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《林业科学》2021,57(3)
【目的】针对直榫节点受弯时榫头横纹变形较大、刚度和承载力较弱的问题,将"正交胶合木"概念引入直榫节点中,探讨榫头局部正交层板结构对直榫节点受力性能的影响,并提出合理的直榫节点"预增强"方法和参数为传统榫卯节点在现代木结构工程中的应用提供理论与技术支持。【方法】以花旗松普通层板胶合木为材料,设计制作18个足尺直榫节点试件,其中部分试件榫头不作处理(对照组),其他试件榫头加工成正交层板结构。通过节点抗弯试验分析直榫节点的破坏模式和工作曲线,计算得到节点的抗弯刚度和极限弯矩;提出复杂应力状态下的木材本构关系模型,建立直榫节点有限元模型,对其抗弯性能进行模拟。与试验结果对比并验证模型准确性后,基于模型对局部正交层板结构直榫节点进行参数分析,探讨正交层板厚度、宽度等参数对直榫节点受力性能的影响规律。【结果】对照组直榫节点主要破坏模式为榫头端部顶面和根部底面的局部横纹压缩变形,局部正交层板结构可有效缓解榫头横纹压缩变形。与对照组相比,4组不同局部正交层板结构直榫节点的抗弯刚度平均值提升14.0%～36.9%,而极限弯矩有升有降;数值分析结果与试验结果吻合良好;随正交层板宽度增加,直榫节点的抗弯刚度先升后降,而承载力先降后升;随正交层板厚度增加,直榫节点的抗弯刚度呈上升趋势,而承载力呈下降趋势;对本研究直榫节点,建议正交层板厚度与榫头厚度比值取0.25,宽度取210 mm。【结论】局部正交层板结构可提高直榫节点的抗弯刚度,通过合理选择参数还可提高直榫节点的承载力;采用强度和韧性较好的材料,如重组竹和钢板等替代木材层板,可进一步提高直榫节点的抗弯刚度和承载力。 相似文献
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对比研究自攻螺钉、水青冈木榫和水青冈木-自攻螺钉复合榫3种连接节点的单剪承载性能,采用特征值分析法对单剪力-位移进行分析,获得最大荷载、极限荷载、屈服荷载、初始刚度、延性系数、能耗和最终位移等七个参数。结果表明:1)除了初始刚度,采用自攻螺钉的连接节点承载性能优于水青冈木榫连接节点;2)复合榫连接节点的承载力呈现两个极大值峰,第一个极大值高于水青冈木榫连接节点最大值2 kN,第二个极大值高于自攻螺钉连接节点最大值0.7 kN;3)复合榫连接节点的最终位移介于水青冈木榫连接节点和自攻螺钉连接节点之间,耗能能力和自攻螺钉连接节点相当,其他参数均优于自攻螺钉连接节点和水青冈木榫连接节点。综合参数分析,水青冈木-自攻螺钉复合榫能够有效结合自攻螺钉和水青冈木榫的优良特性 相似文献
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设计了一种适用于装配式胶合木建筑的新型梁柱斜螺钉连接节点。采用全螺纹自攻螺钉将金属钢板和梁、柱分别连接,通过高强度螺栓完成梁和柱的基础连接。试验表明:3组斜螺钉连接胶合木梁柱节点低周反复试验得到的弯矩-转角滞回曲线,在拉向和压向加载循环中基本对称,呈"反S形",转角较大时,表现出一定的"捏缩"现象,随着循环次数的增加,骨架曲线的斜率逐渐减小,出现了刚度退化,表明节点在反复荷载作用下因累积吸收的能量而产生损伤;全螺纹自攻螺钉可以有效地将胶合木梁柱节点处的荷载传递到胶合柱的内部,具有较强的抗侧承载性能;节点在变形角1/100循环前,耗能能力处于较低水平,随着转角的增大,耗能能力明显增强,直至最后循环,节点仍保持较强的耗能能力。 相似文献
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榫卯是指木结构建筑中柱、梁等构件连接在一起的一种凹凸结合的连接方式。然而,木材作为一种生物材料,随着使用年限的延长,出现的干缩湿胀、开裂变形等损伤会对榫卯连接节点的连接特性造成不良影响,因此,探究木结构榫卯连接节点的力学性能对建筑结构的安全性能具有重要意义。在木结构建筑中,榫卯连接节点的构造多种多样,力学特点和传力机制也各不相同。根据榫卯连接节点在木结构建筑中使用功能将其分为公母榫、直榫、燕尾榫、管脚榫、馒头榫和搭扣榫等六大类,简要介绍了各类榫卯连接节点的结构特点和应用情况。综述了常见榫卯连接节点半刚性的连接特性和节点刚度的求解方法,总结了不同种类榫卯连接节点和模拟残损榫卯连接节点的抗震性能及木结构建筑模型中的榫卯连接节点在人工模拟地震中位移响应和加速度响应的相关研究,概述了常见榫卯连接节点在外力作用下的破坏形式及破坏特征。根据榫卯连接节点的破坏形式,重点从金属构件和纤维增强复合材料两个方面对榫卯连接节点的加固效果进行归纳。总结了有限元分析法在榫卯连接节点力学性能方面的相关研究,指出了榫卯连接节点力学性能研究存在的问题,提出了榫卯连接节点研究的相关建议及其发展方向,以期为榫卯连接节点在现代木结构建筑中的应用提供新思路。 相似文献
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《林产工业》2021,58(9)
为研究不同加固方式对榫卯节点应力和挠度的影响,提出6种加固方式,采用ABAQUS软件建模分析节点加固后性能提升情况。结果表明:双侧弧形软钢加固、钢箍加固、双侧弧形软钢和钢箍组合加固、扒钉加固、钢夹板加固、扒钉和钢夹板组合加固时,榫卯接头根部的最大米泽斯应力分别为35.2、10.6、10.6、2.6、3.0、1.6 MPa,梁最大挠度分别为0.8、0.54、0.51、0.7、0.83、0.67 mm,榫卯节点加固后最大应力和最大挠度均得到有效降低,最大应力减少率分别为55.27%、86.53%、86.53%、96.70%、96.19%、97.97%,最大挠度减少率为79.54%、86.19%、86.96%、82.10%、78.77%、82.86%,双侧弧形软钢加固对节点应力减少最少,6种加固方案均能使最大挠度得到有效降低。研究结论为木结构房屋抗震预加固和受损后修缮提供参考。 相似文献
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为了解木结构建筑不同节点形式抗震性能与受力特性,通过ABAQUS有限元软件建立了透榫和燕尾榫两种榫卯节点,柱脚节点分别为柱脚固接、柱脚带销节点(管脚榫)以及柱脚平置浮搁的木构架模型。在不同单柱轴力的情况下对其进行低周往复荷载模拟,研究木构架循环受力过程的柱脚应力分布特征以及抗震性能,探讨不同轴力、不同柱脚节点、不同榫卯节点对木构架的影响,并基于骨架曲线提出了柱脚平置浮搁木构架的水平荷载-水平位移简化双折线模型。结果表明:在往复荷载下,当柱脚节点为管脚榫和柱脚平置浮搁时,木构架会类似于摇摆柱,表现为柱脚翘起,反复抬升。相对于柱脚固接与透榫木构架,管脚榫、柱脚平置浮搁与燕尾榫木构架的滞回曲线更加饱满,耗能能力更强。柱脚固接木构架有更强的刚度与水平承载力。随着轴力的上升,木构架的刚度与水平承载力也随之上升。研究成果可为传统木结构建筑的保护与状态评估提供基础。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献