant soyben varieties should provide important information for high yield tolerant soybean breeding program.Two representative soybean varieties Tiefeng 40(tolerance to K~+ deficiency) and GD8521(sensitive to K~+ deficiency) were hydroponically grown to measure the photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Rubisco activity under different potassium conditions.With the K-deficiency stress time extending,the net photosynthetic rate(P_n),transpiration rate(T_r) and stomatal conductance(G_s) of GD8521 were significantly decreased under K-deficiency condition,whereas the intercellular CO_2 concentration(C_i) was significantly increased.As a contrast,the variations of Tiefeng 40 were almost little under K-deficiency condition,which indicated tolerance to K~+ deficiency variety could maintain higher efficient photosynthesis.On the 25 th d after treatment,the minimal fluorescence(F_0) of GD8521 was significantly increased and the maximal fluorescence(F_m),the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry(F√F_m),actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(φ_(PSII)),photochemical quenching(q_p),and electron transport rate of PSII(ETR)were significantly decreased under K~+ deficiency condition.In addition,the Rubisco content of GD8521 was significantly decreased in leaves.It is particularly noteworthy that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Rubisco content of Tiefeng 40 were unaffected under K~+ deficiency condition.On the other hand,the non-photochemical quenching(q_N) of Tiefeng 40 was significantly increased.The dry matter weight of Tiefeng 40 was little affected under K~+ deficiency condition.Results indicated that Tiefeng 40 could avoid or relieve the destruction of PSII caused by exceeded absorbed solar energy under K-deficiency condition and maintain natural photosynthesis and plant growth.It was an essential physiological mechanism for low-K-tolerant soybean under K-deficiency stress. 相似文献
18.
Potassium(K) and magnesium(Mg) levels and their balances are two factors affecting the growth of plant. However, the responses of different crop cultivars to K/Mg ratios are less clear. This study was aimed at assessing the different responses of tomato(Solanum Lycopersicum L.) cultivars to the different K/Mg supply ratios. Three tomato cultivars(Zhongza 9(ZZ), Gailiangmaofen(MF), and Jinpengchaoguan(JP)) were grown in pots with three different K~+/Mg~(2+) ratios(4:0, 4:1 and 8:1, represented by K/Mg_(4:0), K/Mg_(4:1), and K/Mg_(8:1), respectively). Compared with K/Mg_(4:1) treatment, the leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and total biomass of tomato seedlings under K/Mg_(4:0) treatments were decreased by 69.7, 89.1, and 53.1%, respectively. The Mg deficiency symptoms were observed when the Mg content in shoot became lower than 4 mg g~(–1) DW. Compared with K/Mg_(4:1) treatment, total biomass of tomato seedlings of K/Mg_(8:1) treatment was decreased by 21.6%; the shoot and root Mg contents were decreased by 10.4 and 21.8%, respectively; and Mg uptake of tomato was reduced by 34.1%. There were significant differences in biomass and Mg uptake for the three cultivars between the different K~+/Mg~(2+) treatments. The Mg uptake of the three different cultivars ranked as ZZJPMF under Mg deficiency and high K condition. In conclusion, the growth and Mg uptake and allocation of tomato were influenced significantly by imbalance K and Mg supply. JP and ZZ were the cultivars with the highest efficiency in Mg uptake. 相似文献
19.
基于四交群体的玉米叶夹角和叶向值QTL定位分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选育耐密紧凑株型是增加玉米单位面积产量的重要途径之一,而叶夹角和叶向值是衡量株型的重要参数。本研究选用叶夹角和叶向值存在差异的玉米自交系郑58、PH6WC、87-1和自330构建1个四交(郑58/豫87-1//PH6WC/自330)组合,以228个四交F1单株为作图群体,构建了1张含225个SSR位点,全长1 387.2cM的玉米分子标记遗传连锁图谱,标记间平均间距为6.19cM。基于四交群体应用区间作图法检测4个环境下的QTL,共检测到13个叶夹角相关QTL,分别位于第1、2、3、4、5、7和10染色体上,单个QTL可解释5.1%~20.0%的表型变异;检测到15个叶向值相关QTL,分别位于第1、2、4、5、7、8和9染色体上,单个QTL可解释5.4%~20.1%的表型变异。其中qLA-E2-2和qLA-E4-2落在同一标记区间umc1692-umc2297(bin 5.03),分别解释16.6%和13.2%的表型变异;qLO-E1-1、qLO-E3-2和qLA-E4-1落在同一标记区间umc1568-bnlg1953(bin1.02),分别解释10.1%、19.9%和12.3%的表型变异;qLO-E2-1和qLO-E3-1落在同一标记区间phi056-phi427913(bin 1.01),分别解释13.8%和10.0%的表型变异。这些多个环境共同检测到的QTL将为玉米耐密理想株型育种中叶夹角叶向值的分子标记辅助选择提供有益信息,加速耐密株型玉米品种的选育。 相似文献
20.
氮钾配施对甘薯光合产物积累及分配的影响 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
【目的】探讨氮钾配施对甘薯光合产物转移分配的影响及其生理机制。【方法】开展两年田间试验,设CK(不施肥)、单独施氮(75 kg N·hm~(-2))、单独施钾(150 kg K_2O·hm~(-2))和氮钾配施(75 kg N·hm~(-2)+150 kg K_2O·hm~(-2))4个处理,在生长前期(40 d)和薯块膨大期(100 d)分别进行~(13)C叶片标记。测定了功能叶~(13)C积累量和分配率、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性、叶绿素荧光和光合特性、干物质积累和产量等指标,并进行逐步回归分析、通径分析和RDA分析。【结果】与单独施氮和单独施钾相比,氮钾配施处理2014和2015年分别增产7.9%—10.1%和9.3%—10.7%。双因素分析表明,氮钾配施对甘薯产量的增加呈显著的正交互效应,其中,2014年交互效应值为0.95 t·hm~(-2),2015年交互效应值为1.35 t·hm~(-2)。在生长前期和薯块膨大期,与氮、钾处理相比,氮钾配施处理显著提高了甘薯功能叶光合及叶绿素荧光特性,从而促进了两关键生长期光合产物的积累。其中CO2同化速率对应的量子产额(ΦCO2)提高27.1%—39.7%,净光合速率(Pn)提高9.1%—20.2%,甘薯地上部和地下部~(13)C总积累量提高26.3%—42.2%。氮钾配施条件下光合产物分配在两生长期内存在差异。生长前期,氮钾配施处理通过提高叶片SS和SPS酶活性,显著提高了地上部~(13)C分配率(达60.7%)(P0.05),促进光合产物在源器官分配;薯块膨大期,氮钾配施处理显著提高块根中SS和SPS酶活性,光合产物在库-源器官膨压差的作用下由地上部向地下部转运,显著提高~(13)C向块根分配(~(13)C分配率为71.6%,P0.05)。逐步回归分析表明,SS和SPS酶活性、光合特性和叶绿素荧光特性是调控甘薯光合产物分配的关键指标(R1=0.954,R2=0.912);通径分析表明,生长前期氮钾配施对甘薯~(13)C分配的影响直接作用系数较大的是Pn、Fv/Fm和SS;薯块膨大期氮钾配施对甘薯~(13)C分配的影响直接作用系数较大的是Pn、ΦPSⅡ和SPS。【结论】生长前期,氮钾配施处理通过提高Pn、Fv/Fm和SS促进光合产物在地上部积累,实现"建源",而薯块膨大期主要提高Pn、ΦPSⅡ和SPS促进光合产物由地上部向地下部转运,兼顾"促流"和"扩库",氮钾协同最终提高了甘薯产量。 相似文献